Interface - into imichiza. Interface ifomula

On iplanethi yethu kukho ezininzi iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo, izinto eziphilayo nezimbiwa. Ngoko ke, umntu ekuhleni, kuhlanganiswa esetyenziswa yi ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi izakhiwo yehlabathi organic kwaye ngaphezu kwama-500,000 ngaphandle kwayo. Yaye nyaka ngamnye eli nani likhula, njengoko kuphuhliso lwamashisini kwemichiza loo nto bemi ngxi, amazwe ekuphuhliseni ngamandla kwaye ezikhuthaza.

Kodwa okumangalisayo nkqu. Yaye isibakala sokuba yonke le ezahlukeneyo kwezinto wakha yonke imichiza 118. Loo mkhulu ngokwenene! inkqubo Periodic of imichiza na isiseko, nto leyo yayichaza ibonakalisa ukwahluka ehlabathini eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo.

Ukuhlelwa the imichiza

Kukho ezininzi izakhiwo data iinketho ukushiyana. Ngoko ke, lo lwezakhi chemistry kwemiqathango yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini:

• Metal iziqalelo (uninzi);
• nonmetals (inxalenye ngaphantsi).

Apho iziqalelo zokuqala phezulu ibekwe ngezantsi umda eziqingqiweyo oxwesileyo ukusuka boron ukuya astatine, kwaye eyesibini - labo ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko oluhlobo, umzekelo, itoti (ikhona alpha- beta-form, enye yazo - metal, kwaye enye - a nonmetal). Ngoko ke, eyongeziweyo lobeko onjalo ebizwa ukwahlukana ayikwazi fair ngokupheleleyo.

Kwakhona le nkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo ngamachiza zihlelwe ngokwezi mpawu le yokugqibela.

1. Ukuba izakhiwo ezisisiseko (ukunciphisa) - izinyithi ezithile, izinto eziphambili iqela 1.2 Iqela (ngaphandle beryllium).
2. Ukuba iipropati emuncu (iioksidenti) - nonmetals ekuso. 6.7 Elements of amaqela aphambili, sub-amaqela.
3. Iipropati Amphoteric (kabini) - ngesinyithi sub-amaqela ezinye phezulu.
4. Elements, nonmetals, kwaye azibonakalisa nasekunciphiseni arhente kunye njengoko iioksidenti (ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko reaction).

Amaninzi ke ngoko bafunda imichiza. isikolo 8 grade waye ekuqaleni ukufunda zonke izakhiwo ukukhumbula amagama abalinganiswa kunye pronunciation in Russian. Oku kuyimfuneko kuba kahle chemistry nobuchule kwixesha elizayo, ngenxa yonke into. lwezakhi kwi chemistry kusoloko endle umbono abantwana, kodwa ukwazi reactivity eziqheleke kakhulu kwabo kuba.

Iqela ekhethekileyo kule nkqubo uthatha wesibhozo. Iziqalelo iqelana ziphambili sathiwa silinene - amanene - igesi ngenxa Amaqokobhe ezizalisiweyo ngekhompyutha kwaye, ngenxa yoko, libya imichiza reactivity. Omnye wabo - Interface, into imichiza kule nombolo 36 - ziya kuqwalaselwa yi kuthi ngokweenkcukacha. Nabanye abalingane bakhe phezu kwetafile nazo iigesi zobunene kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu.

Interface - into imichiza

Le mmi Periodic System na kwixesha yesine, iqela yesibhozo subgroups eziphambili. inombolo Uthotho, kwaye ke inani lwaBafundi elektroni kunye nesigxina nuclear (inani protons) = 36. Ukususela oku sinokuqonda ukuba ziya kuba yintoni na formula electronic Interface. Bhala oko: _{+ 36} 1 Kr 2 ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ⁶ 4 ² 4p ^{10 6} 3d.

Ngokucacileyo, inqanaba amandla lwangaphandle ye atom izaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kugqiba reactivity ephantsi kakhulu lwesi sakhi. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kweemeko ezithile kunjalo uyakwazi ukungena ukusebenza ezinye reactions igesi ozinzileyo ezifana Interface. into Chemical, okanye mandithi, isikhundla sakhe kwi-nkqubo, isakhiwo ngekhompyutha, uze uvumele ukufumana enye uphawu ebalulekileyo kwi-atom: Valence. Oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukwenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali.

