Xa wabumba ubukumkani waseBhabheli? Imbali lokumkani laseBhabheli

Xa kwimbali yoluntu kukho amaxesha amaninzi semi-kaHomer. Kwakukho ke isixeko okanye ubukumkani maxa wambi ligutyungelwe kwiimbizo yeentsomi namabali. Nkqu abembi zobungcali mbali kufuneka idata ezincinane ngokwaneleyo enxulumene amaxesha, singasathethi ngummi avareji. Ngaba uyazi xa kwakhiwa ubukumkani waseBhabheli?

EBhabhiloni - isixeko etyhutyha yebhayibhile, oko rhoqo bakhankanyiweyo phantse zonke iinkcuba amanqugwala, izazinzulu neenkokeli zomkhosi ngaloo minyaka, kodwa imbali yale lesikhumbuzo emangalisayo lempucuko yamandulo isixelela ngaphantsi kakhulu. Ukuze yokususa umkhusane vu phezu kweli bali, sizilungisile eli nqaku. Funda nokufunda!

imvelaphi ye

In XIX-XX kwiinkulungwane BC isiqaqa ubukumkani yaseSamariya-isiAkkadia, nto leyo yayimi phezu kummandla waseMesopotamiya. Ngenxa yokuwa kwayo kwakhiwa namanye amazwe ezininzi ezincinane.

Lars City esemantla nangoko wathi yena uzimele geqe. Kwi umEfrate wabumba ubukumkani Mari, uAshur Kwavela neTigrisi, entilini le Diyalá yabonakala Eshnunna karhulumente. Kwaba ngoko awathi kwaqalisa ukuphuma isixeko waseBhabhiloni, ogama gama eliguqulelwa ngokuthi kwiSango kaThixo. Emva koko wanyukela etroneni Amoritskaya (yokuqala yaseBhabhiloni) ubukhosi. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba abameli balo zicime kwisithuba ukususela 1894 ukuya kwiminyaka 1595 BC. Ngokuqinisekileyo ayikho idatha echanekileyo, kodwa umseki wayo ithathwa ukuba abe ngukumkani Sumuabuma. Loko kwakhiwa lokumkani laseBhabheli. Kakade ke, ngaloo mihla phambi nokugqama ngokupheleleyo nangamandla, isekude lee.

buhle

IBhabhiloni encomekayo kunye abaninzi nabamelwane balo, isikhundla sayo, ngokufanayo awunankinga zokhuselo kunye nokwandiswa kummandla kwezikumkani alwayo. Yayikumgama kuloo ndawo apho uTiger iingangamsha nesele kumEfrate. Lalizele ngamanzi, esasisetyenziswa iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, ngoko nangoko wavuma kwemithambo yorhwebo ezibalulekileyo ixesha.

Le abenzi bemilingo umzi ezinxulumene igama edume kaHammurabi (1792-1750 gg. BC. E.), Owayengumphathi kuphela abanamakhono, kodwa sisazinzulu, ngeenkwenkwezi, jikelele kunye sophist. Okokuqala, yena wenza umfelandawonye zomkhosi uLarsen ukuba isandla simahla ukuba ahlasele elasezantsi yesixeko. Kungekudala kaHammurabi uqukumbela isivumelwano umfela ndawonye Marie, apho ngelo xesha imithetho ababenobuhlobo kuyo ulindile kukumkani Zimrilim. Ngoncedo umlawuli waseBhabhiloni wawoyisa ngokupheleleyo kwaye axhatshazwe Eshnunna. Ngamafutshane, ubukumkani yaseBhabhiloni lasekwa kwisithuba ukusuka XX ukuya BC kwinkulungwane XIX, ngoko ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukuba mkhulu kwi niche yezopolitiko ngelo xesha.

