Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation

Ngowe-1944 yayamkela le Chicago Convention - kuxwebhu waseka imithetho ezingundoqo Aviation ngamazwe. Amazwe Ilungu eganelwe bathobele imithetho efanayo umnqophiso kwalapha phezu yemimandla yabo. Oku kuye lula kakhulu unxibelelwano ngoncedo-moya. Le ncwadi iqhubeka kuba sisiseko yonke le nkampani iye iminyaka engamashumi amaninzi.

imigaqo ngokubanzi

Kwinqaku lokuqala Convention Chicago umisela ulongamo yelizwe ngalinye phezu kwendawo yayo emoyeni wakhe. Uxwebhu lusebenza kuphela civil moya. Aba yinxalenye ngamasiko, amapolisa kunye ezontathu. Baye kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa moya karhulumente.

Umgqaliselo wobunganga ithi ukuba akukho moya ayikwazi ukubhabha phezu ummandla kwelinye ilizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo emhlabeni. Zonke States ohlanganisa Convention Chicago ka-1944, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziya kulandela ukhuseleko yokukhangela in elibala zabo.

Oorhulumente wavuma kumgaqo non-ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo nxamnye moya yoluntu. Mhlawumbi ngoku ivakala engaqhelekanga kakhulu, kodwa ngowe-1944 e-Europe, imfazwe usaqhubeka, yaye ngelo xesha isivumelwano efanayo engeyomfuneko ngokupheleleyo. Amazwe ufunge ukuba engozini ubomi abakhweli moya zothutho eqhelekileyo.

Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation wabanika uthi ilungelo lokufuna ukuba ukugaleleka-moya, ukuba uya kwenza moya ongagunyaziswanga okanye esetyenziselwa iinjongo ingakhankanywanga kwi Convention ngokwayo. Phantsi kwesivumelwano, urhulumente nganye ukwenzela ukuthintela zabavakalisa imithetho yayo maziko moya. Le migaqo kufuneka angawugqithi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Baye ifakiwe imithetho yesizwe. Chicago Convention kuchaziwe kuphela imisebenzi ngokubanzi ye le mithetho. Ngezenzo zolwaphulo isigqibo isohlwayo esiqatha ngokungqinelana nemimiselo yendawo. ukusetyenziswa ngabom-moya yoluntu ngendlela echasene Convention.

iindawo vala

Ukongeza, i-Convention Chicago sicacisa ilungelo moya non-ihleliwe. Bona iinqwelo-moya akazalani iinkonzo zilungiselelwe umoya ngamazwe. States ezibhalisele le ndibano lathembisa ukunika moya yamanye amazwe ilungelo elinjalo, ngokuxhomekeka ukuba (urhulumente) uza kukwazi ukucela elakhiwe ekhawulezileyo, xa kukho imfuneko.

Eli lungiselelo lula kakhulu nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu koko, uye anikwe inkxaso elibalulekileyo kolu shishino-moya non-ihleliwe. Nabo abantu abangeniswe impahla ezininzi kunye imeyile. Passenger flow kakhulu bahlala moya rhoqo.

The Chicago Convention of 1944 ligunyazisa kusekwe imimandla amakheswa. karhulumente ngasinye safumana ilungelo lokumisela kwezi nkalo elibala yayo. I-ban kunokwenzeka ngenxa yimfuneko emkhosini okanye umnqweno ngabasemagunyeni ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu. Ngoncedo eli nyathelo baba moya kangako ngendlela efanayo. kwiindawo ezithintelweyo kufuneka ibe imida enengqiqo adale imiqobo emoyeni yokukhangela ezinye iindiza.

karhulumente ngamnye igcinwe ilungelo kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga imiqathango ngokupheleleyo moya phezu nommandla wayo. Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation ithi kwimeko enjalo, lo mthetho kufuneka afake isicelo enkundleni naliphi na ilizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangoobani ngokusemthethweni.

Amasiko kunye ekulweni nezifo

Ngesivumelwano, ilizwe ngalinye kunyanzelekile ukuba ingxelo moya amasiko abo. Ngokutsho eChicago Convention 1944, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze ukugaleleka kwamanye amazwe, ukuzalisekisa iimfuno lokuhlala. Kwezi izikhululo kuqhutywa uhlolo amasiko kunye nezinye iindlela zolawulo. Iinkcukacha ngazo zishicilelwe kwaye idluliselwe kwi-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), wadala emva kokusayina Convention efanayo.

