Iyintoni isifo sezidiliya? Mildew: unyango lwesifo, izizathu zokuqala nokukhusela

Uninzi lwezifo zamagilebhisi lunokutshabalalisa izityalo okanye ukunciphisa kakhulu umgangatho wamajikijolo. Ngenxa yoko, ukulwa nabo kubaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi kwezifo ezazisasazeka kakhulu kwakukho iidiza. Ukunyangwa kwesi sifo kuqhutyelwa ngokuhambelana neendlela zokulwa nokusuleleka kwezifo zityalo.

Isifo sesityalo sisiphumo sentsholongwane. Isizathu sokuphuhliswa kwee-microbes zingakwazi ukuhanjiswa (ukusuleleka) kwisityalo esinempilo se-microorganisms kwisigulane. Kwakhona ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezichaphazela imozulu, iimpawu zomhlaba kunye nezinye iimeko zokukhula kwezityalo zenkcubeko. Izinambuzane ezinambuzane zingakhula emhlabathini, kwiindawo ezonakalisiweyo zezityalo okanye phantsi kweempembelelo zezimo zemozulu ezibi. Into eyingozi kakhulu kwintsapho yamagilebhisi iindiza ezincinci ze-fungal microorganisms. Izifo zefungal zezityalo zibangelwa iipasipathogenic parasites.

Ukugcinwa kwamagilebhisi: izifo kunye nokunyangwa kwengqondo

Ingozi ethile yezifo ezifubeni kukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kokusuleleka. Zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisityalo kwiiveki ezimbalwa kwaye zomileyo iintyatyambo zamagilebhisi kwi-1-2 seasons. Isantya sokusasazeka kwesi sifo sincike kuhlobo losulelo kunye nezimo zemozulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-mildew (i-fungus of downy mildew) isasazeka ngokusasazeka kwizulu, kanti i-oidium

Amanyathelo okuphendula kufuneka athathe ingqwalasela ukusukela kwintsholongwane kwindawo yokukhula. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye nasenzantsi yaseRashiya, iidiza zamagilebhisi zihlala zichaphazelekayo. Unyango lwe-fungal infection su kanje:

• Amanyathelo okukhusela - ukutshiza nge-agent engenzileyo, ukusika izihluthulelo ezingadingekile, ukuxubusha umdiliya, ukususa amaqabunga kunye nezihluma, ukususa ukhula, njl.
• Ukugcinwa nokuqiniswa kwe-agrofon;
• Ukuthintela ukusabalala kwezityalo ezigulayo kunye neziqhamo - ukuhlukanisa indawo.

I-Mildew - isifo esiyingozi kakhulu sefungal

I-Mildew - powdery isikhutha, i-agent causative ye-fungus ye-plasmaparatic vitil. Olu hlobo lwesifo luyingozi enkulu kwiintlobo zaseYurophu zeidiliya. I-microorganism ephazamisayo ichaphazela zonke izinto eziviniweyo zomdiliya: amahlamvu, izityalo, izityalo kunye neziqhamo.

Ukuchaphazela i-inflorescences kunye namajikijolo, i-fungus iyonakalisa ngokupheleleyo isivuno. Isigubungelo esinqabileyo sezidiliya phantsi kwefuthe lefungus liyabonakala, emva koko liwa. Ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo kummandla wobungakanani obunqabileyo buphazamisa inkqubo yokuvuthwa okuchanekileyo kweziqhamo. Amaqabunga ezihlahla ezigulayo alahlekelwa isondlo saso kunye nobumnandi, abaphekiweyo kwiintlobo zewayini ezimuncu. Umdiliya ogulayo uyavuthwa kakhulu, oku kuphazamisa kakubi ukutshatyalaliswa kwehlathi ekubanda ebusika.

I-Fungus, echaphazela isityalo, ingakumbi ikhula ngokuthe ngqo kwi-inflorescences emancinci ukusuka kwii-pedicels okanye iinqonga. Iindawo ezichaphazelekayo zezifo zihamba zibomvu, zonke ii-ovari kunye ne-inflorescences, ezisezantsi, zibhubha. Ngaphantsi kwempembelelo yemvula, i-fungus isasazeka kwaye isitshabalalisa isityalo.

