Nokuxubana - ngubani na le nto? Imbali kunye neentsomi ye nokuxubana

Xa kwimbali nokuxubana eninzi amatshatshazi amhlophe, nto leyo yenza emininzi "Abaphengululi" mihla ngokusekelwe intelekelelo kunye izibakala bokuba ukubeka phambili mbono ezininzi kwamnandi malunga nemvelaphi kunye nokusekwa nemeko abantu baseMpumalanga. nkqu ingqikelelo "benemfundo" lidla babengamqondi yaye ingqalelo-ntonye "Russian". Ngaphezu koko, kukho uluvo lokuba le benemfundo - lobuhlanga. Yonke le ukudideka.

Ngoobani aba nokuxubana?

Nokuxubana ababumba eYurophu inkulu ethno-iilwimi ekuhlaleni. Ngaphakathi kuyo, kukho amaqela amathathu eziphambili zezi: i-Eastern nokuxubana (.. Ie, Russian, Belarusians kunye Ukraine), Western (izibonda, Czechs, Sorbs kunye Slovakia) kunye South nokuxubana (phakathi kwabo kuya kuthiwa Bosniaks, yayingamaSerb, abelaseMakedoni, Croats, Bulgarians, abaye, Slovenes). Benemfundo - a hayi ubuzwe njengesizwe - ingqiqo kwezi mpawu zingasentla. iintlanga ngabanye lenqaba kwasekwa kakhulu emva kwexesha, lo gama i-nokuxubana (okanye mandithi, i nokuxubana yamandulo) zaye zabelwa kuluntu European Indo-nesiqingatha iminyaka eliwaka BC. e. Kwathatha eziliqela, yaye baye bafunda bahambi yamandulo. Ekuveleni kweminyaka nokuxubana bebalulwe mbali baseRoma njengoko "Wends": ukusuka kwimithombo ezibhaliweyo kwakusazeka ukuba izizwe Slavic esilwa imfazwe nabo eJamani.

Kukholelwa ukuba indawo yokuzalwa Slavic (ngakumbi ncam, indawo apho kwasekwa njenge uluntu) ibe indawo ephakathi oder kunye Vistula (abanye ababhali bathi phakathi oder kunye ikhondo phakathi Dnieper).

ethnonym

Apha iyavakala ukuqwalasela umbuzo ngemvelaphi elithi "benemfundo." Xa abantu laqala zazisoloko kubizwa umlambo lowo iibhanki ayehlala. Dnieper kumaxesha amandulo wabizwa nje "Slavutich". Sona kanye ingcambu ye "uzuko" ukuze zaqala emva ligama eliqhelekileyo kubantu bonke Indo kleu, ethetha udumo okanye notoriety. Kukho enye inguqulo eliqhelekileyo: "Slovakia", "tslovak" yaye ekugqibeleni, "benemfundo" - yinto nje "umntu" okanye "umntu othetha ulwimi lwethu." Abameli zezizwe yamandulo abasemzini abathetha ulwimi engaqhelekanga, abantu ngokubanzi kuqwalaselwa. Self-uphawulo lwawo nawuphi na abantu - umzekelo, "Mansi" okanye "Nenets" - kwiimeko ezininzi, lithetha "umntu" okanye "umntu."

Economy. isakhiwo social

Benemfundo - ngumlimi. Hlakulela izinyanya ezweni nokuxubana bafunda emva ngemihla yonke Indo-baseYurophu ulwimi olufanayo. E Northern Territory abakwenzileyo isileshi-and-wokukhusela ezolimo emzantsi - lefusi. Wakhula amazimba, nengqolowa, nerhasi, irye, iflakisi hemp. Izityalo yemifuno eyaziwa: ikhaphetshu, beetroot, theniphu. The nokuxubana babehlala ehlathini kunye emathafeni imimandla, ngoko zixakekile kwaye lokuzingela apiculture, ngokunjalo yokuloba. Kwakhona waphakamisa iinkomo. I nokuxubana kwenziwa umgangatho ngexesha izixhobo, ngodongwe, izixhobo zolimo.

