Isinyithi esineziqhamo ezingenasinyithi. Ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kweesinyithi ezingenabumba. Izinyithi ezingenabumba zi ...

Izitya zisijikeleza rhoqo kwaye yonke indawo. Namhlanje luyingxenye ebalulekileyo yezinto ezininzi esisisebenzisayo imihla ngemihla. Kwanele nje ukujonga ngapha kwegumbi apho ukhona ukuze uqonde ukuba oku kunjalo ngokwenene.

Kusuka kwibhentshi yesikolo, siyazi ukuba zonke ezi zinto zimbiwa zihlukaniswe zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu - izitsundu ezimnyama nezingezantsi. Nguwuphi kubo kwiqela elinawo, kufuneka sifunde. Ziziphi izinyithi ezingenabhenqo ezikhoyo kwiplanethi yethu?

Yintoni insimbi yamnyama?

Udidi "lwezinyithi ezinqamlekileyo" lubandakanya isinyithi kunye nazo zonke i-alloys zayo, ezikhoyo ngoku. Ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo, isinyithi sitholakala kuphela kwiibhubhoratri zophando. Ininzi yaba.

Olu hlobo lwesinyithi lusetyenziswa ngokudibanisa isinyithi nekhabhoni kunye nokongeza izinto ezongezelelweyo ezinika isinyithi esiphumelayo okanye ezinye iimpawu eziyimfuneko kwimveliso ethile (umzekelo, magnetic).

Yenza isinyithi nentsimbi

Njengomgaqo, kwimveliso yeesinyithi ezinqabileyo zigaba eziliqela eziqhelekileyo: ukukhutshwa kwe-ore kunye nokuqhutyelwa kwayo kwiziko lomlilo. Emva koko, insimbi ifumaneka, apho zonke iintlobo zensimbi kunye ne-alloys zensimbi zifunyanwa. Ezi zihlandlo zivame ukusetyenziswa kwishishini elinzima. Ngokwahlukileyo, izitye ezingezona zinyumba zizinto ezinqabileyo kunye nezinye iipropati, zisetyenziswe kwenye indawo.

Ukubunjwa kwensimbi yentsimbi kubandakanya i-93% yentsimbi kunye no-3-5% wekhabhoni, kunye neenxalenye eziseleyo kwixabiso elincinci. Le nto ayifumaneki isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa, njengoko iphosakele. Inokufunyanwa ekwakhiweni kweentlobo ezithile zeemibhobho, iiplavines okanye iigraves. Kodwa ininzi yexabiso lentsimbi eyenziweyo (ngaphezulu kwe-90%) iqhutywe ibe yintsimbi.

Iintlobo eziyinhloko zensimbi ezenziwe ngentsimbi zi: i-carbon kunye ne-low carbon-hard (zomekile) zinyithi, i-stainless, i- ferritic-chrome, i-chromic, i-martensitic-chromium, i-vanadium ye-chrome, i-alloy, i-nickel, i-tungsten, i-molybdenum kunye ne-manganese.

Iron Ore

Ngendlela yalo ecocekileyo, le nxalenye yetafile yexesha elikwinqanaba lomhlaba liqulethwe ubuncinane (i-5.5% kuphela). Kodwa kuninzi ekubunjweni kweentsimbi ezahlukeneyo zensimbi.

Iipasiti eziphambili (i-reserve ingaphezu kweetoni ezingama-30 trillion) ziziqendu ze-quartzite, ezineminyaka engaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezimbini ubudala. Zisasazwa ikakhulu kwiindawo ezifana neMzantsi neNyakatho Melika, i-Afrika, iNdiya kunye nentshonalanga ye-Australia.

Ziziphi iinsimbi ezingezizo

Enye iqela elikhulu lezinyithi, ngokuphambene nelo elidlulileyo, linempahla engaphantsi, iiplastiki, i-thermal and conductivity conductivity, ukuxhathisa ukubola kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Isinyithi esingafakwanga yinyithi yigama elidibeneyo lezitshixo kunye neesallo zabo, ngaphandle kweyesinyithi. Zingabizwa nangokuthi "zinyithi ezingenayo ifoni", efanelekileyo.

Isinyithi esingafakiyo:

- igolide, isiliva, i-platinum (izitye ezixabisekileyo);

I-aluminium, i-titane, i-magnesium, i-lithium, i-beryllium (ukukhanya);

- ithusi, itini, inkokheli, i-zinc, i-cobalt, i-nickel (inzima);

- niobium, i-molybdenum, i-zirconium, i-chromium, i-tungsten (i-refractory);

- indium, gallium, thallium (yahlakazeka);

I-scandium, i-yttrium kunye nayo yonke i-lanthanides (inqabileyo-umhlaba);

I-radium, i-technetium, i-actinium, i-polonium, i-thorium, i-france, i-uranium kunye ne-transuranium (i-radioactive).

