Bonke ookumkani Russia ukuze (zabantu): Uluhlu olupheleleyo

Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu olupheleleyo lwazo zonke ezi tsars Russian. Kuba phantse 400 iminyaka ubukho beli isihloko ngayo abantu bahluke ngokupheleleyo - ukusuka bamazwe kunye benkululeko kwaye babebambelele ukuba oozwilakhe.

Rurik

Iminyaka emininzi, Russia (ukusuka Rurik ukuya Putin) zatshintsha inkqubo yezopolitiko amaxesha amaninzi. Abalawuli Kuqala enxibe isihloko inkulu. Xa emva kwexesha eqhekekileyo kwezopolitiko malunga eMoscow iqulunqe urhulumente omtsha Russian, abanini yesicelo ucinga ukuba ayinonophele njani isihloko yasebukhosini.

It lwaqhutywa phantsi Ivan abangcangcazelisi (1547-1584). I- Grand Duke sagqiba ekubeni sitshate ebukumkanini. Kwaye oku isigqibo kwenziwa hayi ngengozi. Ngoko Moscow yoMlawuli wagxininisa ukuba yena - ezihlangwini labalawuli Byzantine. Yaba abo banika Russian Orthodox. Kwinkulungwane XVI uBukhosi baseByzantium akusekho khona (yawa phantsi Ukuhlasela Ottoman), Ivan Grozny ukuze ngokufanele babekholelwa ukuba izenzo zakhe ziyakubaluleka enkulu lokomfuziselo.

Ezifana manani enembali ukumkani nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lonke eli lizwe. Ngaphandle isibakala sokuba Ivan Grozny indawo yi isihloko, naye wayithimba Kazan kunye Astrakhan khanate, ukuqala ukwanda IsiRashiya ukuya eMpuma.

Nyana Ivan Fedor (1584-1598) wayebalasele yi ubuthakathaka kunye nezempilo. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba oko waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa urhulumente. It yasekwa ngubhishophu. Abalawuli yombuso Russian belisoloko ingqalelo enkulu umba ngokulandelelana. Eli xesha, wavuka ingakumbi kabukhali. Fedor yena engenabantwana. Ekufeni kwakhe, Rurik ubukhosi phezu kwetrone iyanqanyulwa.

ixesha Iingxaki

Emva kokufa Theodore weza amandla, Boris Godunov (1598-1605) - umzalwana wakhe umthetho. Akazange lilungu losapho lobukumkani, yaye abaninzi ingqalelo kuye lokubhukuqa. Xa ngenxa iintlekele zemvelo sele iqalile ukulambela kakhulu. Ookumkani ubenabongameli Russia usoloko ezabalazela ukuba ukugcina uxolo kumaphondo. Oko akwazi ukwenza njalo ngenxa imeko ukuba Godunov. Eli lizwe sele kudlule luqhankqalazo Sasungulwa eziliqela.

Ukongeza, le wamazwe Grisha Otrepyev ngokuba omnye koonyana Ivana Groznogo, baqala iphulo lilwa eMoscow. Yena ngokwenene likwazile ukufaka eyinkunzi abe ngukumkani. Boris Godunov ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukho uye waphila - wafa kwiingxaki zempilo. Unyana wakhe Theodore II yathinjwa kwabulawa ngoogxa Falsdmitry.

imithetho Pretender nje unyaka phambi kokuba yabhukuqwayo ngexesha kwimvukelo eMoscow, nto leyo eyaba waphefumlela izinduna ababengaxolanga Russian, ababengawathandi ukuba Lzhedmitry wayengqongwe namaKatolika Polish. Boyar Duma wagqiba Kwathi, isithsaba Vasiliyu Shuyskomu (1606-1610). Kwamaxesha bezihlala zitshintsha abalawuli Russia.

Abathetheli, ookumkani kunye ubenabongameli Russia ukuba vika kakuhle amandla akhe. Shuya akazange yibambe kwaye wabhukuqwa bahlaseli Polish.

Romanovs kuqala

Xa ngo-1613 eMoscow yakhululwa abahlaseli, kwavela umbuzo wokuba ngubani ukwenza kakumkani. Oku okubhaliweyo lizisa bonke ookumkani Russia ukuze (zabantu). Ngoku lixesha lokuba uthethe malunga nendawo enyukayo ukuya etroneni Romanov ubukhosi.