Ngokuqhelekileyo sisithi ukuba phantse lonk 'ukuba urhulumente non-nemincili ye atom lilingana nenani kwiqela, apho emi kuyo (ukuba ubale ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya yesine ukuze, uze vice versa, 1234321). Nangona kunjalo, lo Valence ka Interface kwesi sakhelo ayilifaneli, ngenxa yokuba kungekho izithuba amandla ezongezelelweyo, okt ngaphandle excitation ye atom, oko ngokubanzi nto egalelwe ngokupheleleyo Valence yayo ka-zero.

Ukuba kunjalo ukuphumeza atom yayo excitation, electron unokushenxela ukuchitha-lokwaphula kwaye simahla 4D Orbital. Ngenxa yoko kunokwenzeka Valence Interface: 2,4,6. Igcwala karhulumente limalunga + (+ 2, + 4, + 6).

History of izovela

Emva kokuba kwafunyanwa zegesi egalelwe - argon ngo-1894, helium ngo-1985 - ukuqikelela kwaye uqinisekise ukuba kungenzeka abe khona kwamanye uhlobo ngokulula Iirhasi eenzululwazi wayengekho. Iinzame iphambili kweli cala wazibhokoxa uWilliam Ramsay, eyafumana argon. Ngokufanelekileyo babekholelwa ukuba emoyeni kukho iigesi egalelwe, kodwa inani labo ziyimfeketho ubuchule abakwazi ukulungisa ebusweni babo.

Ngoko ke, kuvula Interface element kuphela iminyaka embalwa. Ngowe-1898, umoya igesi neon ekwanti, yaye emva kwakhe, kunye nezinye ezimbaxa egalelwe oko kunzima okufumana bodwa, kwagqitywa ekubeni igama Interface. Ngapha koko, ukususela yesiGrike "Kryptos" kuthetha efihlakeleyo.

ingakwazanga ukunikwa babhaqiwe ixesha elide, kwaba nzima kakhulu. Oku kungqina ukuba kwenye cubic meter umoya iqulethe enye milliliter yirhasi. Oko kukuthi, i-mali lingaphantsi kwe ప్రదాత umniki! Ukuba kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ukuhlolisisa into, oko wathabatha ikhulu iisentimitha cc komoya engamanzi. Ngethamsanqa, ngeli xesha, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukuphuhlisa iindlela ukwenzela ukuvelisa kwaye ekunyibilikiseni umoya ezininzi. Loo ithuba yeziganeko ukuba bazuze impumelelo lokufumanisa ka W. Ramsay isiqalelo Interface.

data Spectroscopic yaqinisekisa ezifunyanisiweyo lokuqala into entsha. igesi "Sithelisiwe" liye umgca omtsha ngokupheleleyo kwi spectrum, ekube kulo naluphi na uqhagamshelo ngelo xesha.

Senziwe into elula ifomula wayo

Ukuba Interface - into imichiza besive irhasi egalelwe, kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba bekuya kuba yinto elula iimolekyuli aziphethe ngayo. Kuyinto. into Interface Simple - igesi Kr kunye kumabango monohydric. Ngokuqhelekileyo owoyamaniswe ekuboneni igesi kunye index "2", umzekelo, O _2, H _2, njalo njalo. Kodwa le ngxenye yahlukile ngenxa sokubandakanyeka kwintsapho iigesi amanene nezipheleleyo electron iqokobhe atom.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Njengazo naziphi na ezinye iikhompawundi kule naye uneempawu zawo. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kulandelayo Interface.

1. gas enzima kakhulu - kathathu mkhulu umoya.
2. Akukho incasa.
3. Enemibala.
4. Esha.
5. Iqondo -152 ⁰ C.
6. Ukuxinana osisiqu kwi kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, 3,74 g / l.
7. Lokunyibilika -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. amandla eliphezulu ionization-14 eV.
9. Electronegativity naye kakhulu eliphezulu - 2.6.
10. Enyibilikayo benzene, kancinane emanzini. Njengoko ubushushu ukwandisa ukunyibilika kulwelo kunciphisa. Kwakhona, ogalelwe baligalele.
11. Bushushu, isiphathele permittivity.