Imigqaliselo yokusabalalisa isikhumba

Ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane ye-fungal i-hibernates ngohlobo lwee-spores kumagqabi adiliya amagquma kunye nomhlaba. Ngentwasahlobo, xa umhlaba uba manzi kakhulu, kwaye ukushisa komoya kufaka iintsuku ezingama-8 ukuya kwi-10 degrees, ihluma ihluma kwaye ihluma.

Xa besesimweni esishushu okanye imvula yamanzi, baqala ukukhula ngamandla. Kwinkqubo, bakha indawo ephilayo yokubunjwa kwama-zoospores (zoosporangia). Emva kokuba i-zoospores zenziwe, zithwala umoya ukuya emanzini, kwaye i-fungus iqala ukuphazamisa, ukuthelela iidiza zamagilebhisi. Unyango, inkcazo yesifo kunye nokuthintela kwayo kuya kuqwalaselwa.

Inkcazo yesikhumba

Ukubukeka ukukhula kwesi sifo kuqala ngeentlobo ezincinci zombala ophuzi, ngokugqithiseleyo ixesha lihlanganisa yonke indawo yeqabunga. Uphawu lokusasazeka kwesi sifo kukubonakala kwimiqho emhlophe engxenyeni engezantsi kweqabunga elenziwe emva kwemvula. Amagqabi asulelekileyo aphendulela aphuzi aze afe. Ukuqaphela umphunga kumdiliya unokuba kwiindawo, njengamabala amancinci.

Ingozi enkulu kakhulu yincinci ye-inflorescences ezincinci, njengoko ukuvuthwa kwefungus kwakha phezu kwawo. I-inflorescences ezincinci phantsi kwefuthe le-fatew ziyafa-amajikijolo amnyama, anqabile aze atyeke. Ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kuya kumisa, kushushu, ukushisa komoya ngaphezu kwama-30 degrees.

Imithetho jikelele yokulawula izifo

Ukuba usuleleke kumagilebhisi omzimba, unyango lwenziwa ngokutshiza nge-pesticide etshabalalisa i-foi ephambili. Ngaphambi kokuba iidiliya ziqale ukuqhakaza, izihlambi zihlanjululwa ngxube. Isigaba esilandelayo sokutshiza siqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqala kwezimbali kunye nokubonakala kwamabhanji amancinci (ubukhulu bentloko yomdlalo). Cinga ngeendlela zokulwa nesifo ngokubanzi.

Indlela yokuphikisa isikhumba

Ibakala eliphambili lombutho womzabalazo kukubonelela ngeemeko ezithintela ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo. Usulelo olukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo luhlala kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zomswakama, kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba, ezihlala ixesha elide zigcina imvula yamanzi, amazolo kunye nenkungu. Ukuxakeka kwemisebenzi ye-agrotechnical ikhuthaza ukuphucula ukuphuphuma kwezityalo kwaye akubandakanyi ukuqokelela kobuninzi obuninzi kumfutshane emagilebhisi.

Njengoko kuye kwathethwa, ama-spores of mildew amaqabunga emagqabini awa phantsi. Ekwindla, emva kokuvuna, amaqabunga aweleyo kufuneka atshiswe.

Ukutshiza izihlahla zamagilebhisi kunye neetyhefu ezonakalisa iifungi yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokugcina isityalo. Njengomthetho, ziveliswa yi-1% isisombululo se-Bordeaux liquid. Ukuphalaza kokuqala, isisombululo se-0.5% sisetyenzisiwe, unyango olulandelayo lwenziwa ngokunyuswa kwinkxalabo ukusuka ku-0.75% ukuya ku-2%. Isiqulatho esincinci senkunkuma esebenzayo ayivumeli isisombululo sokuthi sitshathise amaqabunga kwaye sitshatyalaliswe sisifo sevini. Unyango (umfanekiso osezantsi ubonisa inkqubo) kubandakanya ukutshiza umdiliya womdiliya ngomxube we-tank ukwenzela ukuthintela usulelo.

