Isihloko kunye neendlela zomthetho kamasipala. Inkqubo yomasipala kamasipala

Uninzi zokuhlala eRussia abasemagunyeni bendawo, kuba uluhlu olubanzi amagunya kule inkalo ukuphunyezwa kuphuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho. Kukho isebe elahlukileyo umthetho olawula le nkqubo - mthetho kamasipala. Ziziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nesakhiwo?

definition

Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ziziphi iindlela yomthetho kamasipala, ukuchaza umxholo eziphambili siye ukufunda isihloko. Igama elithi ngawo - ngeranti entsha nenzululwazi yomthetho Russian. Ngoko ke, ukuze ukuqonda indalo yayo, kuqala kuya kuba luncedo ukwazi ukuba igama elithi "umasipala". Kubalulekile imvelaphi Latin: municipium - na, ukuba ulandela ukutyhilwa eqhelekileyo, uluntu ukuba lilawule kakhulu. Ngoko ke, umasipala - luhlobo qumrhu kwezentlalo nezopolitiko (isixeko, zokuhlala ezisemaphandleni, kwisithili), benawo kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente.

Ingcamango umasipala phantse akukho alaqhenqetha nenzululwazi eSoviet. urhulumente wengingqi kunjalo kwenziwa yenkqubo yiSoviet, eyayikade ngokungqongqo vertikalizirovana ngokwaneleyo. Ugunyaziwe wengingqi izixeko izithili baba baninzi kangaka. Ngoko ke, lo mthetho kamasipala Russian Federation, lithathwa ngabaphandi abaninzi, solo bajamelene isanda. Nangona, njengoko kuqatshelwe ziingcali ezininzi, ilizwe lethu - ukuba sithethe malunga nokukhula kwamaziko ezifanelekileyo ezopolitiko - kule ndawo lenza inkqubela ebonakalayo. In Russia kukho uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kamasipala kunye nomthetho. imfundo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko Local kwi Russian Federation nje yonke Inkululeko elininzi izigqibo ezibalulekileyo uyazihlonela.

Yintoni na umthetho kamasipala? qaphela nje - eli gama kuqondwa ukutolika eziliqela. Wokuqala ukuba ziyalandeleka njengesebe yomthetho olawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwezigqeba kwinqanaba lengingqi, into inkqubo ebonisa iindlela karhulumente. Omnye ke, ukucaciswa kwegama elithi kubandakanya ukuqonda ingqeqesho ngaphantsi. Okwesithathu - ngokulandelelana, ulwalathiso lwezenzululwazi - ngokwasemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, bonke zontathu unyango zihlobene. Inyaniso ukuba simanyene ndaba engundoqo yomthetho kamasipala - nobudlelwane kwezentlalo ngexesha ekuphunyezweni iyunithi yolawulo kwemisebenzi karhulumente ezivelayo. Kwimeko nganye kwezi ukutolika lo mba ochaphazelekayo ngandlel 'ithile.

isihloko

Umceli-mngeni wethu ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha ngomthetho kamasipala unyango lokuqala. Njani yahluke kwezinye amacandelo yommiselo ngokusemthethweni? Okokuqala, kukho izifundo ezizodwa kunye neendlela ezithile yomthetho kamasipala njengesebe yomthetho. Cinga iindidi ezifanelekileyo iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Isiseko sifundo siya, kuloo mgaqo, echazwe ngasentla - iseti yonxulumano loluntu ezivelayo ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi karhulumente wengingqi. Noko ke, ezinye isakhiwo kugalalwe definition. Isibakala sokuba ingcamango "isifundo", "indlela yomthetho kamasipala" - into zizonke. Ngayiphi indlela? Kulo mzekelo yesifundo, kunokuthiwa ukuba ukhandwa neeyunithi isiseko eziliqela. Okokuqala, oko kukuthi, ezo zifundo yomthetho kamasipala - abantu, amagosa, amaqela, imibutho, njl Okwesibini, kuba izenzo zabo ababandakanyeka kwinkqubo self-government. Okwesithathu, obeka ubudlelwane izifundo yomthetho kamasipala. Ezinye iingcali ziye zachongwa into yesine noshowo yenjongosenzi ohambelana yesebe komthetho - iziganeko zoluntu, nto leyo zenza izinto zokwakha ubuhlobo kumgangatho karhulumente wommandla.

indlela

Indlela isebe kamasipala ekunene, kwakunye nezinye iindawo component efanayo ummiselo esemthethweni ndlela isifundo ichaphazele into elawulwa okanye oko waphendula yi iyunithi enye zesakhiwo ngokwayo. Ngenxa yoko, abo iindlela ngamnye, u kumthetho kamasipala, xa kusenziwa, into eninzi. Ngoko ke, ukuba zibhale bonke akufanelekanga kakhulu. We khetha esisiseko kuphela ngokweendidi zazo.

