Le kakhokho nokuxubana. Version kanye nempikiswano malunga nemvelaphi kunye kakhokho nokuxubana

Iphi na kakhokho nokuxubana? Ziziphi iinguqulelo ze izazinzulu ukubeka phambili kule nkalo? Funda inqaku yaye uya kufunda indlela iimpendulo zale mibuzo. Nokuxubana ethnogenesis inkqubo ukuyilwa yamandulo zoluntu Slavic yobuhlanga, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukwahlulwa kwabantu abavela ubunzima izizwe Indo yaseYurophu-. Namhlanje akukho nguqulelo eyamkelekileyo na ekukhuleni iqela Slavic uhlanga.

Ubungqina lokuqala

Le kakhokho nokuxubana umdla ziingcali ezininzi. Olu hlanga kuqala bungqinwa kumaxwebhu aseByzantium kwinkulungwane VI. Xa ndibukisisa kakuhle, la mithombo ukhankanye nokuxubana ngenkulungwane IV. ulwazi Eku sunguleni inxulumene abantu abathathe inxaxheba etnogeneze Slavic (Bastarnians), kodwa ubungakanani inxaxheba kwabo nokubuyiselwa ezahlukeneyo nembali iyahluka.

Esibhaliweyo isiqinisekiso ababhali kwenkulungwane VI ukususela Byzantium sithethe hlanga lusekiwe, yahlulwe Por kunye sklaviny. Venedy okhankanywe njengoko ookhokho Slavic umva ulwalathiso. Ubungqina ababhali wamaRoma (cent I-II.) Kwezi Wends musa ukuvumela ukuba connect with ezinye inkcubeko zelo nokuxubana.

definition

Le kakhokho nokuxubana nangoku ngqo kuchazwa. abembi Russian ukubiza zeempendulo inkcubeko ethile akudala, ukususela kwinkulungwane V. Buchopho akukho ndawo enye imbono kwi eendaba yobuhlanga nomnombo impucuko ngaphambili yaye ulwalamano lwabo kunye kamva Slavic. Zeelwimi kwakhona izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga nexesha ulwimi, nenokuthi kubizwa ngokuba Slavic okanye Slavonic. Yamanje yesayensi umsolwa ukhetho uguqulelo intetho Russian ukusuka PIE mbende elikhulu nkulungwane 2 BC. e. kwinkulungwane yokuqala. e.

Imbali kwemfundo, imvelaphi kunye ummandla iindlela zamandulo Ruthenian zokufunda ezizodwa apho kudibana Sciences ezahlukeneyo: imbali, Ezolimi, imfuza, paleoanthropology, zakudala.

Indo-baseYurophu

ikhaya kakhokho nokuxubana namhlanje ilawula iingqondo abaninzi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yeBronzi Age e Central eYurophu eqhelekileyo ethno-iilwimi uluntu ngokobuhlanga Indo yaseYurophu-. I-asayinimenti apho amaqela ahlukeneyo abantu abathetha impikiswano. uprofesa German G. Krae wagqiba ukuba ngoxa Indo-Iranian, lia, isiGrike kunye neelwimi Armenian sele ezahlulwe kwaye ziphuhliswe ngokuzimeleyo, Celtic, Italic, Illyrian, kwisiJamani, Baltic okanye iilwimi Slavic nje iziyelelane ulwimi olunye yaseYurophu Indo-. BaseYurophu amandulo omiweyo laseYurophu entla Alps, udale isigama eqhelekileyo kummandla wezolimo, inkolo, kunye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo.

East uhlanga

Ingaba ikhaya izinyanya kwaye ibekwe phi ngasempumalanga nokuxubana? Izizwe yale hlanga, nelawula ukuba bahlanganisane ukuze single unit (ngokoluvo lweZiko izazinzulu ezininzi), wenza abantu jikelele yamandulo ephakathi. Ngenxa yoko, ukwahlulwa kwezopolitiko elandelayo aba bantu, ukuba kwinkulungwane XVII kwasekwa abantu abathathu: i-Belarusian, Russian kunye Ukrainian.

