Ngoobani izazinzulu ikwazile ukuwuqonda Imifanekiso umYiputa? Indlela zingavuthuluka imfihlakalo Imifanekiso umYiputa?

impucuko yamandulo waba ulwazi elikhethekileyo yaye kungakholeleki, uninzi alahleka ngokuhamba kwexesha, okanye yenziwa kwelabafileyo yi neengcedevu. Enye yezi iimfihlelo zaba eyayimela zaseYiputa. Abantu babezimisele ekucazululeni le mfihlakalo yokungcolisa kwabo le wengcwaba engcwabeni. Kodwa ikwazile ukwenza oko kuphela ngumntu omnye. Ngoko ke ngubani na oosonzululwazi bakwazi ukuwuqonda Imifanekiso umYiputa?

Yintoni na?

AmaYiputa amandulo ayekholelwa ukuba abalinganiswa - Ngawo la amazwi kaThixo. Bathi le show kunye cwaka. Oko kukuthi, ukuba iinjongo ezintathu: ukubhala nokufunda, amazwi izimvo, indlela yokudlulisela iimfihlelo phakathi ngezizukulwana.

Ngexesha Middle Kingdom abalinganiswa abangaphezu kwamakhulu asixhenxe zifakiwe kwi alphabet yaseYiputa. Characters babe nobuninzi lwamaxabiso. Enye komba ukuthwala ingqiqo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukongezelela, kwakukho iimpawu ezizodwa ezisetyenziswa ngababingeleli. Bangena umgca ingcamango-ntathu.

Ngelo xesha, abalinganiswa kakhulu ibaluleke ngaphezu iileta namhlanje baba. Bona udumo ngamandla omlingo.

itshe Rosetta

Ngehlobo lowe-1799 saseYiputa hambo uNapoleon kaThixo. Ngexesha ukumba of imisele ngeenxa kwidolophu Rosetta ukusuka emhlabeni wemba ilitye elikhulu kunye nabalinganiswa angaqondakali.

inxalenye yayo ephezulu sele aphulwa. Yalondolozwa abalinganiswa zimiswe ngokwemigca elinesine. Baye wazigxothayo ekhohlo ukuya ekunene, nto leyo aziqhelekanga iilwimi yaseMpuma.

Indawo ephakathi kumphezulu ilitye obandakanywa 32 imiqolo Character betekisi ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo. Baye yasinda kakhulu ngokupheleleyo.

Emazantsi ilitye yamiswa nonobumba kulwimi Greek. Bona ise 54 imiqolo, kodwa khange zigcinwe ngokupheleleyo, ngenxa yokuba lo ilitye yaxhuzulwa ikona.

Amagosa UNapoleon kaThixo waqonda ukuba wenza ubhaqo ebalulekileyo. nangoko iileta Greek kwiCEMIS. Athi sesigqibo ukubeka ababingeleli ukuba abe ngumlawuli waseYiputa, yesiGrike Ptolemeya Epifana, ngeenxa zonke oqingqiweyo wesithixo. Abeke iintsuku umthendeleko itempile wokuzalwa kunye ukulawula yakhe kwetrone. Ke kwakukho umbhalo ukuba lo mbhalo iphindiwe yakhona engcwele eYiputa kunye nabalinganiswa yeedemon. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Ptolemey Epifan walawula 196 BC. e. Enye incwadi ukuguqulela kwakungekho.

Ilitye yafakwa kwi-Egyptian Institute leyo waliseka uNapoleon e eCairo. Kodwa fleet British woyisa umkhosi French waya esomelela eYiputa. ilitye Mysterious yanikwa i British Museum National.

Imfihlakalo yawo eyaziwayo zaseYiputa iye izazinzulu abanomdla ehlabathini lonke. Kodwa akuzange kube lula ukufumana impendulo kuwo.

Shapmolon evela Grenoble

NgoDisemba ka-1790 Ndazalwa Jacques-Fransua Shampolon. Wakhula umntwana abakrelekrele kakhulu, wayekuthanda ukuchitha ixesha kunye incwadi ngesandla sakhe. Kule minyaka mihlanu, wafundisa ngokwakhe alfabhethi yaye bafunda ukufunda. Eneminyaka eyi-9 ubudala, yena wayesazi Latin nangesiRoma.

Lo mfana umzalwana omdala, uYosefu, ukuba bayayithanda Egyptology. Xa abazalwana ukutyelela leeprifekthi, apho siye sabona yingqokelela yeengcongolo baseYiputa, abhaliwe abalinganiswa angaqondakali. Ngelo xesha, Champollion wagqiba ukuba uya kuvula imfihlelo Imifanekiso zaseYiputa.