Emva kokuba bekungafuneki kuye, ukuba Marie kaHammurabi waphula isivumelwano umfela ayifikela ubunini liqabane izolo. Ekuqaleni wayekwazi ngokukhawuleza kuwoyisa esixekweni, yaye Zimlirim wahlala etroneni yakhe. Kodwa ke mna andizange Ndingathanda ukuba nenkomo, ngoko ke wagwilika. EBhabhiloni, impendulo nje ngokutsha boyisa umzi, kodwa yadilizwa phantsi iindonga kunye ebhotweni yomphathi. E North, ngexesha yena wahlala namandla kanye waseAsiriya, kodwa nangoko abalawuli balo Uwathethile kwabalawuli baseBhabheli.

Loko ubukumkani yaseBhabhiloni kwasekwa ngengqiqo yanamhlanje yeli gama. Yaba omkhulu onamandla, abalawuli bayo izazinzulu privechali, iinjineli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo, iingcali zefilosofi kunye amagqirha.

kaHammurabi

Ke ukumkani lokumkani laseBhabheli kaHammurabi becala eyaziwa kungekhona loyiso, yaye umzimba imithetho ezimana zikhutshwa buqu:

• Kwimeko apho umakhi owakha indlu, kwaba kubi, kwaye sakhiwo, ngokubulala umniniyo, umakhi kufuneka abulawe.
• Doctor, wenza utyando aluphumelelanga, ndayihluthwa isandla sokunene.
• Indoda free, ukuze athathe indawo umkhonzi endlwini yakhe, uya kubulawa.

Le mithetho uMbuso waseBhabhiloni kwakukrolwe kwiintsika abangelwe omkhulu ezibe zonke iindawo lokumkani laseBhabheli.

Yintoni na ukunyuka waseBhabheli?

Ngeli umlawuli abekwezo ndawo baqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukuphuhlisa ezolimo. athu Great izazinzulu bhiloni kwi ukunkcenkceshela kumazwe eziziintlango; ". njengoMnayile kaHammurabi" omnye imiphantsi iye kakhulu kangangokuba ngentlonelo ebizwa

Akukho isantya kangako esebenzayo ngaphi iinkomo ukubunjwa. Xa urhulumente kukho amagcisa ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ubukhula nokwandisa urhwebo zasekhaya ngamazwe. Ngokukodwa, ngelo xesha ke eli lizwe iye yaba liziko enkulu ezithumela yesikhumba zexabiso, ioli kunye nemihla. Kwimarike yasekhaya umlambo efanayo eEdeni iintsimbi, amadongwe kunye namakhoboka. Ngokufutshane, ubukumkani yaseBhabhiloni kwanda phantsi kaHammurabi.

zomphakathi

Kukholelwa ukuba kwakukho abathathu kwilizwe ngokweendidi zentlalo. Okokuqala, abantu free. Lo maleko igama "Avelumi", gama elo elithetha "man". Abantwana ukhulule ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka elishumi uninzi lwabantu ebizwa ngokuba "Matshi ka-Abheli" - "man umntwana". Kule klasi loluntu akwazi kuba lomntu ke onobu bugcisa, njengegorha, umthengisi kunye norhulumente kunobhala wenkundla. Ngokufutshane, ezinye nekhethe nangokodidi akubona imithetho zobukumkani iBhabheli ukuba akwazi azinazo naziphi na.

Kwakukho enye udidi labantu abaxhomekeke (hayi amakhoboka!), Yiphi na ngokuba "mushkenum" kwathiwa - ", bekwayame phantsi". Le "abasebenzi". Ngamafutshane, ixhomekeke aba bantu abasebenze ilizwe lokumkani. Musa ukubhidanisa nabo amakhoboka: i "ungqiyame 'aba ipropati yelungelo ukulumela enkundleni, babe ngamakhoboka abo.

Ekugqibeleni, lo ezinawo lisezantsi yoluntu, ngaphandle apho ubukumkani waseBhabheli akwazi ukwenza - amakhoboka vardum. Ezi sasifika ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• Ukuba umntu ibanjwa lemfazwe.
• Abanamatyala bangakwazanga ukuhlawula amatyala ayo.
• Baye baba ngamakhoboka akugwetywa (kuba ezinye izono ezinzulu).

