Inkqubo US unyulo: ukugxekwa, abakhokheli bamaqela, iimpawu wesekethe. Inkqubo yonyulo ka-Russia kunye United States (ngokufutshane)

Unyulo kamongameli - kusoloko esikhulu isiganeko, ngaphandle kwelizwe apho kwenzeka. Kwezi zihlandlo kubalulekile ukuba isigqibo isiphelo ezigidi, kwaye maxa wambi amawaka ezigidi zabantu. Xa ukhetho zibanjwa isimo esinjalo omkhulu nowomeleleyo ezifana eUnited States, okanye, umzekelo, kwilizwe lethu, eRashiya, lo mcimbi kuba ihlabathi lonke, kuba amagunya emikhulu ukumisela intsingiselo yawo onke amanye amazwe kunye nokwenza isigqibo sokuba geopolitics ehlabathini lonke. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ikhondo iziganeko kuqala ukulandela nabantu kude kwezopolitiko.

Eli nqaku lujolise kunyulo oluzayo eUnited States. Umfundi uya kufunda malunga ezifanayo zazo neeyantlukwano nenkqubo efanayo kwilizwe lethu. Ukongeza, sichaza indlela inkqubo yonyulo US, kwaye khomba alungileyo kwakunye nangalunganga.

Imigaqo esisiseko ye device

Ngoko ke ukwakha indlela lwango-United States? Amandla eUnited States wahlulwe amasebe amathathu:

• zomthetho;
• wenkundla;
• yesigqeba.

Le nkqubo yazo efana neyethu. Abameli amagunya okuwisa imithetho yolawulo abanyuliweyo nge lokuvota, kwaye leenkundla, kwaye nokuba kufuneka yabelwe (kuxhomekeke ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente).

US Congress - yeyona umzimba omkhulu lowiso, yahlulelwe kwii kweNdlu yabaMeli kwakunye yeeNgwevu. Eyokuqala ibandakanya amalungu 435 abonyulwe iminyaka emi-2. INdlu Yeengwevu uyonyulwa ngabantu 2 ukusuka kwimeko nganye kwiminyaka emi-6.

Unyulo eUnited States ngokufutshane ukhangela - umongameli kunye nosekela-mongameli ukhetha kwikholeji lonyulo, lo gama seevoti labemi. Inani ebhodini lilingane nenani yabaMeli, ngaphandle District of Columbia. Yena akukho congressmen, kodwa iivoti ezintathu lonyulo. Iyonke ubukhulu ibhodi amalungu 538. Iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu US inkqubo yonyulo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

A incinane

Yokuqala kamongameli ukhetho e eUnited States zaye zabanjwa ka1789. Ngelo xesha, loo nkokeli Dzhordzh Vashington yaye eneneni kunyulwa ngamxhelo. Yena lo ungumzekeliso ozise esomeleleyo kunene yezopolitiko yaye ithandwa enkulu phakathi labavoti. Ngelo xesha, 10 kuphela States bathatha inxaxheba kulonyulo.

Election US inkqubo yobumongameli kulawulwa ngokungqongqo yi amanqaku yokuqala neyesibini loMgaqo-siseko US. Ukongeza, kukho iqela izenzo zolawulo ezisemthethweni ezijoliswe ekuphuculeni inkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yonyulo US iqulathe le mithetho elandelayo:

1. Ka-1965, nto leyo evumela ukuba ivoti kuzo zonke iintlanga ngaphandle kokukhetha.
2. Ukususela 1984 ekusekweni kwamaziko ezaxhobela lwabavoti abakhubazekileyo.
3. Yamkelwa ngo 1993 nomthetho onxulumene nokubhalisa njengabavoti.

Ukongeza kule miba ingentla apha, kukho iqela amanyathelo ejolise ekulweni imisebenzi yobuqhetseba kunye ezahlukeneyo ubuqhetseba.

