I-Antarctica yafunyanwa ngendwendwe ephethwe ngabanxweme baseBellingshausen neLazarev. Imbali yokufunyanwa kwe-Antarctica

Yiyiphi yabahambi abafumana i-Antarctica? Uya kufunda impendulo kweli nqaku. Ukuthenjwa, ukufumanisa okokugqibela kwenzeka ngowe-1820. Ngalo nyaka unomlando we-Antarctica uqala. Ekuqaleni abantu banokuqiqa ukuba leli zwekazi likhona.

I-Antarctica yilizwekazi eliphakamileyo emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwama-2 eemitha zamitha ubude bomgangatho ongaphezulu kwinqanaba lolwandle lwe-Antarctica. Ifikelela kumawaka amane anamitha phakathi kwiphondo.

Ngaphambi kokuba usitshele ngabani na abahambahambayo bafumana i-Antarctica, makhe sithethe amagama ambalwa malunga nabalwandle, abasondele kule nto efumanekayo.

Iingqangi zokuqala malunga nobukho belizwekazi

Abathathi-nxaxheba be-expedition, eyenziwa yiPortugal ngo-1501-1502, babeqala ukuqikelela. U-Amerigo Vespucci uthathe inxaxheba kulolu hambo. Umhambi we-Florentine, ngenxa yokudibanisa kakhulu kweemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, wanika igama lakhe kwigama ezimbini ezinkulukazi. Nangona kunjalo, uhambo olukhankanywe ngentla apha aluphumelelanga phambili. South Geogria, efumaneka kude kakhulu ne-Antarctica. I-Vespucci yafakazela ukuba ibanda laliqine kangangokuba abahambi babengenakukuthwala.

Abantu abadala baye bakhanga abantu base-Antarctica. Abahambi babecinga ukuba kukho izwekazi elikhulu. UJames Cook wangena phambi kwamanye amanzi e-Antarctic. Wenza iingcamango ezikhoyo ezikhoyo apha ukuba zikhona kwiMhlaba oMzantsi owaziwayo wemilinganiselo enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, lo mqhubi wayekuphela nje ukuba acinge ukuba kufuphi nepaleni kunokube nelizwekazi. Wayekholelwa ukuba ubukho bakhe bubonakalisa iinqithi ezininzi zeqhwa, kunye ne-ice floating.

Lazarev neBellingshausen

I-Antarctica yafunyanwa ngendwendwe ephethwe ngabantu baseLashiya. Ngaphakade zafakwa amagama amabini kwimbali yezinto ezifunyenweyo. Le F.F. Bellingshausen (iminyaka yobomi - 1778-1852) kunye noMPP. Lazarev (1788-1851).

UThadede Faddeevich Bellingshausen wazalelwa ngo-1778. Wazalelwa kwisiqithi saseSaaremaa, esiseLwandle lwaseBaltic , e-Estonia namhlanje. Umqhubi wendlela ofundwe kwiNavy Cadet Corps.

UBellingshausen waphupha ngobuninzi bolwandle ukususela ebuntwaneni. Wabhala ukuba wazalwa phakathi kolwandle, ngoko ke, njengentlanzi engenamanzi, akanakuphila ngaphandle kwakhe. UThadede Faddeevich ngo-1803-1806 wathatha inxaxheba ekuhambeni (okokuqala ngqa-hlabathi, eyenziwa ngabasemkhosini baseRussia) emkhombeni "uNadezhda", ekhokelwa nguIvan Krusenstern.

Lazarev wayeneminyaka elishumi elincinane. Wenza uhambo olu-3 lwehlabathi lonke ubomi bakhe. Umqhubi wendlela uthabathe inxaxheba kwinqaba yaseNararino ngowe-1827, emva koko wayengumlawuli we-Black Sea Fleet malunga neminyaka engamashumi amabini. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kwakukho obalaseleyo abalawuli baseRussia njengoVladimir Istomin, uPavel Nakhimov, uVladimir Kornilov.

