Pontian amaGrike - ngubani na le nto? Imbali yamaGrike Pontic

Pontian amaGrike - ummeli Greek ethnos, ziphantsi abantu elide ngaphambi kokufika sexesha elitsha kakuhle unxweme Sea Omnyama (in Greek - ezikwelasePonto). Ekuqaleni, zokuhlala kwabo kunakumsongo kunxweme ngasentla eTurkey, nalapho ke kuphela, alizalisa lonke oLwandle Omnyama.

Pontic namaGrike - oobani noobani ke?

Pont - igama ngembali kwingingqi Asia Minor. Indawo, kuba lususela kumda Azerbaijan kunye Turkey, iqabele lonke unxweme Turkish kwaye iphela phezu izixeko kumgca Nikopol - Akdagma Denis. njani bahlali zamaGrike baba njani kude kwiziqithi enelanga yelizwe lawo?

wamisa AmaGrike amandulo ngokwabo njengoko abarhwebi ezibalaseleyo kunye bamathanga. ilizwe labo lasekhaya hlukile ibingenamhlaba mninzi kunye iintaba. Oku wadala imimiselo efanelekileyo imfuyo, kodwa abalimi amaxesha nzima - imihlaba efa weentaba bazisa isityalo encinane, nto leyo kwayona ukondla iintsapho zabo. Njengoko abanini nenzondelelo, amaGrike akazange ukuphuhlisa ukulima elidume engeluncedo lwanto, kodwa wafumanisa amathuba kwezibonelelo zaselwandle kunye neendlela zorhwebo.

iindlela zorhwebo

Pontian amaGrike - nomatiloshe kunye umrhwebi. Yena waba lundwendwe udle konke kweenxweme ecumene. AmaGrike ngenkuthalo imali kuphuhliso ubuciko bayo, wabeka iindlela ezintsha urhwebo kunye nezizwe ezikude. Kungenxa entsimini iimveliso zokugcina kwabonakala zokuhlala oomatiloshe ezincinane kunye nabarhwebi abo Sizibandakanye korhwebo indawo abantu bomthonyama kwaye lithengiswe ngamaxabiso anyuswe iimpahla ezingaqhelekanga kwizixeko Greece, eAsia Minor kunye noMbindi Mpuma.

emzini wokuqala

Le yokuhlala indala amaGrike Pontic afumaneka kunxweme Asia Minor, kwisixeko eMileto. A emashumini ambalwa eminyaka, VIII-IX kwiinkulungwane BC. e. kwakukho Sinop omkhulu, nto leyo ngoku perile ye Turkish kunxweme Sea Black. Emva koko, ezifana amakhowa emva kwemvula nasiphi na isixeko Amissos, Kotior, Kerasund kunye nabanye abaninzi. Sabika yaMandulo Akumangalisi bathi ukuba amaGrike Pontic ayakhe ngakule Sea Black, njengoko amasele ujikeleza imiphetho izadunge. Esi sikweko sibonisa ngokuchanekileyo iinjongo kunye neendlela nokuhlaliswa kwanamaGrike.

Nangona amazwe kunokuba izifaka, Akukho kungqubana enkulu kunye nezizwe zasekuhlaleni akuzange kwenzeke. AmaGrike Pontic wayeyazi indlela ukuthetha bendawo silwe kungekhona amandla, kodwa sidalwa. Imigaqo-nkqubo elolu ezikhawulezileyo amabango iinkokheli zabantu basekuhlaleni - ukuba nabani lwabacaphukisa kwamanye amazwe bakhetha ukuba ahlawule, ukuba alwe. AmaGrike Pontic waseka exchange enkulu kwempahla - ekhaya, baye ethwele izinto kunye izityalo, kwaye emzini okude uthumele yomnquma ioli, newayini, ngodongwe ngezandla, izacholo.

Inkolo namasiko Ponta

indlela ekubikwe nokuhlala kwabo kude nekhaya ummeli eqhelekileyo abantu bamandulo - amaGrike Pontic? Religion of abahla- ngokusisiseko zikhutshelwa iinkolelo ezweni elikude. Babakhonza bonke oothixo omkhulu Olympus, kodwa abazithandayo zabo.

De kube ngoku, kunxweme Asia Minor kukho iintsalela kwendlu Poseidon mes - abakhusela kolwandle kunye norhwebo. AmaGrike Pontic waba nezithethe zawo. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi kubo wakhetha ukucacisa imvelaphi intsomi kwabo Jason kunye Argonauts. Mhlawumbi eboyeni Golden kakhulu kule isithethe idumileyo lwalubonisa ubutyebi yoLwandle Black ukuya efanayo lwegusha (uboya) - enye yezinto eziphambili kurhwebo.

Inkcubeko Art

AmaGrike Pontic ngomona wasigcina ubuqu kunye yazibeka ummeli Hellene impucuko, njengoko kuchasene bakhona - izizwe ezingqongileyo, ngelo xesha xa ibakala kwinkqubo tribal yokubola. Inani labantu weekoloni wokulondoloza ubuqu kunye banika ihlabathi abantu unique, owaba dumile kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Isithandi uDiogenes, inkqubo Diphilus Heracleides, Stravon. Sele nenkulungwane yokuqala yenkolo Amagama Vissarion nabanye, kunye nexesha enikiweyo amatsha amagama afana Karatzas, Ypsilanti, Muruzisov kunye nabanye.

