Iiyure Indaba. iiyure History fyabo

Inzululwazi lokuqala ixesha - ngeenkwenkwezi. Ezi ziphumo kwi zakhiwo yamandulo zasetyenziselwa ezolimo, kunye nonqulo. Noko ke, lo msebenzi wobuciko kuyimfuneko ekulinganiseni okwexesha elifutshane ixesha. Ngaloo ndlela uluntu kufikile kwiiyure njengeyabo. Le nkqubo yaba enye ubude, luzele yomsebenzi onzima ezingqondweni kakhulu.

iiyure Story iya iinkulungwane emva ezininzi, kuba kukuyilwa endala uluntu. Ukususela iintonga ugxunyekwe phantsi ukuya ultra-ngqo iwotshi elibamba - ubude umendo kwi amakhulu ngezizukulwana. Ukuba isikhundla impumelelo senkcubeko yoluntu, kwi 'uyilo lwakho olukhulu' iiyure ziya kuba yesibini kuphela kweevili.

Kwakukho ixesha laxa abantu ikhalenda ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa kwakukho wezandla, kwafuneka ukulungisa ixesha iinkqubo zobugcisa. Kukuthathe iiyure, injongo - iintsuku umlinganiselo kumathuba ixesha elifutshane. Ukuze wenze oku, bantu kuwo amaphakade kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni. Ngako oko kwakukho uyilo, baluphumeze.

iiyure Story wohlulwe iiphiriyodi ezimbini eziphambili. Imvelaphi - ubude amawaka aliqela eminyaka, okwesibini - ngaphantsi kwesinye.

1. Imbali iiyure, ebizwa lenyama. Olu didi lubandakanya solar, amanzi, umlilo kunye nesanti nezixhobo. ixesha Study iphela domayatnikovogo ixesha clock ngoomatshini. Baba chimes ephakathi.

2. iiyure ibali Entsha, kuqalwa kokusungulwa kuqala kunye nokulungelelana, leyo aphawula ukuqala kuphuhliso zakudala oscillatory ogcina. Le ixesha elide ayikagqitywa.

lelanga

Emidala kakhulu yamandulo. Ngoko ke, oko ibali lelanga elivulekayo kuluhlu na izinto ezinkulu kwinkalo kubalwe. Nangona elula emananga ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokwakha.

Isiseko lelanga wabeka kukhanya kwelanga imini yonke. , Ukubala evela umthunzi esqwini. ukusebenzisa kwabo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngosuku enelanga. Egypt amandulo isimo esihle sakho. Zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi ngasechwebeni loMnayile wafumana sezinyuko, waba uhlobo kwiiobelisk. iseti yabo emnyango yeetempile. Gnomon ngokohlobo i obelisk nesikali nkqo emhlabeni - bebukeka lelanga yamandulo. Photo ngezantsi ibonisa omnye wabo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele ihleli elinye zaseBhete baseYiputa, ithuthwa eYurophu. ukuphakama Gnomon kweemitha 34 njengangoku esimiyo phezu kwenye lwezikweri eRoma.

lelanga yesiqhelo balihlutha engxakini enkulu. Sasisazi ngayo, kodwa elide kunyanyezelwa. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, oko kukuthi ehlotyeni nasebusika, ubude yeyure lwahlukile. Kodwa ngexesha xa alawule inkqubo kulimo kunye nobudlelwane onobu bugcisa kwi nomlinganiselo oluchanileyo xesha kwakungekho mfuneko. Ngoko ke lelanga waqhubeka kwaze kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha ngempumelelo.

Endaweni gnomon kwafika kuyilo phambili ngakumbi. lelanga Advanced, apho le ethile sisusiwe waba isikali egosogoso. Ukongeza, ukuphuculwa ziye zasetyenziswa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, udonga window iisextants baba ngokubanzi eYurophu.

