Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna: biography, iifoto

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. igama eliqhelekileyo wonke. Kodwa eyona ukhumbule kuphela ukuba umfazi Vladimira Ilicha Lenina. Ewe, yinyaniso. Kodwa ke Krupskaya yaba ngokwemeko yezopolitiko obalaseleyo kunye utitshala ixesha lakhe.

ebuntwaneni

Umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe - Februwari 14, 1869. usapho nadezhda Konstantinovna kaThixo ababekolo didi wabanumzana abahlwempuzekileyo. Bawo Constantine Ignatievich, owayesakuba ligosa (sombutho), waba lweli iingqiqo inguqu-wentando yesininzi, kwabelwane ngezimvo abaququzeleli kwimvukelo Polish. Kodwa hayi ingakumbi Andikhathali, ngoko Krupskaya wahlala nje, ngaphandle frills ntle yentsapho. Uyise wasweleka ngo-1883, xa Ithemba ndandikwishumi elivisayo. State emva umfazi wakhe nentombi uKonstantin Ignatievich akazange ukuhamba, kodwa nangona yokunqongophala kwemali, unina wakhe, Elizabeth V., wayesoloko engqongwe intombi uthando, isisa kunye nokhathalelo.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna wafundiswa Gymnasium. Obolensky, apho wafumana imfundo ophambili ngelo xesha. Umama akukho ngokukodwa inkululeko yakhe, ekholelwa ukuba wonke umntu umele ukhethe indlela ebomini bakhe. Elizabeth V. ngokwalo ezinikele kakhulu, kodwa ukubona ukuba intombi leyo akuziva unqulo, akazange soyithomalalisa naye ukunyanzela nenkolelo. Umama babekholelwa ukuba ukuze bonwabe kunokuba kuphela umntu oya uthando ukuthanda ukukhusela intombi yakhe.

ulutsha

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna isebuncinaneni bayo, emva kokugqiba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ezibuza sikweni ezazikhona ngeenxa zonke. nalwazelelelo abanomsindo amandla yobukumkani, ungamxini abantu abaqhelekileyo, ebenza babe lusizi, iintlungu nokubandezeleka.

Wafumana sizana isangqa abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Apho, emva kokufunda iimfundiso Marx, kucingwa ukuba indlela yokucombulula zonke iingxaki karhulumente, elinye kuphela - revolution nolobukomanisi.

Biography Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, ngathi bonke ubomi bakhe ngoku kuhlangene kwiingcamango Marxism. Ukuba sichonge umendo wayo phambili ebomini.

Ezifundisayo sabasebenzi ngokuhlwa isikolo ezamahala ngeCawe, apho abasebenzi beza ukufumana ubuncinane ngolwazi oluthile. Esi sikolo kude ngokwaneleyo phesheya Nevskaya Zastava, kodwa zange woyikise Ithemba lithemba, ukhaliphe. Apho nje kuqeqeshwa abasebenzi zokubhala nasekubaleni, kodwa kukhuthazwa Marxism, ngokuthatha inxaxheba yokunxulumana izangqa ezincinane umbutho omnye. V. I. Lenin, zeza eSt Petersburg, bagqiba inkqubo. Le ndlela "League of ngumzabalazo wenkululeko sabasebenzi", apho Krupskaya lithathe indawo esembindini.

Iyazazi V. I. Leninym

Badibana ekuqaleni kuka-1896 (Februwari). Kodwa umdla yokuqala Ngethemba Vladimir Ilyich akazange abonise. Yena, ke, wenza abahlobo kunye nenye lomzabalazo, Apollinaria Yagubova. Emva ukuthetha naye ixeshana, wada nobuganga ukwenza Apollinaria isindululo, kodwa wala. ULenin kwafuneka ukuba amabhinqa inkanuko ezifana ukuba nezimvo Revolution. Ngoko ke, ngenxa ukuhluleka nomsindo. A Ithemba, elingumthombo, kungaphezu wamncoma ukuthembeka kwakhe izimvo revolution, iimpawu zakhe ngehlombe nobunkokheli. Baqala ke ukuba ukunxibelelana rhoqo. Isifundo kwencoko zabo iimbono abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, amaphupha ye revolution nolobukomanisi. Kodwa siqu abasondeleyo, ukuba nazo ngamanye amaxesha okhankanywe. Ngokomzekelo, wayesazi kuphela Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna unina Vladimira Ilicha ubuzwe. Uninzi yommandla Lenin wazifihla iingcambu Swedish-German kunye yamaYuda unina.