Ngoobani na Rusyns wasempuma? Le uluntu Russian yenkcubeko neelwimi kwaye ezisebenzisa kwintetho yakhe iilwimi East Slavic. Abanye abaphandi okuqala wayisebenzisela isiqu 'Russian nokuxubana. " East benemfundo ... Imbali yawo kancinane yaziwa. Isizathu kukuba kuphela ukungabikho ngolwimi lwabo olubhaliweyo, kodwa kwizikolo ezikude lamaziko oluphucukileyo kwexesha.

East benemfundo echazwe imithombo ezibhaliweyo baseByzantium, Arab kunye basePersi. Ezinye iinkcukacha afumaneka kuyo uncedwa uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa iilwimi Slavic kunye neenkcukacha zakudala.

ukwanda

Le kakhokho nokuxubana kunye nokuhlaliswa zabo kuxoxwa ngabaphandi abaninzi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ukwanda kuye kwenzeka ngenxa dubulo labemi, zibangelwa kufudumala yemozulu, okanye kokufika ubugcisa bale mihla zokulima, kunye nabanye - ukuba nandzu Ukufuduka Great, wakwa ngenkulungwane yokuqala, inxalenye Europe ngexesha ungenelelo Sarmatian, amaJamani, Avars, Huns, Bulgar ne Russian.

Kwakuyeyona imvelaphi kunye kakhokho nokuxubana ezinxulumene abemi Przeworsk inkcubeko. Olu hlanga erhangqwe entshona kunye Celtic ihlabathi tribal zaseJamani, empuma - kunye Finno-ugortsami kunye kumazwe eBaltic, emzantsi-mpuma nomzantsi - kunye amaSarmatia. Abanye abafuna bacinga ukuba eli xesha kwabakho liqhawuke ngakumbi Slavic-Balt khon'ukuze, oko kukuthi, ezi zizwe okwangoku kakhulu iyachithwa.

Ngelo xesha apho Krivichy ukwanda kummandla ESmolensk Dnieper. Kule ndawo ngaphambili wayekhona tushemlinskaya ngempucuko apho ubuhlanga, abembi khangela ngenye indlela. Kwafakwa omdala kuphela Slavic inkcubeko kunye tushemlinskie yokuhlala zatshatyalaliswa, kuba ngelo xesha nokuxubana emizini waphila.

iziphumo

Omdala izizwe Slavic wafunda yolwimi odumileyo Academician O. N. Trubachov. Yena ngokuhlalutywa Slavic blacksmithing ulwimi, izitya zomdongwe kunye nezinye yezandla waza wagqiba kwelokuba abathwali iziyelelane bamandulo Slavonic (okanye izinyanya zabo) ngexesha xa kuyilwa ezazibonisa isigama inxaxheba ukuqhagamshelana abavela kunye amaJamani, oko kukuthi Indo-Central Europe. Ukholelwa ukuba izizwe Rus yamandulo bema ngaphandle esuka uluntu lwaseYurophu Indo-kummandla weDanube (inxalenye esemntla KwiiBalkans), yaye emva koko zagungqa, wawahlanganisa kunye namanye amaqela izizwe. Trubachev uthi akunakwenzeka ukuchonga indlela mzuzu Ezolimi yokuzahlula of lwaso Proto-Slavic ye Indo-European ngenxa sisondelelene lwakudala.

ngeelwimi abaninzi bathi ulwimi eziqhelekileyo Slavic baqalisa ukuba abunjwe ngayo kwinkulungwane yokuqala. e. Abanye bathi phakathi I nkulungwane BC. e. Ngokutsho glottochronology, ulwimi Slavic iye yaxobuka phakathi II Millennium BC. e. Ezinye iingcali ngeelwimi ukubiza ngaphambili.