Moya ziye zanceda ehlabathini jikelele. Namhlanje, kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa ungenza indlela yabo phezu ehlabathini lonke. Noko ke, isiqabu kunye nokwandiswa ubudlelwane nje ngokuba neziphumo ezihle. Ukuhanjiswa kwabantu ukusuka kwelinye kwaseziphelweni zehlabathi ukuya omnye ngaphezulu nakanye yaba unobangela ukusasazeka nezifo. Izifo ezininzi ethile kummandla othile umhlaba, ngaba umyalelo yobukhulu eyingozi ngakumbi, kanye kwindawo eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto, ngokutsho eChicago Convention 1944, amazwe signatory zinyanzelekile ukuba ukuthintela ukunwenwa nezifo emoyeni. Oku ngokuyintloko malunga ikholera, yesifo, yingqakaqha, isibetho, icesina emthubi, njalo-njalo. D.

Airports kunye ezithwala

Zonke izikhululo jikelele amazwe oluntu asayina isivumelwano, kufuneka Ayinakuvula kuphela neenqanawa zabo, kodwa ke amanye amazwe ezinkundleni. Iimeko zokuvumela ukuba bonke abathathi nxaxheba yezithuthi emoyeni ibekwe ngokulinganayo iyunifomu. Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, lo mgaqo kudlulela nayiphi moya, kuquka abo zisetyenziselwa injongo zemozulu kunye radioobespecheniya.

Kwakhona, isivumelwano licacisa unxulumano phakathi kwamazwe kwimirhumo ukuba kusetyenziswe moya zabo. iirhafu ezinjalo - eqhelekileyo. Kuba ubunye yayo kunye gabalala uluntu lwehlabathi ukuba uthathe inani siseko engundoqo yokuqokelela imali. Umzekelo, iintlawulo izitya amazwe liya kuba ngaphezu kweefizi ukuba iinkundla "ekhaya". Kulo mzekelo, zonke urhulumente unelungelo uhlolo moya amazwe. Iitsheki akufuneki makwenziwe kolibaziseko olungafanelekanga.

I-International Civil Aviation Chicago Convention 1944 uchaza imigaqo ngokwendlela apho moya kunokuba "uhlanga" enye kuphela. ubhaliso lwalo kufuneka asisiso bengatshatanga, ababini kwangoko. Xa ngale nto ukuba batshintshe. Umzekelo, lo moya angaba waseKhanada evela waseMexico, kodwa ke ngeke ibe zombini waseKhanada kunye waseMexico. Ubhaliso inqanawa bahluka imithetho yamkelwa kwilizwe yakhe yangaphambili.

Aircraft ozibandakanye kuthutho emoyeni ngamazwe, bafumane amanqaku lokuzazisa. Olunye ulwazi malunga ngeenqanawa zabo urhulumente kufuneka abonelele naliphi na elinye ilizwe ngokwesicelo yayo. Le datha eziququzelelwa yi-International Civil Aviation Organisation.

Facilitation

Kwaphela ukuba Chicago Convention 1944 umthombo imithetho kunye nemigaqo ngokwendlela apho ubomi kushishino yezothutho lomoya ngamazwe. Enye yezi migangatho kuthathwa ukunceda amazwe ukukhawulezisa emoyeni.

Enye indlela ephumelelayo kule meko ke lula okusemthethweni ononyawo ngokubanzi. Ngaphandle kwabo lula ukuthutha amaqela, abakhweli kunye imithwalo, nto leyo maxa wambi isantya ihamba ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye kubaluleke kakhulu. Oku kukwasebenza iinkqubo amasiko ongenelelo. Ezinye States basayine kunye namahlakani ayo aphambili kunye nabamelwane zezivumelwano ngamnye, ngakumbi ngokuququzelela zeehambo ngomoya phakathi kwamazwe amabini.

I-1944 Chicago Convention wasungula simiso ukuba izinto zokuthambisa, amafutha, abaza kuzisebenzisa kunye nezixhobo-moya langaphandle ayikwazi phantsi imisebenzi amasiko. Ezi zerhafu isebenza kuphela iimpahla wazikhulula emhlabeni.

Air Crash uphando

Enye ingxaki, ecacisa 1944 eChicago Convention on Civil Aviation, - i bayahlelwa moya besekhaya kwingozi moya. Ukuba zizitya kwelinye ilizwe Usengxakini kwi elibala omnye, omabini amazwe kufuneka ukuqhuba wancedisa ukukhangela ukusebenza ngokwimiselo uncedo efanayo.