Xa wayeneminyaka engama-13 waqalisa ukufunda isiHebhere, Arabic, basePersi, Coptic, nesiSanskrit. Ngexesha izifundo zakhe Lycée uFrançois I wabhala isifundo malunga eYiputa koFaro, awayidalayo yezigcawu.

Wandula ke mfana ixesha elide ukufunda kunye nokusebenza nzima. Wabona ikopi Rosetta Stone, leyo ziqhube kakubi. Ukuze ibattery umlinganiswa ngamnye, kwakudingeka ukuba ngokusondeleyo ukukhangela kuwo.

Ngowe-1809, Champollion waba unjingalwazi wembali kwiYunivesithi Grenoble. Kodwa ebudeni ebukumkanini Bourbons, wagxothwa kulo. Kule minyaka enzima sisazinzulu wayesebenza phezu ngokwenzeka i-Rosetta Stone.

Waqonda ukuba abalinganiswa izihlandlo ezithathu ngaphezu amagama kwiincwadi zamaGrike. Ke Champollion watyelela ingcamango yokuba efana iileta. Kumsebenzi elizayo, waqonda ukuba oonobumba waseYiputa eyayimela iqulethe iintlobo ezintathu.

Uhlobo lokuqala - abalinganiswa ukuba eqingqiweyo etyeni. Babevakalisa esikhulu kwaye ecacileyo, kunye ekuvezeni ngokucokisekileyo yokuluka.

Uhlobo lwesibini - abalinganiswa hieratic ukuba amele abalinganiswa efanayo, kodwa uchazwa kungekhona nje ngokucacileyo. Ayinakuyenza asetyenziswa njengompapiri lekalika.

Uhlobo lwesithathu - oonobumba Coptic, eziquka 24 iincwadi zamaGrike neeleta ezisixhenxe, zandi iileta bobukaSathana.

Amacebiso adume

Ingcaciso yokubhala baseYiputa, wanceda izazinzulu ukuba basebenze. Kodwa kwathatha iminyaka ukujonga ukuthotyelwa nabalinganiswa hieratic kunye yeedemon.

Ukususela umbhalo ngesiGrike, wayesazi indawo apho igama elikroliweyo Ptolemeya Epifana, apho ulwimi yaseYiputa elizongomayo Ptolemayos. Wafumana embindini zabalinganiswa ilitye ehambelana kuyo. Emva koko endaweni yazo abalinganiswa wafumana abalinganiswa ibangele encotsheni welitye. Yena ukuyichaza ukuba amaYiputa amandulo zezikhamiso badla kudlule izandi, yiyo igama likaFaro isandi ezahlukeneyo - Ptolmis.

Ebusika 1822, Champollion wafumana esinye isifundo ngemibhalo ngeelwimi isiGrike kunye umYiputa. Kulula ukufunda igama kwiKumkanikazi Cleopatra kwi inxalenye yesiGrike waza wafumana iimpawu ezifanelekileyo kwimibhalo yaseYiputa yamandulo.

Ngokufanayo, wabhala amanye amagama - uTibheriyo, Germanicus, Alesandire uDomitian. Kodwa wamangaliswa ukuba kungekho magama umYiputa phakathi kwabo. Emva koko wagqiba ukuba amagama abalawuli angaphandle, kunye ooFaro iisimboli phonetic azisetyenziswa.

NgoSeptemba 1822 i-sisazinzulu ufumene ikopi imibhalo iindonga zendlu kaRamses II. Ngokwahlukileyo ukuqiniseka kwakhe ukuba ukusebenzisa iisimboli phonetic, wazama ukucombulula igama kwileyibhile. Ngaloo ndlela, uphawu umlinganiswa, wafumana P-th-th-to-c. Xa udibanisa izikhamiso, sifumana kaRamses. Waba yile nto. Ukugqiba ngale ndlela ukufunda ngakumbi, wavuka enye Thutmose. Ngokuthe ngcembe, abalinganiswa abafileyo ebomini.

Yaba aqonde into emangalisayo. yokubhala somYiputa lowo isandi!

Le Isazinzulu Lwangxamela umzalwana wakhe ukubhengeza zophando lwakhe. Kodwa, bekhwaza: "Ndiyifumene!" Akwadinwa. Phantse iveki walala ndidiniwe.

Ekupheleni September, Champollion isaziso yophando lwakhe eningenakukholwa yiyo le French Academy of Sciences. Iimfazwe kunye zoloyiso koFaro, malunga nobomi abantu belo lizwe, waxelela eyayimela umYiputa. Kuqondwe wavula kwinqanaba elitsha Egyptology.