Ukuba ngaba uye ngokweenkcukacha kakhulu, izahluko kunye izilungiso, iya kunyulwa amabini kuphela kwi-siseko federal (njengoko ilizwi abemi kulo lonke ilizwe) - nguMongameli kunye isekela mongameli. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa awohluke kweendlela zokulawula kuzwelonke, unyulo kodwa ngokungqalileyo, kodwa izigaba ezibini, kunye ngoncedo College yoNyulo.

I-College lasekwa ngo-1787, umongo wayo kukuba urhulumente ngamnye ezikhethiweyo abameli okhethekileyo, waza yena inyule uMongameli. kanye uhlobo ekudaleni umanyano onjalo kancinane eyinqaba, kodwa kwangaxeshanye nanjengokwesimo elo xesha. Ikholeji yasekwa ukuba abavoti zange uvote kuba zisongele ngokuphandle ukuthembeka yabaviwa US, umzekelo, i-radicals ezahlukeneyo kunye lukhuni. Kwaye nangona umqondo ezinxamnye encinane kwidemokhrasi, inkqubo imisebenzi kakuhle kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini.

amalungelo ukuvota

Kwi-US, inkqubo lingqongqo yobhaliso lwabavoti. Thatha inxaxheba kunyulo kuphela ezo Abavoti ababhalisela uvote. Ngenxa yobume kwenkqubo, lwabavoti ezininzi ndayihluthwa ilungelo lokuvota, umzekelo, ngenxa yotshintsho ahlala kuyo okanye ngenxa yokungabikho. Kulo mzekelo, kukho inani elincinane kakhulu labavoti ezinokuba ziyakwazi ukubuyela nabanyuliweyo.

Ukongezelela, kwezinye ithi kukho isiqhelo sokuba kukho inani elikhulu lolutsha ezingahlawulwanga kwizintlu lwabavoti, kodwa amanani ngqo ayikwazi anikwe apha, kuba akukho inkqubo ezisembindini rejista yabemi.

Iimfuneko electors

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuba abantu ezaziwayo-kakuhle onokuthenjwa ukuba amele umdla karhulumente. E, i electors kunye uMnu jikelele - ingakumbi inkqubo yonyulo US. Kudla akhona amanani kwezopolitiko, abantu abalwela amalungelo oluntu kunye nabanye abantu obathembayo.

Inani electors Ndikulinganise inani Abameli lwemo. Anengqondo ilula - abantu abaninzi, amagosa ngakumbi, apho isebenza inkqubo yonyulo US. Driving ukuba inani lamagosa apha kuyafana naliphi na ilizwe enkulu. Kwamanye amazwe, electors abaqeshwe yi iinkokheli zamaqela (Republican kwaye Democratic), yaye ezinye zisetyenziswa ukuvota kunyulo ngqo.

Iimfuno zomviwa lukamongameli

Njengoko kumazwe amaninzi, lo njengenqobo engundoqo kuba phambi ngabemi umgqatswa lukamongameli, ukongeza, kufuneka azalwe eUnited States. Ubuncinane iminyaka umtyunjwa kufuneka ilingane kwiminyaka-35, yaye lo mntu unyanzelekile ukuba baphile eMelika iminyaka eli-14.

ayikwazi ukuba umongameli ngaphezu kabini zomviwa. iseti Umgangatho iimfuno, ezifana kwenziwa kwilizwe lethu, kunye nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

scheme ukhetho

Ngokusekelwe manyathelo ngasentla, ungenza ezinye uhlobo unyulo algorithm kunye nendlela umongameli inkqubo yonyulo eUnited States. Nantsi i ulandelelwano ongumzekelo yokusebenza:

1. Oku kwenziwe inkqubo nokukhethwa electors.
2. Phumelela ezona voti zininzi.
3. Electors ukuvotela umgqatswa othile kaMongameli.
4. Iziphumo zithunyelwa US Congress.
5. Intlanganiso ye Congress ubala iivoti.
6. Ophumelele lo lowo ezininzi leevoti.