Uphawu amakhoboka eBhabhiloni ukuba babe impahla ethile. Ukuba umnini ikhoboka abantwana amakhoboka zabo, (kunye imvume kayise) kungaba kakuhle kakhulu indlalifa yakhe esemthethweni ukunika imo simahla umntu. Ngamafutshane, ngokuchaseneyo i-India enye yamandulo, eBhabhiloni amakhoboka babengaba nethemba ngenxa yokuphucula kakhulu zabo iwonga ekuhlaleni. A onetyala ngubani uzalise umsebenzi iba kwakhona free. ongumbanjwa ezixabisekileyo lemfazwe kuthenga inkululeko yakhe. Kubi ke bobubi, ngaphandle ezimbalwa, babe ngamakhoboka ubomi.

isakhiwo State

Ukumkani, ngubani intloko karhulumente, waba "nguThixo" unegunya elipheleleyo. Ezibonela eyale malunga ne30-50% lonke ilizwe kweli lizwe. Ukumkani akwazi ukuzinakekela ngenxa yokusetyenziswa zizo, kwaye ingakrazuki. Ngexesha ukubulawa isimiselo likakumkani nomthetho kufuneka entendelezweni kakumkani.

Kuba yokuqokelela irhafu-arhente waphendula irhafu. ukuba babekwe nesilivere, kwakunye nemveliso yendalo - ezifana okuziinkozo. Braley irhafisa iinkomo, iimveliso zobugcisa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela olomeleleyo kwamandla yobukumkani, urhulumente ezisetyenzisiweyo iiyunithi yamagorha enzima, ukukhanya, kunye redum bairum. Ukususela kwasekwa yaba umbuso waseBhabhiloni, isixeko waseBhabhiloni isoloko nomtsalane amajoni professional: ukuba ubabalweyo, baye banikwa imbeko nentlonipho. Ayimangalisi into yokuba nkqu kwisithuba wokuhla yomkhosi karhulumente wakwazi ukuqhuba kuwa elide eli lizwe.

Ukuze inkonzo mkhosi olungileyo I lula akwazi ukufumana indlu kunye isitiya, isiqwenga enkulu somhlaba kunye nemfuyo. Ukuhlawula kuba nkonzo isebenza kuphela. IBhabhiloni inkathazo ukususela ekuqaleni waba bureaucracy omkhulu, ogama abameli esweni ukuphunyezwa kwemiyalelo kakumkani entsimini. Amagosa shakkanakku yobukhosi kwafuneka ukuba balungelelanise intsebenziswano kulawulo olusebenzayo Tsarist kunye norhulumente wengingqi. Le yokugqibela ziquka amabhunga oluntu kunye neebhodi namadoda amakhulu, rabianumy.

Unqulo kwamane sihamba: nakuba bakho oothixo ezahlukeneyo-ertyisi, kwakukho omnye oyintloko uthixo - Marduk, lowo uthathwa umdali yezinto zonke, waba uxanduva bayahlelwa abantu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kuba zonke lokumkani laseBhabheli.

yotslao

Ebudeni bolawulo unyana ka uHammurabi, Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 gg. BC. E.), sele siqalisile ukwandisa kakhulu ukungaboni zangaphakathi. Ukususela ngasezantsi, urhulumente waqalisa lokuthintela i namaElam, lowo wasithimba isixeko Sumerians, omnye emva komnye. Yixing City wathi ukuzimela kunye nokumkani Ilumailu yaba ngunozala indlu entsha. Ku Northwest kukho kwakhona urhulumente omtsha - of Mitanni.

Kwaba buhlungu enzima, ekubeni iBhabhiloni wanqanyulwa iindlela zorhwebo ziphambili ekhokelele eAsia Minor kunye nonxweme lweMeditera. Ekugqibeleni waba rhoqo bagqogqa izizwe silwe Kassites. Ngokubanzi, lonke ibali ubukumkani baseBhabhiloni kubonisa ukuba urhulumente elibuthathaka nangoko ajike abamelwane amaxhoba ngokomelela isinde ngakumbi.