Engaphezulu ekuphuculeni ukufundiswa kwenzeka ngo-1431. It sikuko orientation komthunzi utolo eyayingqalene axis komhlaba. Le isandla ngokuba axis. Ngoku shadow semiaxis Bajikeleza ngokufanayo ezihambayo, ajike iyure enye ° 15. Le kuyilo ivumela ukuba siveze echanileyo ngokwaneleyo ngexesha layo, sika. Photo ubonisa enye ezinjalo izixhobo ezigcinwe e-China.

Kuba olufanelekileyo isakhiwo ufakelo unikezelo steel ikhampasi. Ngoku ungasebenzisa umlindo yonke indawo. It yakwazi ukuvelisa imifuziselo nokuba ephathekayo. Ukususela ngo 1445 waqala ukwakha lelanga kwi ngohlobo ikhweyitha basemgongxweni, baxhotyiswa ngotolo, ithunzi oluba kumphezulu embilwini.

Ukufuna iindlela

Nangona sika kahle nezichanekileyo, baba iziphene ezinkulu njongo lomlinganiswa. Baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo imozulu, kunye nokusebenza lawo lilinganiselwe ukuya njengenxalenye yosuku list umsantsa phakathi kokuphuma nokutshona kwelanga. In search of ezizezinye, izazinzulu bazama ukufumana ezinye iindlela umlinganiselo ngamathuba ixesha. Kufuneka ukuba babezalana kweliso intshukumo leenkwenkwezi kunye langa.

Usetsho kukhokelele ekuyilweni imigangatho enziweyo kwexesha. Umzekelo, eli xesha ezifunekayo ukuphuphuma okanye isixa esithile kwezinto yokutsha.

Yenziwe ngenxa yale Ikloko Kwadlula indlela elide zophuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa kwezakhiwo, into ke leyo eyathi indlela indalo yoosolomzi zoomatshini kuphela, kodwa isilawuli esizisebenzelayo izixhobo.

ngeclepsydra

Kuba iiwoshi amanzi Udibi igama "ngeclepsydra", ngoko kukho engachananga kuqala yasungulwa nabo eGrisi. Enyanisweni kwakungenjalo. wafunyanwa Eyona yamandulo, hourglass ibizezamandulo kakhulu etempileni Amun e Febah kugcinwe iCairo Museum.

Xa ukwenza unciphiso iwotshi amanzi kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa inqanaba lamanzi efanayo umkhumbi efflux yayo ezantsi ngokusebenzisa orifice. Oku kufikelelwe ngokunika isitya ezimilise-cone a, tapered kufutshane ezantsi. Fumana umlinganiselo echaza izinga ukuvuza fluid, ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba kunye isitya ifomu yayo, oko kwenzeka kuphela kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngaphambi koko, ukumila sisitya iwotshi yamanzi neyalungiselelwa empirically. Umzekelo, elinediski waseYiputa, okhankanywe ngasentla, wamnika ukuhla efanayo. Nakuba abanesidanga elithile esiphoso.

Ekubeni hourglass komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ixesha emini kunye nemozulu, kuncono umgquba efanele iimfuno somlinganiselo rhoqo kwexesha. Ngaphezu koko, imfuneko yokuphucula nangakumbi isixhobo, ukudibanisa imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo isithuba ukuba abathungi lengqondo. Ngenxa yoko, clepsydra Arab emelwe imisebenzi zobugcisa kubanjiswene kunye ukusebenza eliphezulu. Bebexhotyiswa ezongeziweyo kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye womoya iindlela: inkqubo izibane ebusuku ixesha sounder.

I musa ukugcina ibali amanzi amaninzi iwotshi kwabayili amagama. Bona Manufacturing benza kuphela eYurophu kodwa China, e-India. Thina ulwazi malunga ubucukubhede Greek ogama Ktesiby waseAlexandria, owayephila iminyaka eli-150 ngaphambi kokufika kukaKristu. Ngeclepsydra Ktesiby wasebenzisa amagiya, uphuhliso yeengcingane ethe yenziwe yi Aristotle.

watch umlilo

Eli qela kwavela kwenkulungwane ye-13. Umlilo yokuqala iiwotshi baba ayebekwa ukuya kwimitha 1 ukuphakama ukuba ndibeke kuwo iilebhile. Ngamanye amaxesha division othile baxhotyiswa izikhonkwane sisinyithi wawa phezu saso metal kwi nokudinwa Yanjengomthwebeba, apapashe isandi eyahlukileyo. izixhobo ezinjalo baye bakhonza kwase lwe alram.

