Meaning of izityalo kwindalo. Indima yezityalo endalweni

Zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni yohlulwe yeselula kunye non-zeselula, le yokugqibela kuquka iintsholongwane kuphela. Eyokuqala yahlulwe eukaryotes (ezo iiseli ukuba abe nucleus) kunye prokaryotes (inucleus, i-DNA akanayo ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo). Le yokugqibela ziquka iintsholongwane. A eukaryotes zahlulwe izikumkani ezimangalisayo: izilwanyana, umngundo kunye nezityalo. Intsingiselo kwezityalo kwindalo kubaluleke kakhulu. Isebe, leyo izifundo ezi zinto ziphilayo kuthiwa Botany. Eli licandelo enjalo inzululwazi ne biology. Ixabiso kwezityalo ebomini bethu siya kuba ngabo kweli nqaku.

Njani bahluke kwezinye izinto eziphilayo?

Okokuqala, yintoni umahluko phakathi kummandla Plants uhlobo kuzo zonke kwabanye. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba autotrophs, okt ngokwabo zivelisa ngokwabo lo mba ephilayo. iiseli izityalo nazo iiyantlukwano ezinye iiseli zezilwanyana. Ubukhulu becala kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho udonga iseli ngokuqinileyo yakhiwa kwincindi. Kwezilwanyana, kwiiseli ze plasma ndizayo kukuthi ethambileyo glycocalyx, equka carbohydrate. Ngenxa yokuba ukuba kwiseli eludongeni obuphathekayo awukwazi imveliso eninzi kwezinto ezingeyomfuneko iiseli, kukho vacuoles, apho Ukuqokelela. cell organelles Young idatha ngaphezulu, kwaye bancinci. Emva kwexesha elithile, ukuba bahlanganisane kwenye vacuole enkulu central. Kananjalo organelles ekhethekileyo Yindibanisela organic izithako - oku chloroplasts. Ukongeza, kukho iintlobo ezimbini plastids - chromoplasts kunye leucoplasts. I yangaphambili ziqulathe ngombala ezikhethekileyo, ezinokuthi, umzekelo, ukutsala ezisasaza ukuba iintyatyambo. Xa leucoplasts kwakhona ngekawusi ezinye izondlo kwindawo yokuqala a istatshi.

Intsingiselo kwezityalo endalweni

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ezi zinto ziphilayo ezinxulumene nazo autotrophs. Indima kwezityalo kwindalo ayikwazi zabaxwa, njengoko zisinika into ngaphandle nje ukuba ayisekho thina. Akumangalisi ke kuthiwa imiphunga iplanethi yethu. Indima lezityalo indalo edibene inkqubo yefotosinthesis ngayo ezi zinto ziphilayo bakuzisele wena izondlo. Le nkqubo sisiseko zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kwakhona, ixabiso kwezityalo kwindalo na ukuba lo mthombo uphambili into ephilayo izilwanyana, umzimba wona ngokwawo awukwazi bazivelise okanye bazenze, kwaye ikhonkco ephambili kwikhonkco lokutya. Ngoko ke, izilwanyana ezitya zidle ezi zinto ziphilayo, ezitya inyama sidle izilwanyana ezitya izityalo, njalo-njalo. D.

Yintoni photosynthesis?

Le nkqubo yokusabela imichiza apho izinto akhiwa organic ezingaphiliyo. Plant ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa kufuna amanzi kunye carbon dioxide, kwakunye amandla elanga. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba ufumana iswekile, nto leyo eyimfuneko ukuze nobomi ngaye, ngokunjalo umoya ovela eceleni, ephuma ngaphandle. Kuyinto ngenxa izityalo, yaye sihlala kwiplanethi yethu, ngokungathi kunjalo na aba, kuba ioksijini ngokwaneleyo ukuba ubukho izilwanyana apho kuza. Ngaloo maxesha ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali, xa ubomi emhlabeni nje kuqalisa ukuhluma, izinga ioksijini emoyeni lowo ayifiki bana kulowo ukuya ekhulwini ezimbini. Ke kaloku, kwaye sibulela umsebenzi kwezityalo kangangamawaka ezigidi zeminyaka, zezulu ezingamashumi amabini ananye ekhulwini iqulathe zibalulekile gas izilwanyana. Kungenxa yobume amava izityalo uvumele abanye zonke izikumkani eziphilayo (ngaphandle iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya, nto leyo eyenzeka kuqala).