iindlela Dispositive kwaye kubalulekile

Ngokukodwa, iindlela ezisisiseko yomthetho kamasipala - inyanzelekile, non-enyanzelekileyo. Yeyiphi benamandla ummiselo yemithetho echaphazelekayo shishino? Kukholelwa ukuba ekubeni urhulumente wengingqi ngokubanzi, kwiziko loluntu, sekisa ngakumbi iindlela mandatory yona. umongo babo kukuba, okokuqala, oko Kucingelwa ukungalingani phakathi kwezigqeba ukwakha ubuhlobo, yaye okwesibini, kukho imithetho nemimiselo ukuba ziyabophelela - ngokuqhelekileyo kwinqanaba imithetho.

Njengoko umthetho, inkqubo yomthetho kamasipala iquka ndlela zilandelayo enyanzelekileyo. Okokuqala, kuyinto kagqirha. kubume bayo - ukusekwa imithetho kanye ubuchule yezenzo zibhalelwe amaqumrhu asemthethweni, nokuhluthwa apho (okanye ecaleni ebalulekileyo) kuya kuba okuchasene nomthetho. Okwesibini, akuvumelekanga. kubume bayo - ukumisela imiqathango izenzo ukuze wenze isifundo yonxulumano zomthetho phambi tindlela.

iindlela sinegunya mthetho kamasipala, ke, nazo yahlulwe iintlobo eziliqela. Okokuqala, kuvumelekile. umongo wayo kukuba ngabalawulwa zomthetho nezobudlelwane afakwa amathuba alinganayo kule nkalo ikhomishini yezenzo ezithile (kwakunye isigqibo ukuba kwanawokuqhuba nayiphi na imisebenzi). Imvume inokuba uhlobo ekhankanyiweyo. Kulo mzekelo esifundo khetha isenzo ukusuka kuluhlu ecetywayo. Kwakhona kuyenzeka kwaye elingenammiselo mvume - Xa umxholo angenza into ayifunayo. Okwesibini, esi sivumelwano. Le ndlela ummiselo osemthethweni yomthetho kamasipala lubonisa ukuba amaqumrhu amabini kufuneka nokuvumelana ngemiba ethile. Okwesithathu, lo ingcebiso. Le ndlela ithetha ukuba amaqumrhu asemthethweni ezithile enqwenelekayo ukwenza zokuziphatha kunye kwimbono prescriber. Okwesine, kuyakhuthaza. kubume bayo: ukuba iqumrhu elisemthethweni aya ukukhetha indlela ethile yokuziphatha, oko sinokuqiniseka yeenketho ezithile kunye neenzuzo ezivela mthetho.

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, kukho kwakhona enye indlela mthetho kamasipala ubonelela njengesebe yomthetho. Oku yindlela kweziqinisekiso. Kodwa ke umongo indlela kakhulu luphawulwa ubudlelwane ayikho kangako izifundo ibekwe ngaphakathi kumasipala, njengoko iziko kakhulu kwezentlalo nezopolitiko benza self-government, kunye norhulumente. Uluvo olungundoqo apha - abasemagunyeni federal okanye yesizwe ziqinisekise ilungelo likamasipala ukuphumeza igunya elifanelekileyo.

mthetho kaMasipala njenge inkqubo

Ngokutsho amagqwetha mihla, umthetho kamasipala kudala inkqubo eyodwa imithetho kunye nolwalamano. Kwangelo isakhiwo inkqubo karhulumente uqwalaselo eselula kwi Russian Federation kwilizwe lethu yaye oku Ipateni langoku. inkqubo yomthetho kamasipala - simanga ezintsonkothileyo. Xa isakhiwo sayo kulandelayo ngeekhomponenti asisiseko.

Okokuqala, oko iindlela wentando ekubumbeni inkqubo karhulumente wengingqi. Kweli nqanaba, libonisa ukuba izifundo eziphambili bezomthetho. Okwesibini, kukho imithombo karhulumente weengingqi - le mali, zendawo, abasebenzi, njl Kweli nqanaba, ngokuqhelekileyo kumiselwa amandla okwenza amaqumrhu asemthethweni izinto ezithile. Okwesithathu, oko igunya ngayo nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Kweli nqanaba luqinisekiswa kakhulu oko kusetyenziswa iindlela yomthetho kamasipala ngendlela kuluncedo.

imithombo zomthetho

mthetho kaMasipala njengesebe umthetho kuthetha ubukho imithombo zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda, bakha uluhlu lwemithetho, leyo ukulungisa nokulawula ubudlelwane phakathi kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Phakathi kwabo mithombo ukuze federal, urhulumente wengingqi nemithetho-siseko, le Russian Federation, nemimiselo uMongameli, izigqibo kaRhulumente.