Le yokubulawa ekuthinjweni

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna wabanjwa ngowe-1897 kunye namanye amalungu eKhabhinethi manyano. seminyaka emithathu-yakhe ukugxothwa St Petersburg. Ekuqaleni, yena wathunyelwa Shushenskoye, elise eSiberia. Kwakhona kuloo xesha waye ekuthinjweni V. I. Lenin.

Zendela ngoJulayi 1898. Lo msitho womtshato waba ngaphezu uNothozamile. banikana Asanda amakhonkco yomtshato, eyenziwe idenariyo yobhedu. Usapho umyeni yaba nxamnye umtshato. nangoko izihlobo Vladimira Ilicha engawafuni okhethiweyo wakhe, ucinga ukuba njani na kowomileyo, zicacile kwaye unemotional. Le meko iye mandundu kukuba uLenin Krupskaya sasingahlali nako ukufumana abantwana. Kodwa Nadezhda wabeka yonke nangomphefumlo wakhe ekuthandeni indoda yakhe, waba ngumhlobo wakhe, iqabane kunye nomhlobo onyanisekileyo. Yena, kunye Vladimirom Ilichem bema imvelaphi ubukomanisi yabandakanyeka kwez okuququzelela imicimbi iqela, ehlahla indlela revolution.

Ukuba elubhacweni, Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (bona ifoto. Lower ngakumbi kunasebutsheni yakhe) wabhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala. Yayibizwa ngokuba "abasebenzi abafazi". Kulo msebenzi benamandla iingcamango Marxism isixelela abafazi zomsebenzi, malunga nendlela nzima ubomi bakhe ngoku kwaye njengoko wayehlala, ukuba bekunokwenzeka ukubhukuqa umbuso. Kwimeko lokoyisa sabasebenzi umfazi elinde inkululeko kwingcinezelo. Umbhali wakhetha mbumbulu Sablin. Incwadi epapashwe aphesheya ngokungekho mthethweni.

izwe

Link bagqiba entwasahlobo ka-1901. Kunyaka ophelileyo ngayo Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna eyayibanjelwe e Ufa, ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya kumyeni wayo. V. I. Lenin ngelo xesha ilizwe. Umfazi bamlandela. Nokuba phesheya, lo iqela zange ayeke umsebenzi. Krupskaya ubesoloko ethatha zokugaya iivoti imisebenzi, kwii-ofisi iimpapasho ezaziwayo-uNobhala ye'Bolshevik ( "Phambili", "Abasebenzi")

Xa revolution ka-1905-1907., Esi sibini wabuyela eSt Petersburg, apho Nadezhda uba kunobhala Party Committee Central.

Ukususela ngo-1901, Vladimir Ilyich waqalisa ukusayina imisebenzi yabo elabo eprintiweyo uLenin. Nkqu kwimbali igama lakhe, njengoko zonke zobomi, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa umfazi - Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Igama yokwenene "inkokeli" - Ulyanov - ngelo xesha sele owayesaziwa kwizangqa karhulumente. Ke kaloku wayalela ukuba kuyiwe phesheya, ngoko, ngenxa yokuba ukuzikhwebula zezopolitiko, kwakukho izinto fanerile malunga nokukhutshwa ipasipoti ashiye ilizwe. Isivuno wafunyanwa ukusuka meko ngokungalindelekanga. umhlobo Old Krupskoy Olga Nikolaevna Lenin wasabela isicelo uncedo. Yena iqhutywa izimvo zentlalo-wentando yesininzi, ngasese wathabatha yokundwendwela kuyise Nikolaya Egorovicha Lenina wanceda ekwakheni amanye data (umhla wokuzalwa). Yiyo nale gama uLenin wahambela kwelinye. Emva kwesi siganeko, alias baza bahlala naye ubomi.