Uhlalutyo lungelelanisa

Version kwekhaya kakhokho nokuxubana kukho ezahlukeneyo. Abantu abaninzi baye bazama ukuchaza zezabelo mandulo Rus ngokuhlalutya isigama sabo endala. F. P. Filin ikholelwa ukuba olu hlanga iye yaphuhliswa ibhanti ehlathini intabalala umgxobhozo kunye namachibi, kude elwandle, iintaba kunye emaqeleni.

Ngokwesiseko edume beech argument yezityalo Polish J. Rostafinsky wazama ukufumana praotechestvo nokuxubana ngo-1908: "yaseYurophu Indo-igama beech nokuxubana wafudukela willow, willow, esazi beech, umsipres nompleyini larch." Igama elithi "beech" kubolekwe ulwimi yaseJamani. Namhlanje, komda wempuma zokukhanya bomthi limalunga Odessa - eKaliningrad, kodwa nokuvavanywa nomungu ingxelo yefosili ibonisa ukuba indawo ebanzi ngakumbi kumaxesha amandulo.

Kule yeBronzi Age, lo beech wakhula phantse onke amazwe zeMpuma Yurophu (ngaphandle emantla). Kwi- Iron Age, ngexesha lokusekwa iqela Slavic uhlanga (ngokoluvo-mbali ezininzi), Beech iintsalela efumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi Russia, i Carpathians, neCaucasus, eCrimea kunye yoLwandle Black. Oku kuthetha ukuba indawo anokubakho Slavic ethnogenesis kunokuba kumzantsi-ntshona eRashiya, kwimimandla esemantla umbindi Ukraine, Belarus.

Kwi-Russian kumntla-ntshona (Novgorod izinto) Beech zakhula kwangethuba kangangoko bamaXesha Aphakathi. Beech Amahlathi namhlanje asemaNtla naseNtshona Yurophu, Poland, i Carpathians, kwiiBalkans. Xa fir zazo zokuhlala zendalo engakhuli phezu amazwe Carpathians kunye ngasempumalanga Poland ukuya iVolga. Nale ezweni ezincinane Rusyns unako zibekwe kwindawo ethile e Belarus okanye Ukraine, ukuba iingcali ngeelwimi bathi Lexicon ngezityalo aba bantu zichanekile.

Kuzo zonke iilwimi Slavic (kunye Balt) unalo igama elithi "ikalika", elibonisa umthi efanayo. Ngenxa yoko kwabakho Cingela kwindawo ukudibana ne Linden kwilizwe izizwe Russian, kodwa ngenxa yokwanda kwalo sityalo mihle, ukuba azithathelwa ngqalelo.

Xela Philologists Soviet

Le kakhokho nokuxubana ethnogenesis yazo kubangela umdla ziingcali ezininzi. Yomhlaba osemantla Ukraine kunye Belarus kuba kummandla ukuxhaphaka ngokubanzi Balt amagama ndawo. isifundo esithile academicians Soviet Philologists O. N. Trubachova kunye V. N. Toporova wabonisa ukuba Balta hydronyms kummandla Upper Dnieper izimamva ngokufuthi zinokuhonjiswa nokuxubana. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho abantu wabonakala kamva Balts. Le ukungafani iyapheliswa, xa bayavuma kwingqalelo iingcali zeelwimi kwiziko ukwabiwa Proto-Slavic lululwimi obschebaltskogo.

Uluvo V. N. Toporova

VN Toporov wacinga Balt sondele kwi Indo-European yokuqala, lo gama zonke ezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-kwinkqubo yophuhliso kude kurhulumente ekwakuphila. Uthi Proto-Slavic lwaso yaba kumzantsi lwesigodi lweBaltic peripheral, leyo wafudukela Proto-Slavic ehlabathini BC ngenkulungwane V. e. yaye emva koko ngokuzimeleyo similise ulwimi yamandulo Rusyns.

iinguqulelo

Impikiswano malunga ngemvelaphi kakhokho nokuxubana uyaqhubeka namhlanje. Kwi leSoviet, ezimbini iinguqulelo ezinkulu ethnogenesis Rusyn sele kusasazwe:

1. Polish (kugqiba kakhokho nokuxubana kule ndawo phakathi oder kunye Vistula).
2. Autochthonous (yavela phantsi kwempembelelo iimbono theoretical component sisazinzulu Soviet Marr).