Imbali ye-metallurgy engenzi-ferrous

Izitishi ezingenzi-ferrha ngoku zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumatshini, ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali, ukwakhiwa kunye neminye imimandla yokuvelisa. Ngombulelo kwinkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobugcisa, ububanzi beli bakala buhlala banda, kwaye ubugcisa bezitshixo buqhubeka nokuphucula.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukusetyenziswa kweesinyithi ezingenasinyana kuye kwanda, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekufumaneni izinto ezintsha kunye namagama. Izinto ezininzi ezongezelelweyo zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwimveliso. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwakusetyenziswa izihloko ezi-15, kwaye emva kweminyaka engama-50-kabini kuninzi. Okwangoku, kusetyenziswe izitya ezingaphezulu kwe-70, ezona zininzi phakathi kwaziwa ngoku.

Ukukhula kwindleko yemithwalo enzima engenzi-ferrous ngenxa yeemfuno ezikhulayo zoshishino lemikhosi (ukuveliswa kweempahla), ngelixa iqela elikhanyayo lisetyenziselwa imboni ye-aerospace.

Iqela lamacici ahloniphekileyo lisetyenziselwa ukwenza iingubo kunye nezihlobiso. Ngama-90 ekhulu lama-20, i-78% yegolide, i-36% yeplatinum kunye ne-15% yesilivere yayisetyenziselwa le njongo. Ukuba sithatha ezinye iindawo apho kusetyenziswe khona izitye ezingenasitrha ezibonakalayo, ukuveliswa kombane (iifowuni zeefowuni kumadivayisi), ukuveliswa kwemoto (malunga ne-43% yeplatinum), kunye nesilivere kwakusetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemifanekiso yezobugcisa kunye neefoto.

Iimpawu zetsimbi ezingenayo

Inye nganye yeesinyithi zeli qela ineempahla ezichonga uninzi lwazo. Oku kukwazisa nokusetyenziswa kweesinyithi ezingafakiyo kwiindawo ezininzi zoshishino.

Ngoko, umzekelo, uninzi lwabo lunamandla okushisa okuphezulu kunye nokuqhuba kwe-thermal, okubenza bakwazi ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza emva kokunyusa. Kukho ukuphazamiseka kule nto: xa usebenza ngeesinyithi ezifana ne-magnesium kunye nobhedu, kubalulekile ukufudumala ngokuthe ngqo phambi kokulumala, kwaye ngexesha leenkqubo kufuneka usebenzise imithombo yokushisa ngamandla ukuze kungabi pholile.

Esinye ipropati ephawulekayo kukunciphisa iipropati zemishini. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisana nabo ngokucophelela ukuphepha ukukhutshwa.

Izinyithi ezingafakiyo zisebenza ngokukhawuleza ngegesi ngexesha lokufudumeza. Le propati iboniswa ngokucacileyo nge-titanium, i-molybdenum kunye ne-tantalum.

Eli qela lezinyithi lingasetyenziselwa ixesha elide, kodwa kufuneka likhuselwe kwi-oksijini, etshabalalisa isinyithi. Ukwenza oku, abaqhubi, umzekelo, bahlanganiswe ne-varnish ekhuselekileyo. I-pre-metal ingabonwa ngamacandelwana amabini.

I-Copper ores

Olu hlobo lwe-ore lubona luqhelekileyo kwicandelo "lemibala". Esi sinyithi sinakho ububanzi obubanzi bokusetyenziswa: ukwakhiwa, amandla oshishino, isakhiwo sezindiza, amayeza, ukuveliswa kwamashishini atshintshe ngokufudumele kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Iindawo zokutshiza iibhedu zikwahluke. Namhlanje, ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kuqhotyoshelwe kwiinqwelo ezimbi ezingabonakaliyo (uhlobo lwe-porphyry), ezichithwa kwiindawo zokuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo. Isilwanyana samachiza sakhiwe kwisisombululo eshushu esivela kwi-foam magmatic. Inqolobane enkulu yeso sakhiwo ikhona kumaMerika.

Olunye uhlobo lobhedu lwe-copper luyi-pyrite, olususwe ephantsi kwezilwandle nolwandle. Umthombo ngumhlaba kwiiUal.

Kwaye omnye umthombo omkhulu weso sithwaba sitshixo sothusi (isifunda saseChita eRussia, iKatanga e-Afrika).

Ngaloo ndlela, izinyithi ezingezizo zintsimbi ziyimfuneko ebalulekileyo yokwenza izinto ezininzi ezisijikelezile.