Nokufika ecacileyo watch yeglasi umlilo uguqulwa lampadnye. Eludongeni ngokwesikali ifakwe, apho ubuncinane otshisayo oyile, kunye nexesha ezimisele.

Zizixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu baye e-China. Kunye nolunye uhlobo isibane yasasazwa kweli lizwe ukudubula iiyure - nomsonto. Sinokuthi ukuba umthintele.

hourglass

Xa bazalwa ke, akwaziwa. Sitsho ngengqiniseko kukuba nako kuvela phambi kokuba kusungulwe yeglasi.

Elinediski uyakufu ezimbini ekhanyayo. Esebenzisa entanyeni kokuxhuma imixholo kugalela ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi iselwa. Kwaye ixesha lethu kunokwenzeka nangoku ukuhlangabezana hourglass. Photo ubonisa enye iipateni, ngezinto zakudala isitayile.

iinkosi aphakathi ekwenziweni izixhobo lwendlovu hourglass ecokisiweyo lokubhalela. Zazisetyenziswa ukulinganisa kuphela ubude bexesha, kodwa ibe umhombiso ingaphakathi. Kumakhaya izidwangube ezininzi kunye iindwalutho akwazi ukubona Luxury hourglass. Photography yenye le mifuziselo.

EYurophu, hourglass weza kunokuba emva kwexesha - ekupheleni kumaXesha Aphakathi, kodwa kwabiwa yabo ekhawulezileyo. Ngenxa elula, basebenzisa ithuba nangaliphi na ixesha, ngokukhawuleza yaba ethandwa kakhulu.

Enye iingxaki ihourglass - ixesha olude elifutshane, malilinganiswe ngaphandle sakujika. Babengaqhelananga cassette eyakhiwa kubo. Zalibaziseka ukwabiwa imifuziselo ezinjalo okuchaneka yabo, kwakunye wear and tear emva nokusetyenziswa ixesha elide. Kwathi ngolu hlobo. Orifice kwi uvalo phakathi neeflaski atyabukile, ukwandisa ububanzi, yaye amasuntswana esanti - phezu koko, aliphelelanga, ukuhla ubukhulu. ukwandisa isantya ejection, ixesha - zehla.

iiwotshi Mechanical: zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze a

Imfuneko somlinganiselo echanileyo ngakumbi ngamathuba ixesha kunye nophuhliso imveliso kunye nobudlelwane kwezentlalo sele nokunyuka ngokuthe chu. Iingqondo kakhulu ukusebenza kwi isisombululo kule ngxaki.

Ukuveliswa iiwotshi mechanical - isiganeko nal ezenzeka kumaXesha Aphakathi, ngenxa yokuba - sixhobo ezintsonkothileyo, wadalwa kuloo minyaka. Kwelinye icala, oku kuya kukhokelela kuphuhliso olungaphezulu inzululwazi nobugcisa.

Wayila kunye neeyure zawo Uphuhliso efunekayo oluphuculiweyo, echanileyo, yaye-high technology izixhobo, iindlela ezintsha zohlalutyo kunye noyilo. Esi sisiqalo sexesha elitsha.