Ngoko ke, lo igesi Interface uneempawu ezaneleyo ukuba asabele iikhemikhali yaye abe luncedo kwiipropati yayo ngamnye.

iipropati chemical

Ukuba ukudluliselwa Interface (irhasi) ngokwaseburhulumenteni eziqinileyo, oko crystallizes kwi granetsentricheskuyu lwemihlaba emkhusaneni cubic. Kule meko, ukuba unako ukungena ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Bambalwa, kodwa zikhona.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ngezinto, ziye zathengwa ngokusekelwe Interface.

1. Yenza clathrates ngamanzi: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Amaxwebhu kuzo kunye nezinto eziphilayo:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, OH;
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ CH _3;
• ^2Kr. CCl _^4. 17H ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. CHCL _^3. 17H ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. _{(CH3) 2} ^CO. 17H ₂ O;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.

3. Xa iimeko ezinzima kungaba asabela kunye fluorine, oko oxidized. Ngenxa yoko, kunye reagent of Interface olungumgubo kuthatha ifomu: KrF _2, okanye Interface difluoride. The degree of igcwala kwi ezimbaxa 2.

4. kakhulu kutshanje yakwazi nokulungelelanisa yikhompawundi leyo ebandakanya unxibelelwano phakathi Interface neoksijini: Kr-O (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

5. Finland ezikhuphile umxube umdla Interface kunye iasithilini ebizwa gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

6. Interface fluoride (4) Kwakhona KrF _4. Xa unyityilikiswa emanzini, umchiza ekwaziyo wokusungula Interface asidi kwaye ukutshabalala, ezaziwa kuphela ityuwa barium: BaKrO _4.

7. formula Interface kwi unxulumano ezenziwe difluoride yayo, sijongeka njengoku:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-;
• Kr ₂ F ₃ ⁺ AuF ₆ ^-.

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba, nangona inertness imichiza, oku imiboniso igesi nokunciphisa mihlaba kwaye ukungena intsebenziswano imichiza kunye kweemeko ezilawulwa yengqongqo yona kakhulu. Oku kunika yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi kokukhanya okuluhlaza ukuya amathuba uphando icandelo umoya "ezifihliweyo". Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iikhompawundi ezintsha ukufumana isicelo ngokubanzi kubuchwepheshe kunye namashishini kungekudala iza kuhlanganiswa.

Ukuzimisela of gas

Kukho iindlela ezininzi yokumisela igesi:

• chromatography;
• spectroscopy;
• iindlela analysis Ukunciphisa.

Kukho izinto ezimbalwa emiselwe ngeendlela ezifanayo, nabo wabeka lwezakhi. Interface, xenon, radon - esisinda zegesi amanene kunye izinto ekunzima. Ngoko ke, ukuba zibonwe yaye iyafuneka iindlela ezintsonkothileyo physico-chemical.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Eyona ndlela yokufumana - air ulwelo processing. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba isiqulatho eliphantsi ubungakanani Interface kuyafuneka ukusebenza izigidi cubic metres ukuveliswa imali encinane igesi amanene. yonke le nkqubo ithabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezintathu.

1. unyango umoya kwimiqolo ezizodwa ngokwahlukana emoyeni. Ngenxa yoko kukho qheke uhuhamba lilonke kwezinto kwi iqhezu onzima - umxube ezizizembiwa negesi elunge ioksijini elulwelo, kwakunye lula - iigesi ezininzi ukungcola. Ekubeni inkoliso izinto ezinokugqabhuka, umhlathi unalo iplagi ngombhobho okhethekileyo, ngalo kanye wabahlula izakhi esisinda ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwazo, kunye Interface. Xa uphuma, yena kakhulu ezingcoliswe izinto kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze ufumane imveliso esulungekileyo, kufuneka ukuba ngakumbi phantsi kwinani unyango imichiza ethile kunye izinyibilikisi ezikhethekileyo.
2. Kweli nqanaba, umxube Interface kunye xenon, ingcolisekile kunye hydrocarbon. Nokucoca ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo apho igcwala kunye adsorption umxube kuphelisa amacandelo zingafuneki khona. Kulo mzekelo umxube ngokwayo kuhlala iigesi epheleleyo nengqondo kunye. Ngaphezu koko, yonke le nkqubo ithabatha indawo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, ebangela igesi utshintsho isekwimo engamanzi.
3. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela yokuzahlula kufuneka umxube igesi lokugqibela ukufumana ukusulungeka ingakumbi ophezulu Interface kunye xenon. Ngokuba lo ufakelo ekhethekileyo esahlukileyo, ngendlela egqibeleleyo kule nkqubo. Isiphumo yimveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu ngokohlobo Interface sukube.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, zonke iinkqubo ezichazwe inokuba elibujikele, ngaphandle ukuyeka imveliso ukuba feedstock - moya - unikelwa mali olufanelekileyo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba Yindibanisela zegesi amanene, kuquka Interface, yandile elikhulu kakhulu mveliso.