"EMpuma" kunye "noxolo"

Isiphumo seLazarev neBellingshausen senziwa ngo-1819. Emva koko uMphathiswa woNxweme wayefuna ukuxhobisa uhambo oluya kwi-Southern Hemisphere. Uhambo olubi lwaluza kuqhutywa ngeenqanawa ezimbini, zixhotyiswe kakuhle. Umlawuli we-sloop "Vostok" nguBellingshausen. Lazarev ukhokelela "uxolo". Ukuzukiswa kwezi nqanawa, izitulo zokuqala zase-Antarctic ze-USSR ziza kuthiwa ngamashumi eminyaka kamva.

Ukufunyanwa kokuqala

Ukugqithiselwa ngo-1819, ngoJulayi 16, yaqala ukugeba. Ngamafutshane, iinjongo zalo zenziwe ngendlela elandelayo: ukuvula kufuphi nePotarctic Pole. Abanqwelisi baxelelwe ukuba bahlole umhlaba weSandwich (namhlanje yiZiqithi zaseSouth Sandwich, eziye zafunyanwa yiCook), kunye ne-South Georgia, emva koko ukuhlola kuqhubela phambili kwiindawo ezikude ezingafezekanga kuphela.

Inhlanhla ihamba kunye ne "Peace" kunye "East". Isiqithi saseMzantsi Melika sichazwe ngokucacileyo. Abaqhubi bee-navigator baqulunqe ukuba umhlaba weSandwich iyonke ivenkile. Iziqhingi zaseCook zeBellingshausen zibizwa ngokuba sisiqithi esikhulu kunale ndawo. Imiyalelo yokuqala yomyalelo ofunyenweyo yadibana.

Ukufunyanwa kwe-Antarctica

Ngasentla, i-expanses yamaqhosha yayivele ibonakala. Iinqanawa zaqhubeka nohambo lwazo kwimida yazo ukusuka entshonalanga ukuya empuma. Ngowe-1820, ngoJanuwari 27, uhambo lwaluwela i-Southern Arctic Circle. Kwaye kwangomso ozayo abathathi-nxaxheba bafika kufuphi nelizwe laseAntarctic, icebo layo leqhwa. Kuphela kweminyaka engama-100 emva koko, ezi ndawo zahanjelwa kwakhona. Eli xesha kwaba ngabahloli bamaNorway base-Antarctica. Banike igama loLwandle lweMarta uMarta.

I-Bellingshausen ngoJanuwari 28 yabhala kwincwadi yakhe yedayari ethi, ngelixa liqhubeka lihamba ngaseningizimu, uhambo lwalufumana iqhwa emini, leyo leyo, ngeqhwa elidlula, lalibonakala lifana namafu amhlophe. Abaqhubi, abaye baphumelela kumzantsi-mpuma mabini amabili, babevele "beqinileyo iqhwa". Intsimi enkulu, elineentaba, isongezwe. Ngoko i-Antarctica yafunyanwa ngumbutho oqhutywa ngabanxweme baseBellingshausen naseLazarev.

Kwiimeko zokubonakala kangcono kweyona nqanawa yaseLazarev. Umthetheli wayebukele "umkhenkce wokuphakama okugqithiseleyo", owawunqamle. Wayeyingxenye yokhuselo lweqhankqalaza elalikhusele i-Antarctica. Kwaye ngoJanuwari 28 waloo nyaka wenyuka kwimbali njengomhla apho iBellingshausen neLazarev bafumene ilizwekazi lase-Antarctic. Kwimizuzu ephindwe kabini (ngoFebruwari 2 no-17), uMirny noVostok basondela kumanxweme ase-Antarctica. Ngokomyalelo, kwakudingeka ukufumana "amazwe angaziwa". Nangona kunjalo, kwaneyona nto imiselweyo yabaprinti beli catshulwa ayinakukwazi ukubona ukufezekiswa okunjalo komsebenzi.