Kukho umkhwa lokuseka iikhomishini ngamazwe, ukuthatha ulawulo zophando oonobangela iingozi moya. State apho moya intlitheke ubhaliswe, unelungelo lokuba abeke babukeleyo. Ilizwe apho kukho ingozi, kufuneka uthumele umnini-moya ingxelo eneenkcukacha ngophando, ngokunjalo sigqibo yayo yokugqibela. Le migaqo iyasebenza eRashiya, njengoko Russian Federation i iqela le Convention Chicago. Ngenxa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe kuphando lweengozi ngenqwelomoya kunokwenzeka ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Zonke States, leyo yasayinwa Convention Chicago on Civil Aviation, ilikhobokazana eliganelwe lwazise kwaye usebenzise izixhobo ezininzi mihla ezinxulumene navigation emoyeni. Kwakhona, amazwe asebenzisane nye vutshila ngeetshathi abangatshatanga kunye neemephu. Ukuze ubunye imigangatho eyamkelwe eqhelekileyo ukuba imveliso zabo.

imithetho

Emva kokuba kokugunyaziswa zonke iinqwelo-moya i iseti eqhelekileyo yamaxwebhu. Esi siqinisekiso sobhaliso, incwadi, isiqinisekiso sokulunga log ukuba imvume flight ukusebenzisa on-ibhodi kunomathotholo, ububonisa impahla, njalo-njalo. D.

Uninzi amaphepha ukufumana nje phambi moya. Umzekelo, isisombululo yimfuneko ukulungiselela kwezixhobo zerediyo, ngaphandle kokuba ilizwe phezu kwendawo leyo ozakusebenza moya ezayo. izisebenzi kuphela ungasebenzisa le ndlela, leyo kwanele ngokwaneleyo kule nobuchule.

izithintelo ezithile iimpahla ezichaphazelekayo izinto zomkhosi izixhobo zomkhosi. enokwenziwa kuphela izinto ezinjalo ngqo imvume kurhulumente, lo moya endiza kabani leyo ecutha ukuxinaniseleka. Kwakhona elawula ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo lokufota ababekhwele.

imithetho jikelele lonke uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kuchaphazela iintlobo lamaphulo icala, ukongeza kwezo sele kuluhlu. Lo komhlaba systems ukulungiselela izibonelelo umoya navigation kunye nonxibelelwano zokumakisha, iimpawu iindawo indiza kunye moya, imithetho-moya, zemfundo moya abasebenzi yobugcisa njalo njalo. Imimiselo D. ngamnye iya kwamkelwa yokuqhutywa iimagazini kwi-Yodi, iitshathi nokuzoba iimephu, zomnyango kunye neenkqubo namasiko.

Ukuba urhulumente uyala ukwenza kwixesha elizayo ekwabelwana ngawo onke imithetho, loo nto ngoko nangoko azise isigqibo sayo kwi International Civil Aviation Organisation. Kukwanjalo kusebenza kwiimeko apho amazwe umgaqo isilungiso enye ukuya Convention. Ingxelo malunga mathidala ukutshintsha imigangatho yazo kufuneka senziwe zingaphelanga iintsuku ezingama-60.

ICAO

ISiqendu 43 soMthetho Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation ichonge igama kunye nolwakhiwo i-International Civil Aviation Organisation. amaziko zawo isitshixo liBhunga nayiNdibano. Lo mbutho iyilelwe ukwenza uphuhliso ngakumbi ngokukhawuleza kwaye nangocwangco yonke kushishino lweenqwelo. An kwesibhengezo Injongo ebalulekileyo kunye nokhuseleko moya yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukususela ngoko (okt ukususela 1944), ICAO iye gqolo yaxhasa ukwakhiwa kunye nokusebenza air enoxolo. Wandinceda uphuhliso izikhululo, yomoya kunye nezinye izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukukhula kushishino. Kumashumi eminyaka nje embalwa, enkosi kwimisebenzi eziqhelekileyo kumazwe asayina Convention, wenza ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo Aviation jikelele iyaqhubeka ukuhlangabezana ukwanda kokufunwa rhoqo, iindleko-olusebenzayo kunye nonxibelelwano air ekhuselekileyo.