Kumanqanaba okuqala yophuhliso nokuxubana wayekho noluntu wesizwe, leyo ngokuthe ngcembe ibe ummelwane. Ngenxa amaphulo yamajoni abaqhelekileyo bema ngaphandle ukwazi; Ndathi ukwazi umhlaba kunye nenkqubo zoluntu indawo yi wobukhosi.

ngokubanzi imbali baseMpumalanga kumaxesha amandulo

Xa emantla nokuxubana wahlala ecaleni kunye kwiBaltic kunye nezizwe zaseJamani entshona - kunye kumaCelts, empuma - kunye AmaSkitiya amaSarmatia, nakwelasezantsi - kunye yamandulo baseMakedoni, Thracians, Illyrians. Ekupheleni kwale BC kwinkulungwane 5. e. bafika kwiBaltic kunye Black Seas, kwaye 8 ifikelele Lake Ladoga kwaye kakuhle kwiiBalkans. Ngenkulungwane ye-10 i nokuxubana awuthimba umhlaba ukusuka iVolga ukuya iElbe, ukusuka kwiMeditera ukuya kwiBaltic. Lo msebenzi ukufuduka kwaba ngenxa ngesinyanzeliso loonothwal Central Asia, ukuhlaselwa abamelwane-baseJamani, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu eYurophu: izizwe ngamnye kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafune amazwe amatsha.

Imbali ye-European East Plain nokuxubana

Eastern nokuxubana (kwiminyanya Ukraine mihla, Belarusians kunye Russian) ukuya AD 9. e. Bayithabatha ke ilizwe ukusuka Carpathians ukuya efikelela phakathi Oka kunye Upper Don, ukususela Ladoga ukuya kuMbindi Dnieper. Bona basebenzisana mazwe zasekuhlaleni Finno-Ugric kunye eBaltic. Sele ngenkulungwane yesi-6, izizwe ezincinane waqala wangena imifelandawonye enye kwenye, nto leyo ephawulwe ukuzalwa sokumiswa. Xa intloko nganye Union wayeyinkokeli yasemkhosini.

Amagama zobumbano zezizwe ezaziwa yonke ikhosi yesikolo imbali: kuyo drevlyans kunye vyatichi kunye northerners, kunye krivichi. Kodwa elaziwa kakhulu, mhlawumbi, ukususwa Ilmen Slovenes. Eyokuqala wahlala ecaleni efikelela embindini Dnieper nisekelwe eKiev, lokugqibela wahlala phezu kunxweme Lake Ilmen kunye Novgorod wakha. Kwavela 9 "ukusuka kwi Vikings ukuya amaGrike" kwinkulungwane negalelo ngokuvela yaye, emva koko, ukuba umbutho ezi zixeko. Ngoko kulo nyaka 882 kwakukho imo nokuxubana yaseYurophu East Plain - Russia.

ezafakwa Higher

Nokuxubana ayikwazi kubizwa ngokuba abantu bamandulo. Ngokungafaniyo amaYiputa namaNdiya, abazange babe ixesha ukuphuhlisa inkqubo oluphambili nangqondo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iintsomi cosmogonic le nokuxubana (t. E. I iintsomi malunga nemvelaphi ihlabathi) Zininzi okudibeneyo Finno-Ugric. Kwakhona bethule iqanda apho 'ukuzalwa' ihlabathi, kunye amadada ezimbini ngokwemiyalelo yeyona uthixo ngokuzala intlenga ukusuka emazantsi olwandle ukudala terra firma. Ekuqaleni nokuxubana ayenqula Rod kunye Rozhanitsy kamva - obumntwisiweyo amandla endalo (Perun, Svarog, Mokosh Dazhdbog).

Kukho ingcamango iparadesi - Iria (Vyrii), i-World Tree (Dube). Iingcamango zonqulo nokuxubana kuphuhliswa ecaleni imigca efanayo naleyo ezinye kwabantu baseYurophu (emva kokuba nokuxubana yamandulo - kukuba yaseYurophu!): Le deification of ngezenzeko zendalo kulwamkelo-Tixo omnye. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kwinkulungwane 10 BC. e. Prince Vladimir wayezama "ukudibanisa" oothixo yokwenza uthixo ephakamileyo Perun - umxhasi ongcwele amajoni. Kodwa utshintsho ayiphumelelanga, nesikhulu kwafuneka ukuba anikele ingqalelo ubuKristu. Forced lobuKristu, nangona kunjalo, ukuba abazange bakwazi ngokupheleleyo iingcamango zobuhedeni: uEliya uMprofeti baba ezichongiweyo kunye Perun, kunye noKrestu kunye Virgin uMariya waqalisa ukuba ezikhankanywe imibhalo namacici zobugqi.

ezafakwa asezantsi

Yeha, iintsomi Slavic ngoothixo namaqhawe azizange zibhalwe. Kodwa aba bantu baye udale neentsomi ephuhliswe kakuhle asezantsi, apho abalinganiswa - oothikoloshe, mermaids, nezithunzela, Zalozhnev, Bannikov, ovinnik kunye poludenitsy - yaziwa nathi iingoma, amabali, amaqhalo. Emva phaya amahlwempu kwinkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni waxelela ethnographers malunga nendlela ukukhusela wena evela werewolf kwaye isivumelwano kunye namanzi. Ezinye yokutyiwa ubuhedeni ephila engqondweni popular kude kube ngoku.