Monomers proteni ntoni ngayo? Zeziphi monomers kweziyi?

Proteni Iipholima zebhayoloji kunye nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Zinelungelo ubunzima eliphezulu ezinto eziphilayo kwaye ziqulathe amaqela angoozenzele acid acid zimelwe weevithamini, lipid kunye inclusions ekudleni. Iiprothini okuneekhabohayidrithe, iivithamini, lipids okanye isinyithi, ebizwa ezimbaxa. iiproteni elula kuphela akhiwa asidi acid akumanyileyo ngeentambo peptide.

peptides

Enoba yintoni Isakhiwo a ubuncwane monomers protein acid. Ezi zenza chain ezingundoqo polypeptide, nto leyo ke emise okanye globular isakhiwo protein fibril. Xa oku protein nga kuhlanganiswa kuphela zomzimba eziphilayo - yezityalo, yintsholongwane, amagciwane, izilwanyana kunye nezinye iiseli.

Eziphilayo kuphela ukuba ungakwazi ukudibanisa monomers iiprothini, iintsholongwane kunye lenyama yile ntsholongwane. Bonke abanye ayakwazi zokubumba iiproteni kwesakhiwo. Kodwa yintoni izinto ezi monomers, iiprotheni, yaye benziwa njani? Oku kunye biosynthesis protein, a polypeptide, kwaye ukuyilwa kobume protein oluntsonkothileyo acid kunye neempawu zazo, bona ngezantsi.

monomer Single kwemolekyuli iproteni yiyo nayiphi acid alpha-acid. Kulo mzekelo, neprothini - nomxokelelwane polypeptide ye asidi acid ezinxulumene. Kuxhomekeka inani acid ababandakanyekayo nokubunjwa yayo dipeptides ekwanti (iintsalela ezimbini), i tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (equlethe ukusuka 2-10 acid) kunye polypeptides (a ezininzi asidi acid).

Amagqabantshintshi Isakhiwo iiprotheni

protein isakhiwo ephambili kuba kancinane ngxuba - secondary lunzima kakhulu - ephakamileyo, yaye ezona - koqeqesho.

Ukuma ephambili - yinto isekethe elula apho nge ibhondi peptide (CO-H.) monomers enxulumene iiproteni (acid). isakhiwo Secondary - yinto Alpha-kweleli okanye beta-sheet. Ephakamileyo - oku nokuba nzima ngakumbi isakhiwo-onamacala amathathu kwiproteni, leyo wabumba zisebenziseke ngenxa ekumisweni covalent, ionic kunye imixokelelwane hydrogen kunye nonxibelelwano hydrophobic.

Isakhiwo koqeqesho yi iiproteni receptor inzima kakhulu kwaye abayinqobo kwi ingaphandle cell. Le supramolecular (domain) isakhiwo kuyilwa ngenxa yokunxulumana iimolekyuli eziliqela kunye nesakhiwo ephakamileyo, zincediswa kunye namaqela carbohydrate, lipid, novithamini. Kulo mzekelo, njengoko kwi nezakhiwo lokuqala, lesibini nelesithathu kweziyi monomers ukuba udibaniso lwe-amino asidi. Kananjalo uncediswa kwiintambo peptide. Umahluko kuphela na isakhiwo zintsonkotha.

acid

Ezi molekyuli kuphela monomers protein acids Alpha-acid. Kukho 20 kuphela, kwaye ke ngenkankulu sisiseko sobomi. Ukuvela ngokuzikhanyeza peptide, iiproteins kuyondelelaniswe bekunokwenzeka. A protein ngokwayo ngoko waqalisa ukwenza isakhiwo-ukwakha, receptor, enzyme, ezothutho, umlamli kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ngenxa lo msebenzi ophilayo lomzimba kwaye olunokuveliswa.

Awuphathe alpha-acid acid yi carboxylic acid ephilayo ukuba iqela acid uqhagamshele kwi-atom alpha-carbon. Last ebekwe ecaleni iqela carboxyl kulo. Ngaloo monomers kweziyi zithathwa ngokuba nezinto eziphilayo, apho carbon atom yesiphelo kwaye unezibizo ngomdla kunye neqela carboxyl.

Compound of acid kwi peptides kunye neeproteni

acid onamathele dimers, trimers neepholimazi nge ibhondi peptide. It ukhandwa cleavage of hydroxyl (-OH) iqela ukusuka carboxyl isahlulo enye Alpha-acid acid kunye yehayidrojini (H) - iqela acid enye enamagama-amino asidi. Impefumlelwano amanzi ahlukana off, kwaye ihlala terminus inxenye carboxy ye-C = O kunye electron intsalela simahla kufuphi carbon carboxyl. Kwenye intsalela acid acid iye (H.) kunye ifumaneka simahla olukhulu kwi-atom nitrogen. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ukwazi ukuqhagamshela radicals ezimbini ukwakha ubuhlobo (CONH). Ibizwa ngokuba peptide.