Ukudalwa iwotshi ngoomatshini kwaye kwenzeka nge fyabo, uyakhululwa yokuluka. Le yunithi sele iguqulelwe isindululo translational of oxhonywe ubunzima intambo ukuba oscillate emva naphambili ngexesha iivili. Apha ukuqhubeka ibonakala ngokucacileyo - ibe nobunzima ngeclepsydra sele waba kwaye kwisitupu kunye uloliwe gear alwe. Kwafuneka nje ukutshintsha kwakungamandla awayeqhuba: indawo jet emanzini amatye enzima, ngalo kwaba lula ukusingatha, makongeze isixhobo asibambe escapement.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kunenzuzo iwotshi nqaba zadalwa. Chimes esinolawulo edibanise weza ukusetyenziswa ukususela ngo 1340 waza waba ikratshi izixeko ezininzi icawa.

Lokusekwa ogcina lakudala vibrational

Imbali ukuvela iiyure ukuba ndinimisele amasalela amagama zezazinzulu kunye nabasunguli abaye kwenza kube lula ukuba siyiphuhlisa ngaphakathi kuphela. Isiseko senkolelo yaba ukufunyanwa owenza UGalileo Galilei, nokuveza imithetho echaza oscillations ye pendulum. Yena - umbhali sombono zeewotshi pendulum ngoomatshini.

UGalileo wakwazi ukuphumeza ingcamango ngo-1658 lo abanamakhono umDatshi Christiaan Huygens. Yena - ungumbhali fyabo, kolawulo umncono, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwe epokothweni, uze ndibonisele. Ngowe-1674, Huygens iphuhlise oluphuculiweyo ulawulo ngokuthi kongezwe kwevili kumaqula flywheel-ezijikeleze ngokohlobo nonwele.

Okunye umlimandlela fyabo fanele weewotshi evela Nuremberg ogama Peter Henlein. Wenza emthonjeni clockwork, kwaye ngo-1500, esekelwe idale iwotshi epokothweni.

Ngaxeshanye kwakukho utshintsho imbonakalo. Ekuqaleni kwakunzima isandla. Kodwa njengokuba iiyure ziye echanileyo kakhulu, bona kufuna inkomba efanelekileyo. Ngowe-1680, kongezwa ngesandla ngomzuzu, kwaye sika iye yazuza kuthi uhlobo njengesiqhelo. Ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, waqalisa ukufaka isandla yesibini. Xa kwicala yokuqala, yaye kamva saba iziko.

Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, ukudalwa iiyure watshintshelwa kudidi zobugcisa. umzimba ehle izindlu, ezihonjiswe idayala lwawo, apho ngelo xesha zigqunywe ngeglasi - konke oku kwenza amalungiselelo ethile zodidi.

Umsebenzi uphuculo nokuntsonkotha kwezixhobo uqhubeka ungaphazanyiswa. Izinga lokulusebenzisa kwabo ngokufanelekielyo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo zasetyenziswa ukuze axhase yesitshixo kunye nezixhobo amatye - isardiyo kunye nesafire. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukukhuhlana, ukuphucula ukuchana, nokwandisa reserve amandla. Kwakukho ingxaki umdla - ikhalenda ongunaphakade, ezenzekelayo jiko, isalathiso amandla reserve.

Umfutho uphuhliso yaba wayila le wotshi pendulum IsiNgesi weewotshi Klement. yena Around 1676 livelise iankile-iankile escapement. Esi sixhobo sifanelekile kakuhle le iwotshi pendulum, leyo abe oscillation awo encinane.

clock zwi

Engaphezulu ekuphuculeni ukufundiswa yezixhobo ixesha zokulinganisela ngathi udaka kwenzeka. Uphuhliso electronic and radio nobuchwepheshe sele iyilungisile indlela yokuba ukuvela zwi. Umsebenzi wabo isekelwe isiphumo piezoelectric. Kwafunyaniswa ngo-1880, kodwa iiwotshi zwi bakwazi ukuvelisa ngo-1937 kuphela. Ukusuka zwi mechanical classical imifuziselo ntsha zichanekile ngendlela emangalisayo. Ixesha iwashi elektroniki. Yintoni phawu wabo?

iiwotshi zwi zinendlela eyenziwa iyunithi elektroniki kwaye babizwa ngokuba stepper motor. Zisebenza njani? Engine, sisamkela umqondiso ovela unit ngekhompyutha, ihambisa utolo. Endaweni kwisitupu zwi yesiqhelo ukubukela umboniso yedijithali zingasetyenziswa. Siza kubabiza elektroniki. Kwi-West - zwi kunye ukubonisa digital. It ngocoselelo akatshintshi.