Imixube yokufakelwa kwamagilebhisi

Kukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye namalungiselelo okulwa needilidi zesikhumba. Unyango kunye neyeza zamanqanaba ziyasebenza njengokhuseleko. Indlela esebenzayo yokonyango ityhula kunye nezisombululo eziqukethe iinkqubo zamakhemikhali ezisebenzayo. Izixazululo ze-Antifungal ziqukethe i-zinc ne- sulfate ye-copper. Isilwanyana esifinyeleleka kwaye esisebenzayo sisisombululo se-Bordeaux sophula umbane.

Imixube enezinto ezihlukeneyo zokutshiza izityalo zibizwa ngokuba yiitank tank. Hlanganisa imixube yokunyanga kwamagilebhisi kwi-moldew ziqulethe i-substance esebenzayo - i-sulfate yobhedu. Umxube we-Bordeaux liquid uqukethe i-lime slurry e- slaked kwi- calcareous water and copper sulfate.

Iimpawu zecandelo elisebenzayo lomxube weBordeaux

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba isisombululo kwi-concentration ye-sulfate engaphezulu kwe-3% ityhafile isenokutshisa indawo yamagilebhisi. Icandelo eliphambili lequmrhu le-Bordeaux libonakaliswa ngokutsha ngokukhawuleza kwamanzi, ngoko imvula ngexesha elincinci ukususa umxube wezobisi kwimimandla yesiqhamo somdiliya.

Ukugcina isisombululo se-sulphate yobhedu ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwisantya sityalo, kufuneka sixutywe kungekhona ngamanzi, kodwa ngobisi lobisi. I-lime ayithinteli i-acid reaction ye-sulphate yethusi, i-liquid is becoming viscous and sticky. Ukunamathela kumaqabunga amagilebhisi, loo nto igcinwa ixesha elide phezu komhlaba ngaphantsi kwefuthe lemvula.

Ukuze kuphumelele ukulwa neengxaki zeediliya, unyango kufuneka lwenziwe ngeendlela ezilungiselelwe ngokwemiqathango yobuchwepheshe. Iimpawu zobulunga kuzo zonke izixhobo zibalulekile.

Ukunikela ingqwalasela kwicandelo elisebenzayo elisisiseko - i-vitriol yobhedu, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba i powder ayiqukethe ukungcola kwamanye amazwe, kwaye umbala wayo uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. I-lime yomdaka ifanelekile njengokuba ixutywe okanye ikhawuleze. Nangona kunjalo, kungcono ukwenza ukucima ngexesha lokulungiselela isisombululo. I-lime entsha isinika i-adhesion engcono kakhulu kwiyeza zamacembe.

Ubungakanani besisombululo somxube weBordeaux

Zonke iilungiselelo zokonyangwa kwezifo zomvini zineenkcenkceshelo esilungelelweyo esilungeleyo sesithako esisebenzayo. Ukuxinwa kwe-sulfate yethusi kwisisombululo somxube weBordeaux sinokuvela kwi-0.5% ukuya kwi-3%, umxholo ophezulu wezinto ezisetyenziswayo uya kutshisa amaqabunga. Ukulungiselela iilitha ezili-10 zesilwanyana kunye ne-concentration ye-1% yesicatshulwa esisebenzayo, kufuneka uthathe i-100 grams ye- quicklime kunye nesixa esifanayo se-sulphate yethusi. Ukuxuba kuqhutyelwa kwiibhagi, izinto ezichasene nokuphendula kwamakhemikhali kwaye azibandakanyeki kunye nezixhobo zesisombululo. Ikhetho elifanelekileyo - iglasi okanye itanki yeramic, akuvumelekanga ukusebenzisa izitya ezixutywayo okanye izitye.