Zombini lokuphinda pre-wavumelana imvelaphi Slavic lwenkcubeko ekuqaleni akudala Emhlabeni, nto leyo kumaXesha Aphakathi kwakuhlala Rusyns, yaye eminye iminyaka ubudala kumaxesha amandulo, wathi ebantwini, ngokuzimeleyo wabumba ukusuka PIE.

Ukuqhubeka kolwazi kuphando nokuchithakala evela ingcaciso wokuthand kwakhokelela ukuvela iinguqulelo ezintsha ezisekelwe ulwabiwo swi ingundoqo iqela Slavic nobuhlanga ukuphuma amathupha kunye nokusasazwa ngokusebenzisa ukufuduka kwayo kwimimandla asebumelwaneni.

Isiyalo academic wenze ingongoma olunye imbono kwi ndawo kunye nexesha ethnogenesis le nokuxubana. Namhlanje akukho ngokwemigaqo eyamkelekileyo jikelele ekujongwa iinkcubeko ezindala kwaba bantu. Esithembisayo malunga oku kube ngumqondiso bezdialektnosti ulwimi yamandulo Ruthenian.

Ayikwazanga ukudala uguqulelo obukholisayo ethnogenesis Russian ngokusekelwe kwiinkcukacha i enye kwisifundo lwenzululwazi kuphela. imibono yangoku uzame ukudibanisa ulwazi kuzo zonke iinkalo zembali. Ngokubanzi, loo nto ixela ukuba ngokobuhlanga Slavic wabonakala ngenxa ngokudibana uluntu ezahlukeneyo European Indo-yobuhlanga ekuqa- phakathi zamaSkitiya-Sarmatian kunye aseBalti, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba Finnish, Celtic kunye nezinye substrates.

hypothesis izazinzulu

Izazinzulu abaqinisekanga ukuba iqela Slavic uhlanga BC. e. I khona. Oku kuboniswa a okucingelwayo ziphikisana izazi. Akukho bungqina bokuba nokuxubana wehla evela Balts. Ukusebenzisa imithombo eyahlukeneyo, uNjingalwazi ukwakha hypothesis kweengcambu Russian. Noko ke, azikho ngokwahlukileyo kuphela ukucacisa indawo ye kakhokho Slavic, kodwa nezaziwa ulwabiwo kwixesha ezahlukeneyo nokuxubana ukusuka kubahlali yaseYurophu Indo-.

Kukho yeengcinga ezininzi, ngokoko apho Rusins kunye praotechestvo sele ikho ukususela ekupheleni III nkulungwane BC. e. (O. H. Trubachev) ukusuka ekupheleni kuka II kwiwaka. e. (Polish buchopho Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński T., K. Yazhdzhevsky, Yu Kostshevsky kunye nabanye), ukususela embindini II Millennium BC. e. (Unjingalwazi Polish F. Slavskii), kunye VI. BC. e. (L. Niederle, M. Vasmer, P. J. Safarik, S. B. Bernshteyn).

Le lwesimo yokuqala lwenzululwazi malunga nokuxubana praotchizne zifumaneka imisebenzi mbali Russian of XVIII-XIX iinkulungwane. V. O. Klyuchevskogo, S. M. Solovova, N. M. Karamzina. Kwizifundo zabo, bona bathembele "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" waza wagqiba ukuba Rusyns bamandulo kwilizwe aba umlambo weDanube kunye kwiiBalkans.