Lo mlawuli yokuqala yale hlobo - Michael (1613-1645) - kwakukho umfana kakhulu xa wathunyelwa ukuba silawule lizwe. Injongo olona kumlo ePoland wayibamba ngexesha iiNkathazo nomhlaba.

Ezi abathile kubalawuli kunye nomhla zeBhodi kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane XVII. Emva uMikhail Ulolawula unyana wakhe Alex (1645-1676). Waye wajoyina i-Russian ekhohlo-bank Ukraine naseKiev. Ngoko ke, emva kweenkulungwane ezimbalwa lokwahlulwa ulongamo izizwe Lithuanian emaqandeni, ekugqibeleni, waqala ukuhlala kwelinye ilizwe.

Alexei wazala oonyana abaninzi. I omdala kubo, uTheodore III (1676-1682), wasweleka eselula. Emva kokuba iye kufika ngexesha elifanayo wokulawula abantwana ababini - Ivan noPetros.

Pet Veliky

Ivan ayikwazanga ukubaleka eli lizwe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1689 kwaqalisa ubukumkani kuphela Petra Velikogo. Yena walakha ngokupheleleyo kweli lizwe ngendlela yaseYurophu. Russia - ukusuka Rurik ukuya Putin (ngokulandelelanayo, cinga zonke abalawuli) - uyazi imizekelo embalwa era kakhulu kangangokuba yokutshintsha.

Ibutho entsha weenqanawa. Ukuze wenze oku, uPetros ngokusesikweni imfazwe nxamnye Sweden. kweminyaka 21 side War Northern. Ngexesha umkhosi wayo Swedish wavuthululwa nguSirayeli, yaye ubukumkani ivumile ukunikezela amazwe akumazantsi lweBaltic. Kulo mmandla ngo-1703, oko yasekwa Saint-Petersburg - elikomkhulu omtsha eRashiya. impumelelo kaPetros kwanyanzeleka ukuba ucinge ngokutshintsha isihloko. Ngowe-1721 waba ngumlawuli. Nangona kunjalo, olu tshintsho zange siyawubhangisa yobukhosi - in yasebukhosini kwintetho yemihla ngemihla waqhubeka ukubiza ookumkani.

Ixesha of babhukuqwa ebhotwe

ukufa kaPetros walandelwa ixesha elide kozinzo ngamandla. Kwiikumkani waphumelela bodwa kunye njalo isimanga, ungancedwa babhukuqwa ebhotwe. Xa intloko olu tshintsho, njengoko umthetho, wema unogada okanye ezinye zayo. Kweli xesha imimiselo uCatherine I (1725-1727), uPetros II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), uJohn VI (1740-1741), Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) kunye noPetros III (1761-1762 ).

Owokugqibela kubo waseJamani unemvelaphi. Xa eyandulela uPetros III, Elizabeth eRashiya Alwa imfazwe noloyiso nxamnye Prussia. I-kwenkosi entsha wamnika yonke iinzuzo, ukumkani wabuyela eBerlin, yaye wenza isivumelwano soxolo. Esi senzo, Ngokutyobela ukufa yesigunyaziso kwakhe. Guard umbutho omnye kwabhukuqwa d'AFP, emva koko kwetrone umfazi kaPetros uCatherine II.

Catherine II noPawulos

UCatherine II (1762-1796) yaba ingqondo yoluntu kakhulu. Phezu kwetrone, waqalisa ukufundela nkqubo absolutism bakhanyiselwa. UKumkanikazi ulungelelanise umsebenzi adumileyo lowiso iKomishoni, injongo ogama ukulungiselela iprojekthi olubanzi uhlaziyo eRashiya. yena wabhala Igunya. Olu xwebhu luqulethe iingcamango ezininzi malunga utshintsho oluyimfuneko ukuze lizwe. Ushintsho besimiswe kwi 1770s iVolga umlimi qhankqalazo imfazwe xa phantsi kobunkokheli Pugachev.

Bonke ookumkani kunye abongameli Russia (ngokulandelelanayo siye zidweliswe zonke Royals) wayelikhathalele eli lizwe ukuba bajonge ngokwaneleyo enkundleni ngamazwe. Yaba kungekho ngaphandle noCatherine. Uye kuqhutywa amaphulo ezininzi ngempumelelo emkhosini nxamnye eTurkey. Ngenxa yoko, iRashiya ziqhotyoshelwe apha eCrimea kunye nezinye iingingqi ebalulekileyo Sea Black. Ekupheleni kobukumkani uCatherine amacandelo ezintathu ePoland. Ekubeni uBukhosi Russian wazuza ekuthengeni ezibalulekileyo entshonalanga.