I-US unyulo: lwenkokheli zombutho

Republican kwaye Democrats - koyena kwaye endala iqela ezimbini eUnited States. Yintoni umahluko?

Democrats - party ogxile ekuhlaleni. Isaci yabo - ukuxhasa kwezakhi abangabona bahluphekileyo labemi, inzuzo ezahlukeneyo ngqesho, unyango simahla, ukuthintelwa isohlwayo sentambo. Umgaqo-nkqubo lonke iqela a silinene ngakumbi, lubonakaliswa ezininzi imithetho inkqubela, uncedo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

Republican aba ngokonga ngakumbi. Kulandelwe kwizimvo engqongqo ngakumbi ulawulo, kwaye oku kubonakala izinto ezininzi. Umzekelo, ulwabiwo kakhulu--mali zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, umlinganiselo kwi ubuzwe namandla, nokukhuselwa abakumgangatho ophakathi kunye noshishino.

Kukho namanye amaqela, kodwa babe bengenazo naziphi na iimali ezinjalo, akukho nkxaso enjalo, njengoko ezimbini ngasentla. Abafaki kubo kunzima kakhulu ukuya Congress kunye nokukhuthaza ngandlel iimfuno zabo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo kunyulo kamongameli - ekhuthazwa amaqela ezinjalo nje akukho namnye ozakuliqaphela.

uMnu

Oku, enyanisweni, zaseprayimari. iqela ngalinye ibanjelwe ivoti zazo isigqibo ngubani oya kuba umviwa kuphela ye-Ofisi kaMongameli. It igqiba indlela inkqubo yonyulo US. Ngokufutshane, kukho iintlobo ezimbini uMnu - zombini ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Kwimeko yokuqala, kuphela ivoti amalungu iqela, apho kukho ukhetho yomviwa, kunye yesibini - ukuvota unako ukwenza yonke into. Inkalo umdla yenkqubo American kukuba akukho ofisi iqela enkulu kunye nobunkokheli emanyeneyo. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente ngalinye lalo Democrats kanye Republican.

Inkqubo ukuvota azilawulwa nangayiphi na indlela ngomthetho olunye lizwe, kwaye wonke umbuso indlela yayo eya. Kwafa abantu bakhetha abaviwa for the main, kwaye maxa wambi bavotele iinkokheli zemimandla.

Imeko yangoku

Ngoku ngo-2016, nto leyo ithetha ukuba empumlweni 58 US ukhetho. Umhla ethile unyulo - 8 Novemba. I Democrats ngalo mzuzu kukho ngaphezu kwabaviwa kamongameli ezimbini - Hillary Clinton, ababekhonza njengoNobhala of State, kwakunye UBernard Sanders, ngubani na owayelilungu leNdlu yeeNgwevu lwemo. imbangi lwabo owenza Republican uDonald Trump, Billionaire yaye iphulo yentengiso ubundlongondlongo kakhulu.

Hillary Clinton i umgqatswa ezinamandla Democratic Party. Ngenxa yamava yayo enkulu imisebenzi yezopolitiko kunye nolawulo. Waziwa kuphela kukuba watshata uMongameli yama-42 eUnited States of America, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe njenge Senator (New York), kwakunye njengoNobhala kaRhulumente ukususela 2009 ukuya 2013.

Umkhankaso wokhetho, Hillary Clinton isithembiso ngokwanelisayo Yomelelani US kuqoqosho. Oku kuya kuboniswa ekwandeni umvuzo abakumgangatho ophakathi, ukongeza, ukuba okuvusa wemivuzo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali zentlalo.