Ubuncinane kanye iNdibano wabiza qho emva kweminyaka emithathu. Iya kunyula usihlalo, iqwalasela iingxelo weBhunga, liya isigqibo ngemicimbi edluliselwe kuyo yiBhodi. INdibano kwakhona umisela lwabiwo-mali lonyaka. Zonke izigqibo ezenziwe ngokusekelwe yokuvota.

IBhodi inoxanduva kwiNdibano. It iqulathe ngabameli 33 ithi. Assembly inyula kwabo qho emva kweminyaka emithathu. IBhunga ngokuyintloko kuquka amazwe abadlala indima ephambili nokucwangciswa kushishino lweenqwelo ngamazwe. Ukubunjwa mzimba kumiselwa ngokungqinelana nomgaqo womelo zonke iingingqi zehlabathi. Umzekelo, ukuba igunya eligunyazisiweyo kubhubha ilizwe laseAfrika, ngoko endaweni yayo kuvela kwelinye ilizwe laseAfrika elivunyelweyo.

Thina uMongameli yeBhunga ICAO. Akanalo ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa lenza imisebenzi emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo. UMongameli uya kubiza i-Air IKomiti Transport, iBhunga kunye neKomishoni Air Ukuhamba. Ukuze enze isigqibo, imibutho kufuneka afumane yivoti yesininzi samalungu ayo. karhulumente ngamnye, aneliseke yi le ngxoxo, angafaka isibheno iziphumo.

ukuphepha

Isicelo ebalulekileyo 17 ukuya Convention Chicago elungiselelwe ukhuseleko eehambo ngomoya. Imiba enxulumene nayo, jonga kwisakhono yeBhodi. Ngokusesikweni, isicelo 17 enikelwe ukuya 'ukukhuselwa Aviation ngamazwe kwizenzo sokuphamazisa mthethweni. " izilungiso zakutsha kuyo zamkelwa ngo-2010, nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka iingxaki ezinxulumene nokhuseleko.

Ngokungqinelana Isihlomelo 17, State nganye iya kuthembisa ukukhusela Ukuzisa i-moya yoluntu neziqhushumbisi, izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi kuba ubomi abakhweli kunye nempahla. ukulawula ukungena kwiindawo zobugcisa izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya lwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Wadala inkqubo yokuchonga izithuthi kunye nabantu. ukuhlolwa background olwenziwe lwe data abakhweli. Esweni ukuhamba kwezithuthi abantu moya.

Yonke UMbuso uza kufuna moya ukuphepha kwabasemzini moya. Zenethiwekhi kwakhona ukugcina umkhondo zinto, kwaye ingakumbi ezo izinto bengahoywanga kwaye nokusola. Ekubeni ukuhlolwa abakhweli kufuneka ukhuselwe ukuphazamiseka ongagunyaziswanga okanye zoqhagamshelwano imithwalo yabo. Ingakumbi kule ndlela, i-moya ebalulekileyo ukuba sendleleni.

Xa kwakukho kwendiza imeko kaxakeka (umzekelo, ibhodi baphuma ukuba awayephantsi abagrogrisi), urhulumente, engumnini inqanawa kufuneka ukuba anikezele ingxelo ngoko ngurhulumente zamazwe kwi elibala leyo ibe badla moya. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba izithuthi umoya yakhiwe ukuze yabaqhubi nga yokutshixa ngokukhuselekileyo phezulu kwikhebhini yakhe. abalindi yokubhabhah kufuneka afumane indlela eya kubanceda ukuba azise abasebenzi ukubhabha nawuphi na umsebenzi ibitheni kwi gumbi umkhweli.

The States watyikitya Convention Chicago, zinyanzelekile ukuba ukugcina zokuchopha kunye moya ukuze ukuba balungele ukuba kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kunye likaxakeka. ukulungiselela kusengaphambili kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa umonakalo ubuncinane. Kufuneka sisebenze ngaphandle iinkonzo umlilo kokuphazamisa, ezempilo kunye likaxakeka.

Umyalelo phezu kwintsimi moya inika amapolisa kunye neenkonzo zokhuseleko ka-moya. Wonke umsebenzi wabo sakhiwe ukwenzela ukuba xa kuthe kwakho imeko kaxakeka xa hub zothutho lolawulo iye yakwazi ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo ilungelelanise izinto ezenziwa kwezi nkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Ifuna oomatshini ukuphuculwa rhoqo, ngawo uhlolo lwenziwe. Iimfuno Modern kufuneka ihlangabezane kunye namaxwebhu: njengoko amakhadi identity neevawutsha zokuhamba.

nezinye iimpawu

Ukulungisa iindiza yonke lizwe Ungakwazi ukucacisa iindlela ngqo ekufuneka luphaphazela ngaphakathi elibala yayo. Kunjalo ifakwa kuluhlu moya.

