Pangea (mpumalanga): ukubunjwa ngokwahlukana Supercontinent

Pangea - nemisinga, malunga esikwaziyo, kususela kuphela kwiziphumo liyavumelana neembono zezazinzulu. Eli gama wanikwa zakho ukususela ekuzalweni umhlaba wethu lizwekazi, leyo, ngokutsho hypothesis kwangaphambili zejoloji Earth, kwaba kuphela kwaye ihlanjwe macala onke yi kolwandle ebizwa Panthalassa. Kwenzeke ntoni iplanethi yethu? Nokuba amazwekazi eyaziwa? Kunye nantoni na awayefike sele izazinzulu ukuba baphendule le mibuzo, uya kufunda inqaku ngakumbi.

Kutheni amazwekazi bayahlukana?

Yonke into kweli hlabathi ziyatshintsheka - nkqu amazwekazi, nto leyo, mhlawumbi, ngokuqinileyo engumkhenkce endaweni, Ungatshintsha indawo yabo.

Igama elithi "Pangea" liguqulelwe lesiGrike elithetha "kulo lonke ilizwe." Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba Pangea - nemisinga, leyo wawa yaye yahlulwa ocean iwunyakamise malunga nezigidi 180 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Kukho ukuqashisela ukuba le nto phambi kumazwekazi eyahlukileyo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo kwezinye iimeko yomhlaba kunye nendawo inginginya amanzi ihlabathi ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini iyatshintsha. Oku kuthetha ukuba emva kokuba imali elithile eziqhelekileyo kuthi indawo amazwekazi mihla, kakhulu, uya kuba ezahlukeneyo.

Age of ubukho amazwekazi, ngokutsho iingcali abahlola imbali wejoloji iplanethi yethu - malunga nama-80 ezigidi zeminyaka. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amazwekazi phantsi kwempembelelo ubushushu ukusuka shushu engundoqo yomhlaba kunye ukujikeleza umhlaba ngokwawo, qiniseka ukuba ayichithe yaye yabunjwa ngokutsha. Le yinkqubo nokungazinzi koqoqosho, nto leyo qiniseka ukuba mayiphindwe.

Ukuvela Pangea

iindawo ezinkulu uqweqwe lizwekazi kwakheka kwi planethi malunga 2.7 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Umhlaba Umhlaba zadityaniswa a superkontint olunye, kusekwe kwilizwekazi lokuqala - Pangea. Oko kwaba ukubunjwa wokuqala lizwekazi, apho ubukhulu ezingu kwakunzima ziyafana kumazwekazi mihla - 40 km.

Ngexesha isicwangciso Proterozoic noshowo Umhlaba waqalisa ukutshintsha. Malunga 2.3 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, i Pangea yokuqala up.

Entsha (okwesibini) Pangea kwenziwa ekupheleni Early Proterozoic, malunga 1.7 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Koko ivela kwimimandla umhlaba kwakhona nge welding, zibe supercontinent enye.

Phantsi yempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo uqweqwe emhlabeni lizwekazi iye iqale kwakhona ukutshintsha indawo yabo. Wabonakala Pacific Ocean waqalisa kuvela kucacile iNorth Atlantic Ocean iye ngere- ka Tetris, leyo ukwahlula ilizwekazi kwiqela kumazantsi kunye wasentla. Yaye ngexesha Paleozoic Pangea bagqiba lokusekwa lesithathu.

Laurasia and ajenos - ngubani ogqiba?

Kukho kwinguqulo Pangea - nemisinga, evela ngexesha le ngozi of amazwekazi of ajenos kunye Laurasia. Xa isayithi ye ngesiganeko ngozi wabumba parameter kakhulu intaba: i Appalachians kunye Urals. Koku zonke ayikapheli, amacwecwe lithospheric waqhubeka ukuze uhambise enye ukuhlangabezana, ebangela ndzhendzheleko kobokuqala lelizwekazi esemazantsi liyagungqa phantsi inxalenye yentsimi, lowo ngasentla. Le nkqubo zizazinzulu self-ukufunxeka.

Wengxabano ezimbini supercontinent ezinamandla yaba ukuvela ntshikilelo enkulu kumbindi Pangea eyilwe ngabo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo kwempixano kuye kwakhula kuphela ukuba lwadala uqhekeko. Abanye abaphengululi baye phambili ingcamango yokuba Pangea wayengekho - elalikhona ajenos kunye Laurasia, leyo atshixiwe omnye komnye nge-200 ezigidi zeminyaka, yaye xa umphezulu wazidiliza kwakhona yaphela.

Iimpawu kwexesha Paleozoic,

Kwaba ngexesha Paleozoic supercontinent Pangea waba elinye. Ubude bexesha - malunga 290 million iminyaka. Eli xesha yabalasela ukuvela ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo, yaye yaphela ukuphela kwabo abaninzi.

Zonke kwamatye kwasekwa ngelo xesha, wathetha kwiqela Palaeozoic. Le nkcazo okokuqala ukuqalisa komhlaba ezaziwayo-kakuhle Adam Sedzhvik England.

Pangea - nemisinga kunye kubushushu obuphantsi, ngokuba kwiinkqubo eziye zenzeka ngexesha ngethuba imvelaphi yayo, kukhokelele kwinto yokuba umahluko amaqondo zezibonda kunye ikhweyitha akubalulekanga.