Enyanisweni, iwotshi zwi - yinto mini-computer. Kulula kakhulu ukuba ukongeza iimpawu ezongezelelweyo: stopwatch, izigaba inyanga, ikhalenda, ikloko ye alam. watch Price ngexesha elinye, ngokuchaseneyo ubucukubhede, ayinyuki kangaka. Oku kwenza ukuba ifikeleleke ngakumbi.

iiwotshi zwi alungile kakhulu. Ukuchaneka yabo ± imizuzwana-15 / ngenyanga. ngokwaneleyo ukuze kulungiswe yokufundwa kabini ngonyaka.

Wall-imvelaphi inyuselwa Ikloko yedijithali

ukubonisa Digital kunye compact - ezi phawu olwahlula olu hlobo ngoomatshini. iiwotshi Electronic bavame zisetyenziswa oluhlangeneyo. Ingabonwa kwidashboard-mafutha, xa ifowuni ephathwayo kwi oven kunye TV.

Njengoko into ingaphakathi rhoqo ukuhlangabezana kuyilo zithandwa ngakumbi Classic, oko kukuthi, kunye isalathiso notolo.

Iiyure udonga electronic ukulingana ngokugqibeleleyo embindini kwi indlela hi-zobugcisa, mihla, ubuchwepheshe. Zitsale ngokuyintloko kusebenziso.

Ngokutsho uhlobo lokuboniswa iiwotshi ezombane LCD kunye LED. Laba ezisebenzayo ngakumbi, njengoko zikhanyiswe.

Ngokutsho uhlobo umbane wotshi ngekhompyutha (udonga itheyibhile) yahlulwe womnatha, ezisebenzela 220V kunye batareechnye. izixhobo kakhulu elula udidi lwesibini, kuba ayifuni ubukho iplagi ekufuphi.

Clocks nengabangaba

iingcibi German waqala ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Ngokwemveli Wall nengabangaba iwotshi eyenziwe ngomthi. intambo ngokobutyebi Zazihonjiswe ngokuphathelele iintaka ekhaya uhombiso zokuhlala sisityebi.

Ngelo xesha, imifuziselo engaxabisi babethandwa eSoviet Union kunye lalisakuba yiSoviet Union. iminyaka emininzi Wall nengabangaba iwotshi brand "Mayak" eveliswe yi kwisityalo esixekweni Russian Serdobsk. Amatye ngohlobo cone nemisipres, ezihonjiswe imikrolo indlu ayinzima, iphepha noboya Indlela isandi - ngoko ke khumbula abo badala.

clock eludongeni ngoku Classic kunye nengabangaba - lwepaki. Oku kungenxa amaxabiso aphezulu iimodeli ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuba ngaba uthathe ingqalelo zwi bezandla iingcibi Asian, eyenziwe ngeplastiki, nengabangaba namnandi kukuyut kuphela kumakhaya exotics ngeyure iingcali. Ngqo, indlela enzima, yesikhumba uboya, ngomsonto entle kwi izindlu - konke oku kufuna ixesha elininzi abasebenzi abanezakhono manual. kubavelisi kakhulu ezaziwayo kuphela ukuvelisa imifuziselo ezinjalo.

clock alarm

Le "iwotshi" ixhaphakileyo nezwe.

Service - le lokuqala olongezelelweyo okwaqaliswa ngeeyure. Lobunikazi ngo-1847 yi-engumFrentshi Antoine Rede.

Kuklasikhi mechanical isandi clock desktop alarm lukhutshwe yangqubana eli ngesando kwipleyiti yesinyithi. imifuziselo elektroniki emnandi ngakumbi.

On ukubulawa alarms bohlulwa babe ubungakanani amancinane kunye ezinkulu ubungakanani-, desktop kunye indlela.