Le minyaka yokugqibela Champollion yobomi bakhe

Champollion - ngubani izazinzulu wakwazi ukuwuqonda eyayimela zaseYiputa, ayizange iphelele apho. Waya Italy izinto ezintsha, kuba sohlala kweli lizwe baqhubeka amaxwebhu ezininzi zaseYiputa.

Emva kokubuyela evela eItali, ISAZINZULU ekuveliseni umsebenzi ichaza igrama yolwimi yamandulo laseYiputa, equlethe yakhona umYiputa, ziqonde leyo unobangela ubomi bakhe.

Ngowe-1822, Champollion ndiziphethe uhambo waya kwilizwe iiphiramidi. Yaba iphupha lakhe ubudala. Waba yi nobukhulu itempile Hatshepsut, Dendera kunye Saqqara. Imibhalo, kubonisiwe kweendonga zawo, wayifunda lula.

Ukubuyela eYiputa, umphengululi, wonyulwa ukuba French Academy. Yena uye jikelele ingqalelo. Kodwa wayekuthanda ubuqaqawuli akukho elide kakhulu. Kuphela kulowo unako ukuwuqonda ukusuka izazinzulu eyayimela baseYiputa, wafela ngoMatshi 1832. Amawaka abantu beza kuthi ndlela-ntle kuye. Ke wangcwatywa Pere Lachaise emangcwabeni.

alfabhethi Egyptian

Konyaka emva kokufa umzalwana wakhe, isazinzulu ishicilele umsebenzi yakutshanje, equlethe yakhona zaseYiputa ngoguqulo.

Ekuqaleni, incwadi waseYiputa wehla ukuya izinto ezilula mzobo. Elo ke leli lizwi yonke imelwe ndlela enye. Emva koko, ekusondeleni intsimbi ukuba izandi ezenza ilizwi. Kodwa ke amaYiputa amandulo akazange abhale izikhamiso. Ngoko ke, amagama ezahlukeneyo badla ngokuchazwa hieroglyph enye. Kuba iiyantlukwano zabo izichazi abakhethekileyo owenziwa ehlabathini umlinganiswa.

Ukubhala Egypt yamandulo yayiba zokuhlukunyezwa ngamazwi, isandi kunye nabalinganiswa attributive. iisimboli Sound bezibandakanya amaqabane eziliqela. Characters, equka ileta enye, kwakukho 24 kuphela baba kunye alfabhethi asetyenziswa ukubhala amagama asemzini. Konke oku babizwa emva zingavuthuluka imfihlelo Imifanekiso zaseYiputa.

Ababhali baseYiputa yamandulo

AmaYiputa wasebenzisa papyrus ukuba ukubhala. Olubangelwa isityalo anqamka lengthwise babekwa ukuze elintlangothi zazo zifumaneka kancinci omnye komnye. Ngaloo olunga- maleko eziliqela zixinaniswe. Iinxalenye zesityalo zaye qhiwu omnye komnye besebenzisa isiselo zabo.

Amaphawu uya kukhula iinkuni. Wonke mbhali wand yakhe. Iileta kwenziwa imibala ezimbini. ngesithambiso esimnyama sasetyenziswa kwiindinyana, nobomvu - nje ekuqaleni kumgca.

Ababhali zilungiswe ezikolweni. Yaba ngumsebenzi ophambili.

Champollion deal ephila

Wafa ke esafunda eyayimela umYiputa lowo, waza wakhathazeka malunga nokuqhubekeka isifundo inkcubeko kwiYiputa yamandulo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, le ndawo yaye yabelwa ngesayensi eyahlukileyo. Ngoku bafunda iincwadi, inkolo, imbali yale mpucuko.

Apha ukuphendula umbuzo wawuphi izazinzulu ikwazile ukuwuqonda Imifanekiso zaseYiputa. Namhlanje, abaphandi mihla ukhululekile ukuba ukusebenza kunye imithombo ephambili. Ngenxa Champollion ihlabathi obufihlakeleyo impucuko yamandulo liphakamisa ikhuselo iimfihlakalo minyaka yonke.

Umxhasi we Literature Ancient umYiputa

Anathoti wayenqulwa yi amaYiputa njengoko sinoMthetheleli loncwadi. Wabizwa ngokuba "umbhali woothixo." Inani labemi laseYiputa yamandulo babekholelwa ukuba wenza i alfabhethi.

Ukongeza, wenza ezifunyaniswe ezininzi entsimini ngeenkwenkwezi, alchemy kunye namayeza. UPlato wathi ku kwiindlalifa impucuko Atlantean, echaza ukuba ulwazi analo.