Ukuvela eziphilayo

Kwindawo engundoqo ye eziphilayo belimiwe ulwandle. Eziphilayo ziye ude uthinjwe ngumfazi zonke zokuhlala kunokwenzeka, wathabatha amanzi amatsha kunye emanzini. Ekuqaleni baba uhlaza: abhale, archeocyathids, bryozoans.

Ngeli xesha, kwakukho iiklasi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye neendidi eziphilayo. Ekuqaleni, zonke izinto eziphilayo Nadla kweelwandle, kwaye kakhulu phakathi kwabo kwakukho izilwanyana.

Nini yokugqibela - Perm - ixesha Paleozoic, kumhlaba leyo zigqunywe ngamahlathi intabalala, sele wahlala ezincancisayo kwakudala. Kwaba ngelo awaqala ngazo xesha ukuhluma zveroreptilii ezinegazi.

Ixesha le ziphele nya ezinkulu eziphilayo

Ekupheleni i Paleozoic maxesha wafika kwisigaba sayo sokugqibela - ixesha Permian. Yaba ngeli xesha kwakukho ukuphela ukuba izazinzulu iqwalasele zibalaseleyo kwimbali Umhlaba.

Ngaphambi kokuba lo mhlaba kwakuhlala iintlobo engaqhelekanga wobomi: pre-imifanekiso Dinosaurs, ookrebe kunye njengezirhubuluzi ubukhulu.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, malunga nama-95% yazo zonke iintlobo eziphilayo eziphilayo ezitshabalalayo. Isiphumo ibalulekileyo kusekwe kwaye lokwahlukana Pangea yaba ekutshabalaleni amakhulu iintlobo ezingenamqolo, okuye kubekho utshintsho kwinani labemi komhlaba iintlobo ezintsha ze izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ukwehlukana Pangea

kwiminyaka million 250 eyadlulayo, Pangea waphinda zahlulwe zibe kumazwekazi ezimbini. Kwakukho ajenos kunye Laurasia. Bekukho kuqhekeka ngendlela yokuba ajenos bemanyene ngokwayo: Umzantsi Melika, oweeneem Indiya, Australia, eAfrika Antarctica. Ukubunjwa Laurasia kwakuquka imimandla ikhoyo Asia, eYurophu, Greenland kunye nomNtla Melika.

Zonke amazwekazi eziqhelekileyo kuthi kwimaphu geographical - kukho iziqwenga supercontinent yamandulo. Izigidi iminyaka komhlaba yahlula iyazeya, yaya ikhula ngokukhula, ekhokelela ukuyilwa amazwekazi mihla. Ezenziwa isithuba kuzala amanzi ezilwandle, leyo ekuhambeni kwexesha yahlulwe i-Atlantic namaNdiya.

iqhekeza esiluqilima umhlaba yahlulwe Intshona Melika nakwamanye amazwe aphesheya, kwaye prolih wethu Strait phakathi.

puzzle eendawo

Ukuba uthatha sihlolisise ukuya jikelele, amazwekazi kuwo ukwakha uhlobo esonwabisa amaqhosha puzzle. Ngokweliso, ungabona ukuba amazwekazi kwezinye iindawo akumanyileyo ngokugqibeleleyo.

Hypothesis oososayensi ukuba amazwekazi baba kube kanye elilodwa, unako avavanywe ezisebenza ngokulungisa elula. Akwanelanga ukuba imaphu yehlabathi, amazwekazi basike ukuzithelekisa nabo kunye nabanye.

Xa ufaka kunye Afrika naseMzantsi Merika, uya kubona ukuba iikhonto weebhanki zalo phantse yonke ehambelanayo. Imeko efanayo uya kukwazi ukuba uyigcine, North America, Greenland, eAfrika naseYurophu.

Ngowe-1915, i-Alfred Wegener - nesangoma, ingcali yenzululwazi, ngubani iminyaka emininzi iye bafunda zihlalutywe iinkcukacha ngezidalwa zamandulo neendawo - bafika kwisigqibo sokuba Umhlaba owayekade lizwekazi enye. Yaba nguye lowo igama kwilizwekazi Pangea.

Mbono Wegner kuyaqapheleka iminyaka emininzi. kweminyaka Kuphela-40 emva kokufa-nzulu German kaThixo, ingcamango yakhe ukuba amazwekazi begcina rhoqo, kuye kwaqatshelwa yi-science esemthethweni. ngokwenene Supercontinent Pangea ekho yaye iphenjelelwa yimiba yangaphandle nangaphakathi yaphela.

Izazinzulu ukuqikelela ikamva

Khumbula ukuba, ngokutsho ingcamango lwangoku, izazinzulu, qho emva kweminyaka million 500 onke amazwekazi ezikhoyo baseka lizwekazi eyodwa kwinkqubo wombane. Kuqikelelwa ukuba isiqingatha ixesha ukususela ukutshintsha indawo amazwekazi sele kudlule. Oku kuthetha ukuba malunga nama-250 ezigidi iminyaka i Umhlaba Izakutshintsha kwakhona ukubonisa i Pangea Ultiama entsha, neya kubandakanya: Afrika, Australia, Eurasia, eMelika kunye Antarctica.

Ukususela ngasentla siyakwazi ukubona ukuba imbali nokusekwa kunye nokubola kwelizwekazi yamandulo - enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kunye nezigaba libalulekileyo kwimbali iplanethi yethu. Le nkqubo Zijika iphindwa qho kwiminyaka million 500. Sidinga ukuba sazi kwaye bafunde imbali kwelizwekazi Pangea kuqala ukuba ingcamango oko Umhlaba elizayo.