Ubomi Paris

Ngowe-1909 esi sibini sagqiba ekubeni sifudukele Paris. Kukho waqhelana Inessa Armand. Ithemba no Inessa zaba kancane efana ngabalinganiswa, bobabini kunye khorwiseka walandela izinqumo wamaKomanisi. Kodwa ke, ngokungafaniyo Krupskaya, Armand naye abe ubuntu nkqi, abantwana abaninzi, kukho iindwendwe emangalisayo, umphefumlo nkampani kunye nobuhle yabengezela.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna - olululo ukuya kutsho kumongo. Kodwa Kwakhona inkazana elumkileyo, ethe. Kwaye ndiyaqonda ukuba nomdla umyeni wakhe Inessa budlulile ngaphaya imisebenzi iqela. Utyiwa, yafumana amandla ukwamkela oku. Ngowe-1911, yena, ebonisa ezona ubulumko ababhinqileyo, wandicebisa ukuba Vladimir Ilyich mtshato. Kodwa Lenin, phezu koko, ngesiquphe wayeka ulwalamano kunye Armand.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna waba imicimbi emininzi kangaka iqela, nokuba kungekho ixesha ukuba angakhathazeki. Yena shi yena emsebenzini. uxanduva hlanganisa unxibelelwano kunye namalungu iqela ngokufihlakeleyo eRashiya. Uthumela ngasese kubo iincwadi, yaye wancedisa xa umbutho msebenzi olululo, banduluka amaqabane avela zihlikihlana yaye uququzelela emthini. Kodwa ke ixesha elininzi eyayinikelwe nasekufundweni pedagogy. Yena waba nomdla izimvo Karla Marksa kunye Fridriha Engelsa kwicandelo lemfundo. Wafundela umbutho wemfundo amazwe aseYurophu afana eFransi naseSwitzerland, ndaze wayeqhelene imisebenzi ootitshala omkhulu ngaphambili.

Ngowe-1915, Nadezhda sele sigqityiwe umsebenzi ethi "Education and Democracy". Kuba kuyo, iye banconywa ngasendodeni yakhe. Lo msebenzi lokuqala abangabaxhasi bakaMarx, kukhululwa lulusiba Krupskaya, ebalisa imfuneko yemfundo, apho abasebenzi zesiqhelo ukuze ufumane imfundo Polytechnic. Kuba le ncwadi Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (photo ibhalwa kwinqaku) lafumana kwisihloko ngugqirha Sciences zokufundisa.

Buyela ku Russia

Ukubuyela Russia kwenzeka ngo-Apreli 1917. Apho, eSt Petersburg, ukuphazamiseka ze umsebenzi ubunzima ithatha up lonke ixesha lakhe. Intetho e amashishini sabasebenzi, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso kunye namajoni, umbutho iintlanganiso amajoni '- ezi misebenzi iphambili ye Nadezhda Konstantinovna. It wakhuthaza Leninist slogans transfer onke amandla Amaqumrhu, wathetha malunga ekulandeleni yamaBolshevik Party ukuya revolution yobuSoshali.

Ngelo xesha linzima, xa uLenin wanyanzelwa ndizimele e Gelsingorfse (Finland) ukusuka ntshutshiso engunobambiso kaRhulumente, Nadezhda, sizenza ukuba abe ngumkhonzazana wayo, weza kumtyelela. Ngokusebenzisa kwakhe, iKomiti Central Party ifumene-odolo ezivela inkokeli yabo, uLenin wafunda imeko ekhaya.

Krupskaya waba mnye wabaququzeleli kunye nxaxheba Enkulu Oktobha Socialist Revolution, kokulungiselela olusondeleyo kwisithili Vyborg kunye Smolny.

Ukufa V. I. Lenina

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nolwalamano Inessa Armand Lenin wawukrazula kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iimvakalelo zakhe yena akazange aphozise phantsi. Kodwa umsebenzi kuye bekusoloko lo kuqala zibalulekileyo ebomini bakho kunye nobudlelwane kunye Armand kwalibaziseka kwaye onento kwimisebenzi bepati, ngoko akazange azisole isigqibo sakhe.