UBernard Sanders - umntu ozigqatsileyo yesibini siqine Democratic Party. Wazalwa ngo-1941 waza waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe zezopolitiko ngowe-1972, ukuzama ukuthatha indawo ye eVermont irhuluneli (walahlekelwa unyulo). Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1981 waba haunted luthotho yeentsilelo, kodwa Sanders wenza wamiselwa wedolophu Burlington. Wonyulwa kwisikhundla izihlandlo ezithathu, yaye kamva wazama ukuba singene ndibano njengoko ngumviwa elizimeleyo. Ngowe-1990, wafumana oko. Emva koko waba States ixesha elide, waza ke emva koko waqeshwa leNdlu yeeNgwevu evela eVermont.

Inkqubo yokhetho lo mvotelwa umdla kakhulu. Sanders - luthandwa lwe US ulutsha. He kubhekwa omnye ngabaviwa kamongameli othembeke. Undoqo lwenkqubo yakhe ukwandisa ukulingana kwezentlalo eUnited States ngokudala-inshorensi yempilo efikelelekayo ngakumbi, ukomeleza kweliso kwicandelo lezimali, bancede abasweleyo, ukufikeleleka kwemfundo ephakamileyo.

UDonald Trump - Republican elinamandla. Yaba umntu ngokubanzi zoluntu ukuqala ugqatso. Le yaziwa ngokuba usomashishini Billionaire yimpumelelo, kwaye xa abantu zosasazo. Lowo udla ngokuthetha eendaba, lowo anawo inkampani yokwakha enkulu, nomxokelelwane yohlaziyo kunye isakhiwo, ukongeza, Trump ubhale iincwadi eziliqela ishishini.

inkqubo pre-konyulo wamandla uDonald Trump yenzelwe ukuba inxalenye olucacileyo States. Yena waba iqela komsindo abafakwa kwaye wathembisa ukuba alwe bamazwe elingekho mthethweni Mexico kunye namanye amazwe. Njengoko kwakunye nezinye abaviwa izimvo ezinxulumene hlengiso kukhathalelo lwempilo. Kwimeko yakhe, eli izimilo ekunciphiseni iindleko inshorensi ukuba urhulumente kunye ngabemi ngokwabo. Ukongeza, wakhuthaza inkxaso kumashishini, ukuvuselela uqoqosho kunye neembono zakhe nkqubo angaphandle.

Bendlela US yokhetho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkqubo yonyulo kakuhle nelilifaneleyo, le USA, kumanqaku umgxeki kulo ezinye downsides. Lowo kakhulu Kucacile ukuba Democrat kunye Republican ukuba ngezimali mali. Nakuba kunjalo, eminye imibutho yezopolitiko azinayo le amandla, njengoko malifumane ubuncinane isi-5% lokuvota kunyulo oludlulileyo. It is a isangqa eqhubekayo. Nazo zingasetyenziswa, nesigqibo seengcinga ezaziwa ukuguqula, umzekelo, Akunakuba ezikuwo. Oko kukuthi, xa iinkqubo okuvota bakhonza iinkampani zabucala, kulula ukuba singawanyobi bamelene.

Kwakhona, kweli lizwe kukho isikimu embi kakhulu egqiba indlela yonke inkqubo yonyulo US. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oko kuqala kusetyenziswa obu bugcisa njengoko gerrymandered. Le redrawing yezithili lonyulo, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuchonga abavoti ezinokuba yi imvelaphi komhlaba liqela elingonanga okanye uhlanga, umzekelo, ukuze abahlali amaphondo ezithile ukuvotela umgqatswa ethile ngenxa esizithandayo (yobuhlanga, yezopolitiko, ngokunxulumene kwizithembiso ezithile).

okukhona

Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yonyulo US, inkqubo leyo linikwa kwi nqaku, kwaye zinezibonelelo zayo. Zonke zovoto ezifanayo geographical inokuba plus. Lufane Ulonyulo eUnited States wawamisa ngendlela yokuba ukuba uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwi inkqubo lonyulo liya ukuthobela yonke imithetho, ngoko kuya kakhulu ngokuqinisekileyo khetha ozithandayo lwabavoti, xa kuza ngexesha elifanayo athathe ingqalelo iminqweno zombini iindawo ezincinane ezisemaphandleni, kunye nabahlali imizi US ezinkulu, nakuba phezu umehluko ngokomdla yabemi.

inkqubo yethu

Inkqubo yonyulo ka-Russia kunye US Oku kufana, ekuqaleni, ukuba zombini iimeko igqitywa ngesininzi. ndlela Democratic - ukufana ezingundoqo phakathi kwamazwe amabini.