Ukuba umbuso ukuguga izibonelelo, iBhunga liya abonisane SoNA ngokwawo, kunye nabamelwane balo. Loo ngxoxo kungathatha indawo xa uyayeka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno coverage zemozulu nerediyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iBhunga bafuna iindlela okuvelisa nemali ukuze kuphuculwe nezibonelelo. Lo mbuzo kubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente, ayengawenzi ngemeko izikhululo zabo kunye neTeknoloji, engozini nje kuphela, kodwa bamazwe bakhe basemzini. IBhunga linakho ukubonelela izakhiwo ezitsha efuna lizwe ukunceda kunye ethunyelwa njalo njalo. D.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation ka-1944 yaba hayi uxwebhu lokuqala ezinjalo. Emva ukutyikitywa kwesi sivumelwano, iye Olahlwe bonke ababengaphambi yayo ngamazwe. Kwaba Paris Convention ukuba Ulawulo Air lokwehla usenyuka kwi Oondlela-1919 kunye Havana Convention ka-1928, i-Aviation yorhwebo. Chicago longeze uxwebhu kunye iyiphucule indawo yayo.

Ngokusayina le Convention, States yavuma ukuba bangene kwezinye izivumelwano yomntu wesithathu, ngandlel iphikisane naye. Ukuba izibophelelo ezinjalo angenela moya zabucala, kwezobuRhulumente belizwe lakhe ukufikelela yokuqhawula. Ngelo xesha wavumela izivumelwano ukuba musa kuyaphikisana Convention.

Settlement kweembambano

Ukuba amanye amazwe akukho nto-nye ekutolikweni amanqaku weNkomfa, ukuze isicelo kwiBhodi. Kulo mzimba imbambano iza kuhlaziywa ngabameli kwamanye amazwe akanamdla. Lo mgaqo mnye uya kusetyenziswa ekusetyenzisweni Convention Chicago. ICAO iseke inkqubo yabanye, ukunceda ukufumana isisombululo eyinzuzo elinganayo, nkqu meko zinzima ngokusemthethweni. State ukunganeliseki kunye sisigqibo seBhodi uya kuba nelungelo kwiintsuku ezingama-60 ukuya isibheno kwinkundla ulamlo (umz Court obungesosigxina Orthodox International).

ICAO zingawisa izohlwayo kwi moya yabucala, wala ukuba ukulandela izigqibo kulo mbutho. Ukuba iBhunga uza kuyithatha le nyathelo, ngoko onke States iya kuthintela inkampani ephazamisayo overfly kuloo mmandla wabo. Ezinye izohlwayo kulindeleke angafuni ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfanelo zabo urhulumente. Yeyona kokunqunyaniswa amalungelo ayo avotayo kwiBhunga nakwiNdibano.

Ekubeni ungenile 1944 uxwebhu ngokwemigaqo inkqubela yobugcisa kunye nezinye utshintsho zendalo ayikwazanga sihlale efanayo ngoxa ehambelana iinyaniso mihla le ixesha, ICAO yaqalisa le nto ukwamkela isicelo i-Convention Chicago. Kuba imvume yabo ifuna esithathwini-iivoti kwiBhunga bombutho.

Bona kuphasiswe ku originals iphepha eChicago kunye nezicelo ezigcinwe US kuvimba karhulumente. I-Convention uya sihleli sivulele nayiphi UN angamalungu abanqwenela ukujoyina. Enyanisweni, ukuba zeLizwe akafakwa weZizwe eziManyeneyo, luthe lwancothulwa evela ICAO.

Of ICAO ukuze "ikhatyelwe ngaphandle ngokungekho" abo mazwe bangavumiyo ukwamkela izilungiso ezintsha kuxwebhu layo ezingundoqo - i-Convention (nangona ukwamkelwa yayo kwaye akufuneki zonke iivoti kwiBhunga, kodwa kuphela-esithathwini). Isigqibo ngaphandle lwamkelwe kwiNdibano. Kwangaxeshanye, chaza ngamnye unelungelo ngokungaguquki unilaterally i-Convention. Ukuze wenze oku, umele azise isigqibo sakhe yi ICAO.