Ukugcinwa nokuthuthwa imveliso kwenzeka kwizikhongozelo ezizodwa zentsimbi kunye nombhalo efanelekileyo. Bephantsi koxinzelelo, kwaye nobushushu yokugcina ayidluli 20 ⁰ C.

Contents endalweni

Phantsi kweemeko zendalo, akukho nje Interface element, kunye ezineeathom yayo. Xa iyonke kukho ezintandathu iintlobo ukuba ukumelana neemeko zendalo:

• Interface-78 - 0,35%;
• Interface-80 - 2,28%;
• Interface-82 - 11,58%;
• Interface-83 - 11,49%;
• Interface-84 - 57%;
• Interface-86 - 17.3%.

na irhasi eziqulathwe phi? Kakade ke kukho, yaye apho yachongwa okokuqala - emoyeni. Ipesenti encinane kakhulu - kuphela 1.14 x 10 ^-4%. Kwakhona data wemvula rhoqo oovimba igesi elunge ngemvelo ngenxa reactions zenyukliya ngaphakathi lithosfere woMhlaba. Kwaba khona ukuba inxalenye enkulu ezinzile iintlobo Isotope lwesi sakhi.

ukusebenzisa kwabantu

Iteknoloji yanamhlanje yenza kube lula ukufumana Interface evela emoyeni kukuninzi. Kwaye kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba kungekudala uza kuthatha indawo igesi argon egalelwe kwi nebhalbhu zokukhanyisa. Ngapha koko, bazaliswa Interface, baya kuba nenoqoqosho ngakumbi; kunye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla efanayo baya kuba ixesha elide kakhulu yaye kukhanye ngakumbi. Kwakhona ngcono uyakwazi ukumelana sindisa, xa kuthelekiswa eqhelekileyo, leyo yazaliswa ngumxube we nitrogen kunye argon.

Oku kuchazwe molekyuli ungenzi Interface enkulu inzima anqanda transfer ubushushu ibhalbhu iglasi olu cingwana, nokunciphisa komphunga athom ukusuka kumphezulu.

Kwakhona, i-Isotope radioactive kr kr ⁸⁵ esetyenziselwa yokuzaliswa izibane ezizodwa ziye ekwaziyo di- imitha beta. Le amandla ukukhanya iguqulelwa angene ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Ezi izibane luqulathe nebhalbhu yeglasi iindonga ogama engaphakathi ukuba isale sisincoko phosphorescent. Beta rays Isotope Interface, ukufumana kulo maleko, wabangela ziyavutha ukuba oqaphelekayo ngokupheleleyo nokuba kumgama m 500.

Nokuba kumgama itekisi eprintiweyo ingabonwa ukuya ngokucacileyo nemitha ezi-3. Nezibane elide, kuba isiqingatha ubomi le Isotope Interface-85 emalunga ne-10 iminyaka. Icebo nokusebenza nokuba umthombo yangoku kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle.

Kwakhona fluoride Interface zisetyenziswa iioksidenti propellant. Kr-F compound Ukwakhiwa ezisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa laser excimer. Ezinye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo Interface kusetyenziswa amayeza. Ingakumbi izixhobo diagnostic, ekufumanekeni perforations kunye ukuvuza kwiinkqubo lwepolitiki, nentekelelo kunye ubhaqo nokumelana, njengoko izixhobo ulawulo iindawo banxibe.

Enye ukusetyenziswa Interface - a kwimibhobho X-reyi yesifuba, zizaliswe nabo. oosonzululwazi Modern bafuna iindlela zokusebenzisa le gas njenge lokufaka kuhlanganiselo kwimixube nokuphefumla ukuba ngokuntywiliselwa emanzini. ukusetyenziswa zinokuphunyezwa kwaye njengoko ndindisholo amayeza.