Emva kokufa Indlovukazi enkulu weza ngamandla, unyana wakhe uPawulos I (1796-1801). Lo mntu feisty akayithandi kakhulu i-St Petersburg elite.

Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX

Ngowe-1801, kwakukho omnye, yaye waba mdibi yokugqibela d'AFP. Iqela iyelenqe awaqhubana ngayo uPawulos. Phezu kwetrone, unyana wakhe Alexander I (1801-1825). kwafika wobukumkani bakhe kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye ngokuhlaselwa uNapoleon. Abalawuli yombuso Russian kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini khange wabhekana lutshaba yokungenelela kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuba kuthinjwe Moscow, uNapoleon wahlulwa. Alexander waba woyena ethandwa yaye yaziwa kakuhle of the World Old. Kwakhona ngokuba 'umkhululi Europe. "

Ngaphakathi kwilizwe labo njengomntu oselula, Alexander izame ukuphawula iinguqulelo zobunene. Amanani Historical etshintsha rhoqo imigaqo-nkqubo yazo kunye nobudala. Naku Alexander kungekudala bashiya izimvo zabo. Wafa baseTaganrog ngo-1825 phantsi kweemeko angaqondakali.

Ekuqaleni kobukumkani umzalwana wakhe Nicholas I (1825-1855) kwakukho imvukelo Decembrists. Ngenxa yoko, kule minyaka engamashumi edlulileyo, eli lizwe wabhiyozela umyalelo endala.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX

Nazi yonke tsars Russian ukuze, kunye eni. Le ngxoxo ilandelayo ijonga phezu wenguquko engundoqo kwesindululo Russian - Alexander II (1855-1881). Waba IManifesto umqalisi ka inkululeko abalimi. Ukutshatyalaliswa feudalism wanceda ukuphuhlisa imarike Russian kunye nkulu. Eli lizwe uqale ukukhula koqoqosho. Ushintsho kwakhona ochaphazelekayo iijaji, urhulumente wengingqi, ulawulo kunye nenkqubo emkhosini. Lo mlawuli wayezama ukukhulisa ilizwe ezinyaweni zawo kwaye ukuze bafunde izifundo ukuba wanikela yokulahleka iMfazwe iCrimea, uqalile phantsi uNicholas I.

Kodwa ke radicals babembalwa utshintsho lwe Alexander. Amadela ngokuphindaphindiweyo amalinge ebomini bakhe. Ngowe-1881, baye baphumelela. Alexander II wabulawa kuqhuma esinye sazo. kwafika iindaba Njengokungeniswa ehlabathini lonke.

Ngenxa isiganeko unyana uPhilip ongasekhoyo, Alexander III (1881-1994) wakha waba ngqongqo zinkuni ngendeb '. Kodwa ngaphezu kwabo bonke yaziwa uxolo. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, iRashiya khange liqhube nalo naluphi na imfazwe.

inkosi yokugcina

Ngowe-1894, Alexander III wafa. Amandla ocande ezandleni uNicholas II (1894-1917) - unyana wakhe Yibone yokugqibela Russian. Ngexesha umyalelo yehlabathi elidala ngamandla olungagungqiyo ookumkani kunye nookumkani efile yokusebenziseka kwaso. Russia - ukusuka Rurik ukuya Putin - wayesazi lukhulu lesiphithiphithi, kodwa phantsi Nicholas kuzo ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.

In the 1904-1905. eli lizwe yehlelwa imfazwe behlazekile kunye Japan. Ilandelwe yi-revolution lokuqala. Nangona izixholoxholo ke abathintela, ukumkani kwafuneka enze umnyinyiva ukuba izimvo zoluntu. Uye wavuma ukuba iseke neNgonyama siseko kunye ipalamente.

Ookumkani ubenabongameli Russia ngawo onke amaxesha bejamelene nenkcaso ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Ngoku abantu ukunyula ePalamente abo wavakalisa la mazwi.

Ngowe-1914 leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Akukho bani ke kurhanelwa ukuba inokuphela ukuwa ubukhosi eziliqela, kuquka Russian. Ngowe-1917, i-Februwari Revolution imfazwe, kwaye tsar lokugqibela kwafuneka ukuba asuke. Nicholas II kunye nentsapho yakhe babulawa iiBolsheviks kwi efihlakeleyo yendlu Ipatiev e Yekaterinburg.