Point ngo-1595 BC. e. Thina, amaHeti, lowo woyisa umkhosi, wayithimba eBhabheli. Yaphela kanjalo ixesha Old baseBhabhiloni, eyathatha iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu. ubukhosi Okokuqala Uyekile ukuba khona. Kwaqala "Kassite isampuli" ukuyilwa ubukumkani eBhabhiloni.

Kassite ubukhosi

Kassits ngokwabo kuzo izizwe yenduli abaninzi, abaye laqina ngoko nangoko emva kokufa kaHammurabi. Around 1742 BC. e. Inkokheli yabo Gandash wahlasela ummandla lobukumkani, ngoko nangoko wathi yena "ukumkani ezimbombeni zone zehlabathi." Kodwa ke eneneni, ukubenza ubukumkani yonke evela kassits kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba iphulo ngempumelelo bakaHeti. Ngoko nangoko bazisa kakhulu imfundiso emkhosini waseBhabheli, baqala ukusebenzisa ngokukuko mabutho. Kodwa abanye ndawo kwezolimo. Nabanqobi omhle yayamkela inkcubeko izityebi yamandulo baseBhabhiloni.

Ngaphezu koko, ukumkani waba nako ukubuyela Agum oqingqiweyo yesibini uthixo Marduk noothixokazi sarpanit abo zafakwa, ngoonyana bakaHeti. eboniswe Kassits ngokwabo abalawuli kakhulu, apho wakha ngamandla wambuyisela iitempile, inkcubeko ekhawulezayo ngokukhawuleza kunye nenzululwazi. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba kufakwe ngokupheleleyo yiBhabhiloni.

Noko ke, abezopolitiko kunye namajoni abazange kakuhle kakhulu. Ubukumkani yamandulo waseBhabheli ngokukhawuleza uba sixhomekeke eYiputa, yaye kungekudala - kunye nemeko Mitanni kunye ubukumkani umHeti. Ngokukhawuleza ekuphuhliseni Asiriya, ogama imikhosi sele kwinkulungwane XIII BC Kassite iBhabheli kunokubangela eziliqela ukoyiswa ezibuhlungu. Ngowe-1155 boyisa ubukhosi kwakhona yaphela, baphulukene-Asiriya.

Interim xesha, ubukumkani yokuQala kaNebhukadenetsare

I-Asiriya, ngubani ngenyameko wayebukele ummelwane wakhe owalupheleyo, akazange asilele ukuba basebenzise yokuswela amandla ekwandiseni. We wazinceda, nenkanuko namaElam, ngubani rhoqo ndiqalile ahlasele kummandla eBhabheli. Sele phakathi kwenkulungwane XII BC, baye bakwazi ukwahlukana ngokupheleleyo nokumelana zabo, yaye ukumkani yokugqibela Kassites, Enlil-nadin-ahi, kanti ukuba ude uthinjwe ngumfazi. NamaElam ngelo xesha waqhubeka ukwenza amaphulo imfazwe kwezinye iindawo zeli lizwe.

Owayesakuba ixesha elithile sisixeko oluzimeleyo Yixing kwelo xesha ikwazile ukugcina amandla, ngoko ke wathabatha ikhuni ekulweni engenelwayo yotshaba. Kwincopho amandla akhe wolawulo ukumkani uNebhukadenezare I (1126-1105 gg. BC. E.), Ngubani kanye kwakhona kwakhokelela kwabaxhamla kwamandla (short-term). Kufutshane inqaba der abantu bakhe bababulala ukoyiswa elinzima namaElam, uze emva koko ahlasela uElam, ngamakhoboka kuye.

ukulwa Aram

Ehlabathini phakathi kwenkulungwane XI BC ngesiAram zizizwe zalapho ziye zaba bane aseBhabhiloni Asiriya. Xa ubuso yale ngozi izihlandlo eziliqela, azinakuze ekrakra akumanyileyo, wakha ubuhlobo enamandla yasemkhosini. Ngaphandle koku, iinkulungwane-Aram izama emva emithathu baphumelela ngokuqinileyo ukuhlala emantla-ntshona imida lokumkani laseBhabheli.