Xa Inessa wabulawa nesifo ngesiquphe kuvulwa, uLenin yahlaselwa kuyo. Kuye kwaba yintlungu ngokwenene. bexesha lakhe bathi inxeba ngokweemvakalelo mandundu kakhulu impilo yakhe ngokukhawuleza ilixa lokufa. ULenin wayemthanda lo mfazi baza ababa nako ukufikelela nazigqibo kokumka yakhe. Abantwana Armand wahlala eFransi, Lenin ucela umfazi wakhe, ukuba bawuzise eRashiya. Kakade ke, wayengakwazi ukuphika indoda iqhawuka. Wafa ngowe-1924. Yaye emva kokufa kwakhe, akusekho Krupskaya yaba efanayo. "Thixo" lakhe apho ixesha elide, kodwa ubomi ngaphandle kwakhe lwaba khona. Noko ke, wafumana amandla ukuqhuba umsebenzi kwakhona ukukhuthaza imfundo karhulumente.

Abantu Commissariat yemfundo

Nadezhda wayesebenza kule yaBantu Committee of Education nangoko emva revolution. Uqhuba ukuba nzima kuba ukudalwa kwamathuba omsebenzi Ecole Polytechnique. Ukukhulisa abantwana umoya Communism iye ngundoqo ebomini bakhe.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, ogama photo singqongwe oovulindlela ibekwe ngezantsi, kukubakhanuka phezu abantwana. Wazama ngokunyanisekileyo ukwenza ubomi babo ngakumbi.

Krupskaya kwakhona negalelo kakhulu kwimfundo kwesiqingatha nemazi yabemi. Ngenkuthalo zibandakanya nabasetyhini ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekwakheni yobusoshiyali.

oovulindlela

Nadezhda wayengomnye wabaseki ye-Pioneer umbutho, yenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yayo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye oko kuphela ukuba iququzelele izenzo zombutho, kodwa kwakhona ukuba bathathe inxaxheba emsebenzini ngqo kunye nabantwana. oovulindlela eyabuzwa naye malunga ekucoceni. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, ezimisela ngobomi emfutshane wakhe ngaphandle kwi "Ubomi bam", yimincili omkhulu ababandakanyekayo njengokubhala kwalo. Yanikezela lo msebenzi kubo bonke oovulindlela kweli lizwe.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Nadezhda Konstantinovna kwi pedagogy namhlanje ixabiso zembali kuphela ezo abaphandi ezimbalwa abanomdla iimbono iiBolsheviks kwimibuzo lomntwana-ukukhulisa. Kodwa igalelo wenene Krupskaya kwimbali yelizwe lethu kukuba inkxaso kunye noncedo uye wenza kuyo ubomi indoda yakhe Vladimiru Ilichu Leninu. Waye idol yakhe asebenza naye. Waye kuye "nguthixo". Emva kokufa kwakhe, Stalin wangumlawuli ngandlela zonke wazama ukususa kuye imeko yezopolitiko. umhlolokazi uLenin yaba kuye uviko iliso, apho wazama ngandlela zonke ukuba ayibulale. Bekuya kuba uxinzelelo olukhulu kwengqondo. Xa biography echukumisayo, eveliswe ngokomyalelo Stalin, oko egqwethekileyo amanqaku amaninzi yobomi bakhe, zombini kwezopolitiko kunye zobuqu. Kodwa nako ukutshintsha le meko. Nadezhda wambongoza wonke umntu bangcwabe indoda yakhe. Kodwa akekho. Ukuqonda ukuba umzimba ngumntu omthandayo omnye soze afumane ukuphumla, yaye soze alale ecaleni kwakhe, oko ekugqibeleni ndahlukana.

Ukulondolozwa Life wakhe ezingaqhelekanga ngequbuliso. Wamemezela isigqibo sakhe ukuba akuthethe XVIII Congress of the Party. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba kakuhle into afuna ukuyithetha kwintetho yakhe. Mhlawumbi, kwintetho yakhe, oku buhlungu iimfuno Stalin. Kodwa ukuba kunjalo, Februwari 27, 1939 wafa. Kwiintsuku ezintathu ngaphambi koko yonke into ukuze. She Februwari 24 yasingatha iindwendwe. Kuyiwe ngabahlobo abasenyongweni. Sahlala ukuba itafile okulula. Ngokuhlwa ngaloo mini yena ngequbuliso wagula. Ugqirha, owafika iiyure ezintathu ezinesiqingatha, xa kwafunyaniswa ukuba "appendicitis etsolo, peritonitis, thrombosis." Kwafuneka ukuba ukusebenza, kodwa hayi ecacisa izizathu kunye sebenziso alwenziwanga nikwenzileyo unanamhla.