Desktop Alarm Clock wenziwa Iimoto ezahlukeneyo clockwork kunye umqondiso. Luhlala ngabanye.

Ngenxa ukuthandwa zwi uphaphileyo iiwoshi alarm mechanical bawa. Kukho izizathu ezininzi. Desktop alarm iwotshi ngentshukumo zwi iingcinga classical ngoomatshini eziliqela eziluncedo: alungile ngakumbi, akunyanzelekanga ukuba isityalo imihla ngemihla, ukuba kulula ukuba ukhethe uyilo igumbi. Ukongeza, ukuba ukukhanya, Musa ukoyika inezigingqi awe.

Mechanical clock sosana alarm kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "umqondiso". imifuziselo ezinjalo bavelise mveliso ezimbalwa. Ngoko ke, abaqokeleli eyaziwa obizwa "cricket lukamongameli"

"Cricket" (ngokuba iqakamba IsiNgesi.) - phantsi eli gama le nkampani Swiss zavelisa Vulcain ebukele kunye function alarm. Bona waziwa yokuba abanini zabo ubenabongameli American: Duayt Eyzenhauer, Garri Trumen, Richard Nixon kunye Lindon Dzhonson.

iiyure Indaba abantwana

Ixesha - uhlobo entsonkothileyo bulumko kwaye ngexesha elinye kufuneka neSingqinisiso inani elibonakalayo. Man uhlala kwexesha. Sele kwinkqubo enkulisa uqeqesho kunye nemfundo ubonelela uphuhliso lwabantwana ukuqhelwaniswa babo kwexesha.

Fundisa umntwana ukuba usebenzise iwotshi, unako, kamsinya nje bafunda le akhawunti. Nceda kule sebhodi. Unakho ukudibanisa umlindo ukusuka ebhodini kunye yesiqhelo yemihla ngemihla, uyibeka zonke ecacileyo kwiphepha kwitshati. Lungiselela iiklasi angaba kunye iziqalelo umdlalo, usebenzisa iiphazili kunye nemifanekiso.

iiyure Ibali yabantwana abaneminyaka 6-7 yokufunda kwi iiseshoni weendawo. Izinto kufuneka ingeniswe ukwenzela ukuba nomdla nesihloko. Abantwana ngohlobo zifikeleleke baziqhelanise kunye kwimbali iiyure izimvo zabo kwixa elidlulileyo kwaye langoku. Emva koko, olu lwazi esiqingqiweyo. Ukubonakalisa lo mgaqo kweeyure elula - ilanga, amanzi kunye nomlilo. Ezi seshoni ndimvuse umdla abantwana uphando, nokuphuhlisa nomfanekiso- sokuyila kwaye ukwazi. Bona ngentlonelo ixesha.

Esikolweni, kumaBakala 5-7, ukuze bafunde imbali wayila iiyure. Oku kusekelwe ulwazi olufundwe eklasini astronomi umntwana, imbali, geography, physics. Ngaloo umbandela internalized kulungisiwe. Watches, umtyali-mali kunye nokuphuculwa zabo ezijongwa njengenxalenye ye-History of Material neNkcubeko, ukuphunyezwa ezijonge ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu. Iiseshoni Isihloko kukwazi ukwakhiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Inventions ukuba awuyitshintshanga le imbali yoluntu"

Kwisikolo aphakamileyo, uyacebiswa ukuqhubeka ukufunda iiyure njengoko njengomncedisi nasezimfanelekweni kunye ubuhle elingaphakathi ngokwembono. Kubalulekile ukuba kungafundiswa abantwana ukuya yokuziphatha iyure ukuthetha malunga nemigaqo esisiseko yokukhethwa zeewotshi wezasekhaya. Enye izifundo makasingelwe kulawulo ixesha.

Imbali wayila iiyure ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuqhubeka izizukulwana, ukufunda wayo - elifanelekileyo ukubunjwa ihlabathi ulutsha.