Kiev ukubusa

Kiev ubulawuli - omnye wabumba kwawa kumazwe isithsaba Kievan Rus. Emva kokufa Prince Yaroslava Mudrogo phakathi kwe ubulawuli ngenkulungwane XI ukwahlula isiqalo kunye neminyaka wama-30 ka-XII kwinkulungwane waba elizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo.

indawo yayo ibandakanya Drevlyane kumazwe ezinyanya amadlelo ye Dnieper River kunye nemingenela yawo (icula, Pripyat, Irpen kunye ros). Kwakhona, uquka inxalenye lebhanki lasekhohlo Dnieper phambi Kiev. Lonke eli lizwe mihla Kyïv kunye nemimandla Zhytomyr of Ukraine kunye emazantsi kummandla Gomel of Belarus. Xa ngasempumalanga, kunye ubulawuli erhangqwe Pereyaslavl kunye Chernigov ubulawuli entshona - i Vladimir-Volyn, nakwelasezantsi kuyo hlaza emathafeni Polovtsian.

Ngenxa sezulu onomoya kunye nomhlaba ochumileyo apha ezolimo phambili ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona abemi beli lizwe sele uxakeke iinkomo nokuzalela, ukuzingela, ukuloba kunye ukufuywa. Kwangethuba apha Kwathi bezandla elithile. Kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ezifunyenwe "drevodelie", isikhumba kunye ngodongwe. Iidipozithi ukuba ukuphuhlisa intsimbi nokwakhiwa wobugcisa.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba e Kiev ubulawuli yaba indlela 'ukusuka Vikings ukuya amaGrike' (ukusuka kuBukhosi baseByzantium ukuya kuLwandle eBaltic). Ngoko ke, e Kiev ekuqaleni umaleko anempembelelo kwasekwa abarhwebi kunye neengcibi.

Ukusuka IX X ngenkulungwane, la mazwe zaba ngundoqo karhulumente Old Russian. Ebudeni bolawulo Vladimir, baba yingxenye ye domain njengenkosana, naseKiev - iziko ibandla lonke Russia. Nangona Prince of Kiev, akusekho yaba umnini omkhulu lonke ilizwe; kodwa de intloko facto sabaphathi feudal, yena njengento "abaphezulu" ngokunxulumene nezinye iinkosana. Yayiliziko izikumkani zamandulo, leyo kanzulu ehlabathini lonke ilifa.

Nangona kunjalo, le meko yaba kuphela icala oluhle. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ilizwe Kiev yaba into yomzabalazo olunzulu phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo i Rurik ubukhosi. Umlo kwakubandakanya izinduna enamandla Kievan kunye phezulu urhwebo ngezandla zabantu.

De 1139 e Kiev etroneni wahlala Monomakhich: emva Mstislava Velikogo weza amandla, umninawa wakhe Jaropolk (1132-1139), yaye emva koko Vyacheslav (1139). Emva koko, lo itrone wegqitha wempi yakhe wayithimba Chernigov Prince Vsevoloda Olgovicha. Olegoviches ebusa kwaba elifutshane elide kakhulu. Ngowe-1146, amandla wegqitha waya Izyaslav Mstislavich (ummeli Monomakhich). Ngowe-1154 oko yathinjwa isebe Suzdal Monomakhich (uYuri Dolgoruky waba phezu kwetrone Kiev de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1157). Kwakhona ke igunya wagqithela Olgovich, yaye ngowe-1159 wabuyela Mstislavovitch.

Kakade esuka embindini ukubaluleka kwezopolitiko ngenkulungwane XII, leyo kwada ngoko baba ulawulo of Kiev, waqala ukunciphisa. Ngelo xesha ke wathatha kokuwa ibe fiefdoms. Ngo 1170 ngonyaka th sele inikezelwe Kotelnicheskoye, Belgorod, Trepolskoe, Vyshgorod, Torchesk, Kanev kunye Dorogobuzhskaya ukubusa. Kiev ndiphinde ndidlale indima embindini kumazwe Russian. Ngelo xesha Vladimir kunye Compostela-Volyn benza konke okusemandleni ukuze uqotywe eKiev. Ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha benze oko, kwaye etroneni Kiev nonodoli zabo.

Ngo-1240 i ubulawuli of Kiev iphantsi ngamandla Batu. Ekuqaleni ngoDisemba, emva kweentsuku ezisithoba yokunganyangeki lithemba, lelo yamtyumza Kiev. Ulawulo iphanzisiwe, kakulu emva koko ayiphumelelanga. Ekubeni 1240s Kiev ukho umsebenzi olusesikweni Vladimir abathetheli (Aleksandra Nevskogo, ngoko Jaroslav laroslavich). Ngowe-1299 e Kiev watshintshelwa Vladimir kwisebe metropolitan.

Isiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-14, i-seLizwe ukuba buthathaka ukuya kumda. Ngoko ke, ukuba iye yaba yinto yokuba ndlongo Lithuanian. Ngowe-1362, xa Prince UAlgirdas la mazwe yaba yinxalenye Grand Duchy of Lithuania.