Imithombo amagqwetha komthetho wendawo zihlelwe ibe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili.

Iintlobo imithetho

Okokuqala, oko kukuthi, njengokuba nemimiselo enjalo, leyo macala onke, ukuze enamandla-nkani ukuqwalasela ezinye okanye zonke izifundo yamagosa bezomthetho. Olu hlobo imithombo, ke ngoko nohlulwe ngendlela, zona uludwe lwemimiselo-zomthetho ezichaphazela isitshixo ekwabelwana luninzi ngabalawulwa imibuzo ngokunjalo noshishino - ezo elawula inkqubo inxalenye ngamnye. Amanye amagqwetha akhetha ukuba kwahlulwa imimiselo ngokusekelwe bemvelo yabo esemthethweni. Ingakumbi, le mithombo ingase kukhutshwa ephalamende zoomasipala, okanye izenzo ayamileyo ngokomthetho, ukupapasha namagunya olawulo. Kukho omnye umbandela Ukuhlelwa ngezenzo zomthetho - kwinqanaba elo ezithathwe. Umthombo umthetho kukhutshwa yi abasemagunyeni federal, i yengingqi, kamasipala, okanye elinye lamaziko ngqo yedemokhrasi - ezi zimvo, kwiNdibano yaBantu.

Okwesibini, kukho izivumelwano zikamasipala kunye esemthethweni. Yokuba izivumelwano elawula inqanaba ngegunya oomasipala correlative ulawulo kwinqanaba kwamandla karhulumente. Kakade ke, uhlobo izinto olumisiweyo-ngokwasemthethweni uhlobo yesibini lichaza kakuhle eli yokuqala ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukwenzela ukulawula ngempumelelo kwindawo ethile, umasipala kufuneka klk efanelekileyo. Ukuba, bathi, isixeko okanye indawo igunya elithile ziya khetha ilungelo lokugqiba imiba enxulumene, umzekelo, kunye nenqanaba kwemfundo, imithetho yendawo elawula ishishini ezifanelekileyo, ukuphuhlisa umasipala, umgaqo, ayiyi kubakho.

Kukho ezinye abaphandi ecetywayo imigangatho zokuhlelwa njengenqobo, kuxhomekeka nakwizinga yempembelelo ngenkqubo. Phantsi lo mbono, ummiselo olwenziwe manqanaba alandelayo.

Okokuqala, oko kube ngumthetho oqondela isigxina amagunya kamasipala kwinkqubo yesizwe yezopolitiko, amisele isakhiwo igunya iiyunithi asekuhlaleni kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Kusenokuba imithombo siseko, imithetho yase kunye nemimiselo. Kwakhona kolu didi imimiselo, iingcali ezo ezivelisa eyona ezibalulekileyo ngokwemigaqo yomthetho kamasipala.

Okwesibini, lo umthetho, leyo ukulungisa kufuneka zenze indlela wamaziko karhulumente koomasipala - ngokusebenzisa unyulo okanye ngokuqeshwa, Kunini na kukhonza amagosa, unamagunya athini na, yintoni izinto zabo ukwenza.

Okwesithathu, ukuba uhlobo eqhelekileyo kokuqinisekisa. Sathi ukuba le ndlela ummiselo osemthethweni yomthetho kamasipala njengesiqinisekiso. Ingongoma apha, kwiimeko ezininzi kwimigangatho ye kwinqanaba likazwelonke okanye yengingqi, abonisa geqe nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kule inkalo ukusebenza kwamaziko ezingundoqo wengingqi yezopolitiko - epalamente, amabhunga olawulo, iinkundla.

Kukho imithetho ukuba ukulungisa luxanduva kwabasemagunyeni kunye namagosa. Oomasipala kuphendula zombini kubemi zabo, kwaye urhulumente liphela. Kwezinye iimeko, umthetho emiselwe iindlela uxanduva basemegunyeni kummandla kunye nalo mbutho.

Iinjongo yomthetho kamasipala

Umongo kunye neendlela ezingundoqo yomthetho kamasipala sifunda. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele caveat - i ziinkalo ezibonakalisa ukusebenza amaziko kufuneka ulawulo kwemithetho karhulumente weengingqi. Yaye imisebenzi zabo.