Ukuze ulungise umxube, uhlambe i-sulfate yethusi kunye nelitha enye yamanzi ashushu. Emva kokuba i-powder ichithekile, i-5 litres zamanzi abandayo athululelwa kwisitya. Ngokwahlukileyo, cima i-100 g ye-lime elungiselelwe, uze ungeze onke amanzi kwaye ulungelelanise umthamo wesisombululo se-lime kwi-5 litres. Ukulungiswa kwe-lime kuluhlu. Isisombululo se-sulfate yethusi sinezela ngokuthe kancinci kwi-milk leme. Inkqubo yokudibanisa amacandelo ihamba kunye nokuvuselela rhoqo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isisombululo se-lime sisongezwa kwisisombululo se-sulphate yethusi, kwaye kungekhona ngokuthe ngqo. Ngezenzo ezingenangqiqo zezenzo, ukumiswa kokubangela ukuba kungabonakali ekulawuleni i-mildew, izixhobo ezisebenzayo ziya kunqanda.

Iziganeko zemveliso elungiselelwe kakuhle

Isisombululo samanzi e-Bordeaux, esilungiselelwe ngokwe-teknoloji, sinombala obomvu kunye nesakhiwo esinyulu, sithobela iminwe. Umbala ungabonisa ukuxinwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ngokomzekelo, uhlaza kuthetha ukuba i-sulphate yethusi yongezwa kwi-surplus, kwaye xa ifafazwe, umbane uya kutshisa amaqabunga amagilebhisi.

Ngaba iidiza zamagilebhisi zigula? Unyango: indlela yokuphatha umxube weBordeaux?

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kuphela isisombululo esilungele ukulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo. I-Bordeaux i-liquid ngexesha lokugcina ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezixhamlayo kwaye ayithathi hlangothi kuma-parasites e-fungal.

Ukuba ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kubonisa ukuba iidiza zamagilebhisi zigula, unyango kunye nesisombululo somxube weBordeaux sisisombululo esiphezulu. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomkhiqizo olungiselelwe, isilumko sesinyithi sibhaptizwa kuyo ixesha elifutshane. Ukuba isilumko asihlanganisi xa ususa isikhonkwane, isisombululo siphephile kwizityalo. Ukubonakala kweentlobo ezincinci kumphezulu wezipiko ziza kuxela ngomgangatho ophantsi we-Bordeaux liquid kunye nomxholo omkhulu kwiqumrhu elisebenzayo. Kule meko, kufuneka kuhlanjululwe kwakhona ngesisombululo se-lime.

Nangona kunjalo, umxube weBordeaux olungiselelwe ngokwe-teknoloji unokukwazi ukulimaza iidiliya, ukuba ukutshiza kuqhutywe ngosuku olushushu emva kwemvula enkulu. Ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokutshisa izityalo, unyango lwenziwe ngentsasa okanye ngexesha lokushona kwelanga.

Ukuthintela izifo zentsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane zezidiliya

Isiphumo esiphezulu sinikezelwa ngamanyathelo okukhusela izifo zefungal kunye neentsholongwane. Ukuthintela kuqhutyelwa ngexesha leenyanga ezintathu: entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla. Ngeli xesha, abalimi bezityalo bathambisa iinqwelo, banqumla umdiliya kwaye baqinisa i-agrophone, baqhumisa umhlaba.

Ngaphambi kokutshiza iidiliya, kuyimfuneko ukususa amaqabunga awonakalisiweyo, unciphise amahlumela angadingekile kwaye ubophe umdiliya. Udoti ngendlela yamagqabi agule kunye namahlumela kufuneka atshiswe, aphephe ukuphuhliswa kosulelo.

Ukunakekelwa kwamagilebhisi ngaphambi kokuvuna

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza unyango lwengqondo kwiidiliya ngoJulayi. Ehlotyeni, ngaphambi kokuvuna, abalimi bezityalo baqhuba ukutshiza okuphambili. Ishedyuli yonyango kunye nesisombululo somxube weBordeaux - nganye iveki ezi-3, ukususela ngowokuqala kukaJulayi. Ukutshiza iidiliya kunye ne-agent e-antitifungal kugqityiwe kwiminyaka elishumi yokuqala ka-Agasti kwaye akuqhutyelwa kwanexesha lokutyunjwa komdiliya.