Apho inkqubo yefotosinthesis?

Ekubeni sele siyazi ukuba ixabiso lezityalo kwindalo, sukani kuyo iinkcukacha ngakumbi.

Le nkqubo ithatha indawo amagqabi, kwaye oku iindawo eziluhlaza. It inxaxheba sakhi yiklorofili, enika izityalo ezifana kombala, kwakunye enqanda - ehlanganisa zendalo ezivumela indlela yemichiza kakhulu ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ngexesha photosynthesis, chloroplasts Bakhona organelles uxanduva, bakulo igqabi iiseli ngaphantsi - neziqu.

Ubume chloroplast

Le organoid ibhekisa kweno ndizayo enye. Chloroplasts babe ribosomes zabo eziyimfuneko ukuze protein yokuqaphela. Ngaphezu koko, xa matrix of nombhojana organelle DNA setyhula molecule, ebhalwe apho ingcaciso ngezi iiprothini. Kwakhona kusenokubakho starch kunye lipids. Awona macandelo aphambili chloroplast ingabizwa imifino, enamakhulu thylakoids, zibekwe. Kungenxa kule thylakoids kunye inkqubo ejolise yefotosinthsis. Iqulethe yiklorofili zonke enzyme eziyimfuneko.

Le khemikhali ukusabela photosynthesis

Ebhaliweyo kule nxaki: 6SO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2. Oko kukuthi, ukuba isityalo siya kufumana ezintandathu abamenzelayo kwekharbon diokside namanzi, ingasebenza enye nolovane glucose yaye abathandathu abamenzelayo ioksijini ukuba uya kuma emoyeni.

Iyantlukwano kwizityalo endalweni

Zonke izityalo lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe single-ezineseli kunye multicellular. I yangaphambili ziquka nezithombo ezifana chlamydomonas, euglena kunye nabanye. Multicellular, ke, azizahlulo ephakamileyo ngokuhla. Le yokugqibela ziquka lisiza. Oku kungenxa yokuba azinayo imizimba, umzimba kwabo imelwe thallus eqinileyo, apho iiseli undifferentiated. Ulwelwe lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe luhlaza, zuba-oluhlaza, obomvu kunye mdaka. Ukuba ingasetyenziswa kushishino, wadla zombini izilwanyana kunye nabantu.

Izityalo Higher sezineentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kuqala kwinto zonke, amaqela amabini amakhulu zingahlukaniswa - ibihlungu nembewu. Iqela lokuqala luquka yefeni, horsetails, ubulembu club kunye ubulembu. Umjikelo wobomi bonke bephela ubunjwe kwizizukulwana ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: i sporophyte kunye gametophyte. izityalo Seed zahlulwe gymnosperms (ezi ziquka Conifers, Ginkgo kunye sagovnikovye) kunye angiosperms, okanye izityalo kweentyatyambo.

Phakathi kwamaqela amabini yokugqibela nako zizakubalulwa: monocots kunye dicots. Ahluke kwi cotyledons inombolo (Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, kusenokubakho ezimbini okanye enye). Banalo iiyantlukwano isakhiwo, phezu inxalenye olungaphandle ingqondo, uyakwazi ukubona Iklasi apho isityalo elinikiweyo. Xa monocots iingcambu ezinezikhondo, kwaye dicotyledons - ngentonga. Okokuqala wenzile umfuziselo okanye arcuate venation sheet, kwaye eyesibini - a pinnate asasaze. Yangaphambili ziquka usapho ezifana nokutya okuziinkozo, Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae (s subfamily itswele), njalo-njalo Phakathi dicotyledonous ungahlula ezifana .. neeNtsapho: Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Cruciferae (Brassica), Magnolia udidi, amangile, beech kunye nabanye abaninzi. Zonke angiosperms bayakwazi ukuba utyatyambe, kunjalo, ukongeza kwimisebenzi yayo engundoqo, iinkcukacha izityalo kwaye enze kubuhle ngakumbi.

isiphelo

Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba izityalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo, awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle kwabo ubomi on Earth kunye nathi. Ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba anilwele ekukhuseleni amahlathi ophezulu-grade ukuba bazihlambulule umoya zethu asinike eyimfuneko ngobukho oksijini. Ukongeza, izityalo asisiseko ezidla yezilwanyana, kwaye ukuba bathe shwaka, ngoko eli qela eziphilayo nje ndawo ukuthatha umcimbi ephilayo.