Noko ke, asingabo bonke iintsapho kwaziswa iingxaki ezininzi. Malunga nexesha elifanayo kubomi karhulumente baqalisa ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo abantu lamaKaledi. Kwezo eminyaka bebephila kunxweme nePersian Gulf, kwimimandla esezantsi omEfrati iTigris. Sele ngenkulungwane yesithoba ukuba ngokuqinileyo kuyo emazantsi lokumkani laseBhabheli waza waqalisa ukuya ezantsi, ngokuthe ngcembe befunda babesebezinikezele kumaBhabheli. Kanye Kassites kutsha nje kwixa elidlulileyo, bakhetha ukuzibandakanya wabangumelusi nokuzingela. Ezolimo idlala indima ezincinane kakhulu ebomini babo.

Kuloo minyaka, eli lizwe yahlulwe kwizithili-14. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XII BC iBhabheli kwakhona yaba likomkhulu. Njengoko ngaphambili, ukumkani kwafuneka phezu kwezandla zakhe Holdings ilizwe elikhulu, nto leyo wazibeka amajoni ngenxa yenkonzo yabo. Emkhosini, ukongeza elihamba yemveli, baqala ukudlala kwamabutho indima neenqwelo isebe enkulu, ngelo xesha ngempumelelo kakhulu kwi edabini. Kodwa ke imida zobukumkani waseBhabhiloni sele iqalile ukuhlasela Azintshaba ezindala ...

Asiriya

Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane IX ngenxa yakhe kwakhona wathabatha Asiriya, beqhubeka anciphise kweli lizwe. Asiriya uqobo kancane kancane iimpawu urhulumente enamandla kwaye womelele. Embindini ka VII BC ukumkani wabo uTigilati-pilezere lwesithathu azileyo imida esemantla waseBhabheli, ebangela yokulimala kumaKaledi. Ngo-729, ubukumkani kuye kwakhona kujike mazifakwe ngokupheleleyo.

Nakuba kunjalo, ama-Asiriya (ngokuchasene fudula yakhe) igcinwa iwonga eyahlukileyo eBhabheli. Kodwa ngexesha nguSargon II, bona bamatshekileyo; kuba ixesha elithile ezilahlekileyo ukuyilawula mazwe matsha oyisa. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-Tsar wamaKaledi, uMerodaki-apla-iddin wathi yena ukumkani yedwa eli lizwe, yokufakwa ikomkhulu yayo. Wazihlanganisa kunye namaElam, iintshaba zabo yakutshanje. Xa sizana zokuqala zibe yimpumelelo, kodwa kungekudala nguSargon kakhulu ababuleweyo kunye nomsindo yenzekile, wayikhupha imikhosi yakhe okusemandleni ukucinezela mvukelo, yaye ngoko ke isithsaba eBhabhiloni, ekugqibeleni zibethelelwe isimo sakhe sasebukhosini.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala ekucamngceni 700-703, uMerodaki-apla-iddin kwakhona wazama ukuya kulwa eAsiriya, kodwa eli xesha ingcinga yakhe nantoni na elungileyo kuba ilizwe alikapheli. Ngo-692 BC. e ubukumkani bagqibe umfelandawonye zomkhosi Aram kunye namaElam. Xa Battle of Halule Asiriya namaBhabhiloni ubunzima ilahleko enkulu ngokulinganayo, impumelelo linye namnye amaqela.

Kodwa kwiminyaka emibini kamva ukumkani waseAsiriya wanika Sinanhherib zokungqinga waseBhabheli. Emva konyaka, esi sixeko yawa baza kubulawa eyoyikekayo. Wayehlatyelwe inkoliso yabahlali babulala, abanye baye baba ngamakhoboka. Ikomkhulu kanye zobungangamela iye yonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo waphuphuma. Ngelo xesha ubukumkani waseBhabhiloni imaphu kancinane, urhulumente iye yaphela. Kodwa akazange onwabe ixesha elide.