Ukuqala ukufunda, yintoni eyona njongo iphambili ye-Institute of zolawulo zikamasipala. Ngokutsho kwincopho eqhelekileyo lwembono, ngayo ukuphakamisa umgangatho impilo yabemi, abahlala kumgama iqumrhu kwezentlalo nezopolitiko zasekuhlaleni - isixeko, kwisithili, zokuhlala zasemaphandleni. Correlative kule njongo, kukho iqela lemisebenzi ezingundoqo, ezifana, umzekelo, uphuhliso lwezibonelelo zentlalo, uqoqosho lwengingqi, ukhuseleko indalo, ukuphuculwa inkqubo yengqesho kunye njalo njalo. D. Ukwenzela ukuba le misebenzi ukwenza kunye ukufikelela, ke ngoko, iinjongo, abasemagunyeni bendawo abasetyenziswa iindlela zolawulo. Eneneni, ukhuseleko zabo zomthetho ugqitywa nkcukacha kwenkqubo yomthetho kamasipala. Ngoko ke, eyona njongo ephambili yomthetho kamasipala - inkxaso yemithetho namagunya asekuhlaleni, lo legitimization iinkqubo zolawulo.

mthetho kamasipala kunye nezinye iindawo nkqubo

Indlela zingqamene umthetho kamasipala kunye nezinye iinxalenye mthetho? Ngokutsho amagqwetha amaninzi, koshishino mbuzo inxulumene kudidi olongezelelweyo. ZeziFundo kunye nendlela zikamasipala ilungelo oko ezizisekondari nakwezinye ziqwempu mthetho ngezenzeko efanayo. Ukuba zibangelwa utshintsho yendaleko kwi indlela karhulumente wengingqi. Ngokusebenza kunye nesebe kamasipala umthetho - siseko (oko ichaza isiqalo engundoqo eziphembelela iindlela karhulumente), yolawulo, yoluntu, ezemisebenzi, zemali kunye nabanye.

Xa sincokola ngayo umthetho-siseko, oko kubangelwa kwinqanaba wegunya ubephethwe nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu singabuya, ukuhlela iindlela yomthetho kamasipala, indlela isiqinisekiso. Oku ikakhulu kusekelwe isenzo amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. mthetho Administrative - phakathi amacandelo yinyosi correlative kunye noomasipala. Yintoni na isizathu? Isibakala sokuba omnye iimpawu eziphambili kwabasemagunyeni - ubuntu yezolawulo. Oko kukuthi, kasodolophu ofisi, amabhunga isixeko kunye neminye imibutho karhulumente kwinqanaba likamasipala nga bazibandakanye emsebenzini kunye yolawulo imithetho yabo, ukumisela izohlwayo ezifanelekileyo kwi abemi okanye amagosa. Civil, ke, eli lungelo nako ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye noomasipala. Eyona ndawo yabo ulwalamano - imithetho ummiselo, leyo iza kucacisa ubume boluntu lamacandelo yemeko yentlalo noqoqosho, kwakunye nolawulo ezithile esekwe kuwo.

mthetho kaMasipala njenge inzululwazi

Ngayo esele siyichongile ukuba igama elithi "umthetho kamasipala" nazo kuqondwa uqeqesho zenzululwazi. Makhe sifunde kule nkalo. mthetho kaMasipala - ummandla nomthetho. ERashiya, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi, kodwa icandelo loshishino eyahlukileyo kwi 90. Nangona imiba enxulumene kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente wengingqi, unembali ende. AMAGQABAZA ▸ oomasipala mihla olwalukho yoBukhosi Russian, kukho uhlobo ufana aba nabo kwi iincam USSR - amava yembali abaphandi mihla yomthetho efanelekileyo nako kuthathelwa ingqalelo. Ngaphezu koko, imithombo ezingundoqo ezibonisa kakuhle eli yemboni ezachaphazela iikhrayitheriya kowandomelezayo abaphandi mihla ukuchonga isifundo kunye nendlela yomthetho kamasipala kwizikolo ezininzi umthetho Russian iincwadi ezipapashwe elileli yoBukhosi Russian. Ngelo xesha linye izazinzulu pre-mbuso, iingcali zikholelwa, hayi uyazimela oshishino mbuzo, njengoko isiyalo lwenzululwazi ezimeleyo. Iingxaki ezinxulumene yayiya ikakhulu ngokumandla iindlela karhulumente, kwakunye nomthetho yolawulo.

Njengokuba siye sathi ekuqalekeni, kwiinkqubo zikamasipala USSR ngengqiqo mihla enyanisweni engekho. Noko ke, izazinzulu Soviet bakha esibalulekileyo Russian abaphandi namava inkalo yesifundo imiba enxulumene nemisebenzi amaqumrhu asemthethweni kwinqanaba lengingqi. Ziziphi iindlela yomthetho kamasipala njenge inzululwazi zisetyenziswa izazinzulu Russian mihla? Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba yahlulwe iNzululwazi jikelele - ezifana ngengqiqo, zemigaqo, indlela yokusebenza, yaye ezikhethekileyo - ukuba i-manani, uhlalutyo zembali kunye zomthetho, uphando zomthetho kunye enengqondo, njl abaphandi Toolbox Russian rhoqo ukuba ngcono.