Ngokwemigaqo eziqaphelekayo zembali

Ebudeni bexesha Aleksandra Makedonskogo naa nempembelelo ZesiGrike kumazantsi Turkey - ubekelwe Hellenization. Ebukumkanini Mithridates le kulawula wayesenamandla kakhulu - eAsia Minor nempumelelo ulwimi lwabo, wadala ezikhumbuzo izakhiwo kunye nobugcisa.

Xa abenzi bemilingo ye uBukhosi baseRoma waba Pontic amaGrike ngumKristu. Ngenxa abapostile abameli zasempuma uPawulos noPetros yabantu ngabokuqala kumisa uluntu lamaKristu okuqala kunye wavuma uYesu Kristu njengomsindisi wabo. Uluntu Baye yoonongendi, apho bafumana abaxhasi yokusabela ukholo entsha.

NgumGrike, nokuba amaRoma?

Kumaxesha Byzantine amaGrike Pontic wadala kwiphondo yabo. Ngokuyalelwa Justinian saba likomkhulu Trebizond (Trabzon). Kanye ngelo xesha, elesibini self-Pontic amaGrike - Roma, elithetha "abantu baseRoma" - ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba baseByzantium uBukhosi eMpuma.

Ulwalamano "ingumasipala-iphondo" abotshelelweyo wasePonto kunye eConstantinople de 1204, xa ikomkhulu leMpuma uBukhosi baseRoma Wawa phantsi Ukuhlasela lo Franks. Emva kwale mephu kubonakala Nicene State, apho kamva ifakiwe kuBukhosi of Trebizond. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ikhona, uBukhosi kaloku kwakusoloko kuyimfazwe phakathi izizwe ezingqongileyo wokholo non-lobuKristu. Ingakumbi bahlaselwa ngamandla urhulumente amaRoma baseTurkey, owathi ngo-1461 woyisa, baphanga Trebizond.

nobukhosi Muslim

Ngokuthinjwa Trebizond wayethetha kwelanga kunye nasekuqaleni ubuKristu, ukunwenwa kwe Islam ezweni yamandulo yamaGrike Pontian. Kubulawa, ubundlobongela, kwamaJuda onyanzelwayo Islamization phantsi intlungu ukuhluthwa ubomi - oko koko izise ulawulo Greek Turkish. Abasindileyo washiya isixeko, amadlelo kunye nebandla yaye bafudukela ezintabeni ngenxa yokoyika intshutshiso yonqulo. Kodwa elizayo, abasemagunyeni Turkish wenza ezithile yokuNyenyisa imiQathango kwaye ukuba amaGrike ukuphuhlisa iintlobo ezithile kwimveliso - yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye neseramikhi, umzekelo.

Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi amaGrike Pontic wahlala enye kwizizwana ezininzi yodwa ye-Turkish Empire. Bona nesele musani ziyadibana namanye amaKristu, kodwa wahlala ecaleni Armenia Kurds. imveliso Ukuthozama, unokwakhela kunye isivuno kokuncinane, iqokelelwe ezweni weentaba, ongachumiyo, akazange kutsala umdla iinjengele ngokunyoluka namagosa ePhakamileyo Turkish. Mhlawumbi le nto amaGrike bakwazi ukulondoloza ulwimi nenkcubeko yabo, ukuze kwandiswe indawo yokuhlala kwazo kummandla Caucasus kunye eCrimea, kwaye bazibandakanye noluntu kwihlabathi namalungelo enkcubeko elizimeleyo.

Ezi meko zinje kwaqhubeka de 1922, xa amaGrike agxothwayo kumazwe abo, leyo ingqalelo izalamane zabo kangangeminyaka.

ukugxothwa

Iminyaka emininzi, abasemagunyeni Turkish angagqali kohlanga nokutshutshiswa Armenia. Kodwa bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba kwinkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini ziye batshutshiswa kunye nezinye izizwe Turkish, kuquka amaGrike Pontian. Kohlanga iintlanga kukhokelele kutshatyalaliso epheleleyo yamaGrike ukusuka kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa kunye yokugxothwa ngetshova kummandla Turkey. Ngaphezu kwama-350 lamawaka. Abantu kwatshiswa ezicaweni neetempile, abasindileyo basaba, ngokushiya zonke izinto zawo. May 19 ngosuku buhlungu olu hlanga. Ngenxa yoko, amaGrike Pontian ahlala kwimimandla zezinye amazwe. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo.

Pontic amaGrike eRashiya kuhlala kummandla Kuban kunye North neAsia. Uninzi bona bethetha Russian, kodwa walondoloza ezinye izithethe bamandulo abantu bakhe. Kodwa ke inkoliso amaGrike Pontic wabuyela kunxweme lwabo lweenkobe of Greece.

Ngoko ke, emva 2.5 leminyaka emva kokuba abantu bokuqala bayishiya kunxweme enamatye Greece, kwafuneka ukuba babuyele kumakhaya abo. zifuduka kwaphela ukubuyela kwilizwe lakhe. Sibanqwenelela ulonwabo.