Ezahlukeneyo amino alpha-acid

Total eyaziwa 23 acids Alpha-acid. Baya kuvela uluhlu lwe: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine kunye glutamine. Kuxhomekeke ukuba abanako kuhlanganiswa yi umzimba womntu, le acid zahlulwe zibe kubalulekile yokuchitha.

Ingcamango yokuba asidi eziyimfuneko yokuchitha acid

Interchangeable umzimba womntu nokulungelelanisa, ngoxa kubalulekile kufuneka beze kuphela ukutya. Zamitha zombini asidi kubalulekile yokuchitha zibalulekile protein biosynthesis, kuba ngaphandle kwabo njini akakwazanga ukugqitywa. Ngaphandle acid acid enye, nokuba bonke abantu ekhoyo, akunakwenzeka ukwakha neprothini ukuba iseli kufuneka ukuba enze imisebenzi yayo.

Enye impazamo nawaphi na amanyathelo biosynthetic - kunye neprothini alulungelanga, ngokuba akuyi kuba nako ukuhlangabezana isakhiwo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa ukunyhashwa lexinene electron kunye nonxibelelwano interatomic. Ngenxa yokuba abantu (kunye nezinye izinto), kubalulekile ukuba asele kutya protein, leyo ziqulathe asidi kubalulekile acid. ukungabikho yabo ekutyeni kukhokelela kwiqela ukuphazamiseka protein ukutya.

Inkqubo lokusekwa iqhina peptide

Le monomers protein kuphela acids Alpha-acid. ukuba Bakha ngokuthe kwikhonkco polypeptide, ubume yayo egcinwe kwangaphambili kwi ikhowudi yezofuzo ye- DNA (okanye RNA, xa kujongwa biosynthesis bacteria). Kulo mzekelo, neprothini - ulandelelwano engqongqo zeentsalela acid acid. Lo mxokelelwane yahlulahlulwe kwisakhiwo ethile, zisebenza umsebenzi yeseli pre-ihlelwa.

ulandelelwano -Stage protein biosynthesis

Inkqubo lokusekwa kwiproteni siqulathe chain izigaba: Indawo phindana DNA (okanye RNA) Yindibanisela uhlobo RNA lolwazi, imveliso ngayo ukuba kukho icytoplasm lwe ngumongo yeseli, umchiza kunye ribosome nokunamathelana chu kumsi acid acid ezinikwa transfer RNA. A into nto leyo monomer iproteni inxaxheba kulo enzymatic cleavage indlela yeqela hydroxyl kunye Proton hydrogen, uze emva koko izibandakanya polipetidnoy chain andisiweyo.

Ngoko ndizuze chain polypeptide, leyo sele reticulum zeselula endoplasmic lubekwa kwisakhiwo ethile ngozi eya kuthi yongezwe ekudleni okanye lipid moiety xa kuyimfuneko. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "ekukhuleni" ye kwiproteni, emva koko wathumela kwinkqubo yezothutho yeseli ukuya kuyo.

protein Imisebenzi kuhlelwe

Monomers iiproteni acid efunekayo ukwakha isakhiwo lwabo lokuqala. isakhiwo Secondary, emfundo ephakamileyo kunye koqeqesho ngokwayo sele ukusekwa, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ufuna inxaxheba enqanda kunye nezinye izinto. Kodwa, ke ayisendim engundoqo, nangona kunyanzelekile ukuba iiproteni enze umsebenzi wabo.

Acid acid, nto leyo monomer protein unokuba amanqaku tinyiketela ekudleni, isinyithi okanye iivithamini. ngemfundo okanye isakhiwo koqeqesho kwenza kube lula ukufumana iindawo ngakumbi indawo maqela ifakiwe. Oku kukuvumela ukuba yemvelaphi kwiproteni, leyo udlala indima enzyme, receptor, izinto umthuthi kwi iseli okanye ngaphandle, i immunoglobulin, icandelo noshowo imifinya iseli okanye organelles, iiproteins kwezihlunu.

Iiproteni akhiwa asidi acid, asisiseko kuphela yobomi. Kwaye namhlanje kukholelwa ukuba ubomi nje emva kokuvela asidi acid, kwaye ngenxa polymerization yayo. Emva koko, intsebenziswano aphakathi kweziyi sisiqalo wobomi, kuquka ekrelekrele. Zonke ezinye iinkqubo kwemichiza, kuquka amandla, ayimfuneko ukuze ukufezekisa biosynthesis protein, yaye ngenxa yoko, ukuqhubeka ngakumbi ebomini.