Okwesibini, kwaye eUnited States, yaye kufuneka inkqubo yonyulo esekelwe kwi-siseko. Noko ke, lo mgaqo usebenza kuwo onke amazwe ziyaphuhliswa, kodwa kakhulu kwezi kwamazwe amabini. Xa isimo sethu unelungelo lokuvota nawuphi na ummi attained kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala.

Phantsi inkqubo yonyulo kwilizwe lethu kwakuthetha ukonyulwa zamasekela likaRhulumente Duma, uMongameli nezinye ii-arhente federal, ukongeza, unyulo ubuchule ezisetyenziswa imizimba ikhankanywe ngasentla nazo kusetyenziswa ngexesha yokuvota izikhundla zabo kumaqumrhu zommandla kamasipala.

Enye elide sikamongameli kwilizwe lethu ulingana iminyaka emithandathu. Iminyaka yobudala lincinane uMongameli - engama-35, ukongeza, umele ukuba wahlala kweli lizwe iminyaka eli-10. Push umbutho komviwa abantu abali-100, ngaphandle imisebenzi yabo zibandakanya ukuqokelelwa million omnye.

Ukukhetha indawo kwenzeka liBhunga Federation. Le nkqubo yenziwa ngendlela efanelekileyo (hayi iintsuku ngaphambi kwe-100 kwaye akukho emva kwe-90 phambi kwentlanganiso). Ngokusemthethweni usuku lonyulo ngeCawa yesibini wenyanga apho zaye zabanjwa iinkqubo zonyulo zexesha elidlulileyo. abongameli ezinokubakho atyunjwa mhlawumbi ngamaqela okanye bebodwa. Kamva, le Central Election IKhomishini iya abhalise abaviwa abazanelisayo iimfuno kuyimfuneko, kubandakanywa inkxaso inani elifunekayo labavoti.

Ukuvota lwenziwa kwiindawo ngokukodwa yafakwa phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo luluntu (uthathwe iqela ngezenzo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo, umthetho uyaphuculwa namhlanje). Abantu abeza uvote kufuneka kuqatshelwe umgqatswa ekunene lokuvota kwaye beka yokugqibela kwibhokisi ekhethekileyo evaliweyo.

Ukubala iivoti oluqhutywa kumanqanaba aliqela, ukususela kwindawo ngovoto ngokusebenzisa nabasemagunyeni sobummandla kunye zommandla uyeza CEC. I-Central Election iKhomishoni linyanzelekile ukuba azise iziphumo iintsuku ezili-10 emva kokuba kuvotwe.

umahluko Key ezivela eMelika

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - kukungabikho kwikholeji lonyulo okanye amaqumrhu ofanayo ukuba ngandlel 'ezichaphazela indlela yokuvota. Yiyo loo nto unyulo zethu kakhulu lwentando yesininzi ngaphezu eUnited States. Nangona ulawulo ngokuqinileyo kukarhulumente kunye nomthetho kumazwe zombini, le yokuvota trust isiphelo inani elincinane labantu, zombini eUnited States, ayamkelwa eRashiya.

Ewe, ukhetho - lo bureaucracy eyomeleleyo, ukunyhashwa amathuba kunye zokuxhathisa ezahlukeneyo ngokunxulumene wabavoti, kodwa zombini amazwe benza konke okusemandleni ukuze kuthintelwe naziphi na ukunyhashwa nokuvelisa nokuphucula nemithetho yayo. Ukongeza, apha wazenzela ukudalwa kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo, iliso ukhetho.