Ukubuyiselwa iBhabhiloni

Kungekudala phezu ezihlangwini etroneni Sinanhheriba, hadon, nto leyo kakhulu yamkele "ukuzinkcinkca" komanduleli yayo. Ukumkani omtsha nje umthetho ukubuyisela isixeko wonakele, kodwa yakhulula abaninzi abemi bayo, baza babayala ukuba babuyele ekhaya.

Waba ngukumkani nguShamash-shum-ukin owayelawula phezu yamaLungelo kwirhuluneli. Kodwa ngo-652, yaye uza kuba amandla jikelele, umfelandawonye Arabhu, Aram, kwaye namaElam, uze kwakhona sihlasela kwi eAsiriya. Battle waphinda wathatha indawo kwi Der inqaba kwakhona uloyiso ekholisa ayikwazanga eyodwa. I-Asiriya aya iqhinga: zokusingatha yazibandakanya d'AFP e Al, Balizisa ke into eluncedo amaBhabhiloni fail. Wandula ke wabeka zokungqinga eBhabhiloni ngowama-648 BCE abaqalise kubulawa ekhohlaleleyo bonke abemi lokusinda.

Ukuwa waseAsiriya naseNew iBhabhiloni

Ngaphandle koku, umnqweno kuphulukana ingcinezelo esikhohlakeleyo-Asiriya abazange buthathaka. Bamalunga nama-626 BC waphula omnye mvukelo, leyo bema intloko wamaKhaledi uNabhopolasare (Nabu-apla-usur). Wabuya u endle ntwanano na Elam, elibuyisiweyo emva ubuqhinga Asiriya, emva koko imikhosi encedisayo wakwazi sokubetha utshaba eqhelekileyo inani iingozi ezinzulu. Ngo-Oktobha-626, i-yaseBhabhiloni uNabhopolasare waqonda kwazi, yaye ngoko ke isithsaba esixekweni, wokusungula indlu entsha.

Kodwa wasithimba isixeko yokuqala enkulu - Uruk - abavukeli wayeneminyaka eli-10 kuphela ubudala. Ngoko nangoko wazama walithimba uAshur Asiriya, kodwa ayikwazanga kuphumelela. Uncedo lwavela awalindi. Ngowe-614 Asiriya amaphondo capture kwaqala amaMedi, amaBhabhiloni leyo kungekudala wayakha umfelandawonye. Sele 612, bona, amaMedi neyamaSkitiya kungqinga iNineve, elikomkhulu yotshaba. Somzi sawa, nabo bonke abemi balo abaninzi babulawa. Ekubeni waseBhabhiloni ubukumkani nomda kaHammurabi Elesibini ukwandisa ngokukhawuleza.

Ngo-609 BC, yena woyiswa iintsalela wama-Asiriya. AmaBhabhiloni 605th leyo kwikhompyutha eSiriya nasePalestina, nto leyo kwelo xesha uthi eYiputa. Ngelo xesha etroneni waseBhabhiloni, uNebhukadenetsare II. Ngu 574 BC. e wakwazi ukufaka iYerusalem namaTire. Ixesha lempumelelo. Kwaba ngoko bababeke edumileyo Gardens Hanging, i kwezoqoqosho kakhulu inzululwazi, ukwakha kunye nezopolitiko. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukumkani kweBhabhiloni 605 senziwa kunyaka wesibini.

Noko ke, ukuchuma ixesha phezu entle ngokukhawuleza. Ngomhla imida karhulumente kwakukho nezinye iintshaba, namaPersi. Ayikwazi ukumelana longquzulwano nabo 482 eBhabhiloni ekugcineni abe ngomnye satrapies basePersi.

Ngoku uyazi xa kwakhiwa lokumkani laseBhabheli. Siyathemba ukuba nqaku umdla.