Ukuphindaphinda uhambo lwe-Antarctica

Ubusika beza kuseningizimu yelizwe. Iinqanawa, ezifudukela enyakatho, zilima iindawo ezifudumele kunye nezolimo eziseTroific Ocean. Ngoko unyaka udlulile. Emva koko, "uxolo" kunye "neMpuma", eyalelwe nguBellingshausen noLazarev, yaya e-Antarctica kwakhona. Bawela i-Circle South Polar kathathu.

Isiqithi sikaPetros I

Amehlo abahambi ngo-1821, ngoJanuwari 22, avela kwisiqithi esingaziwayo. Kwabizwa ngokuba nguBellingshausen njengesiqithi sikaPeter Omkhulu. NgoJanuwari 28, loo nyaka unjalo ukususela ekufumaneni i-Antarctica, ekushoneni kwelanga, isimo sezulu esingenamvula, abaqhankqalazi baphawula ulwandle olungaphaya kwamanzi olwandle olungaphaya kokubonakala kwezantsi.

Umhlaba kaAlexander I

Ngexesha lokuqala, uMhlaba waseAlexandria wabonakala kwiimephu zeendawo. Kwakungabikho nkcenkcesha: I-Antarctica ayikho nje i-ice cream, kodwa i-continent yangempela. I-Bellingshausen, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayizange ikhankanywe ngokufunyanwa kwezwe. Kwakungengomcimbi wokuthozama. Umgcini wolwandle wayeqonda ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufumana izigqibo ezicacileyo kuphela ngokuqhuba uphando oluyimfuneko kummandla we-Antarctica. Akukho malunga neenkcukacha, okanye malunga nobukhulu belizwekazi, akakwazi ukwenza ukuba ulandelelanise. Kwiminyaka emininzi iye yaphanda uphando.

Ukufundwa kweeSouth Shetland Islands

Ukugqiba "i-odyssey", abaphandi bahlolisisa ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zeSouth Shetland Islands. Ngaphambi kwabo kwaziwa kuphela ukuba uVn. Smith, isiNgesi, wawabona ngo-1818. Ezi ziqithi zaphawulwa kwaye zichazwe. KwiMfazwe yePatriotic ye-1812, ezininzi iisatelliti zeLazarev neBellingshausen zathatha inxaxheba. Ngako oko, iziqithi ezizikhumbuza iimfazwe zalo zanikezwa ngamagama alandelayo: Waterloo, Leipzig, Berezina, Smolensk, Maloyaroslavets, Borodino. Nangona kunjalo, abaqhubi beeNgesi abasemva bawaqamba kabusha, okungafaniyo. E-Waterloo, phakathi kwezinye izinto (uKumkani uGeorge - igama lalo langoku), isistim sezona ndawo esezantsi ye-USSR e-Antarctica, ebizwa ngeBellingshausen, yasungulwa ngo-1968.

Buyela eKronstadt

Ngowe-1821, ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, uThadede Faddeevich wathumela iinqanawa ezantsi ngasenyakatho, zibetha kakuhle ngokubhukuda kwiqhwa nemvula. Iintsuku ezingama-751 zaqhubeka nokuhamba kweenqanawa zaseRashiya. Ubude bohambo lwaluba malunga newaka lamawaka eekhilomitha (oko kukuthi, kuya kubakho xa sijikeleza uMhlaba ezimbini kunye nekota ngekota). Kumephu kwakukho iziqithi ezintsha ezingama-29. Oku kwakungokuqala kokuhlola kunye nokufunda nge-Antarctica.

Ukulandela amaRashiya

Ngoko, i-Antarctica yafunyanwa ngendwendwe ephethwe ngabantu baseLashiya. Emva kweeveki ezimbini, ngo-1820, ngoJanuwari 16, uhambo lwaseRashiya olubangelwa yiLazarev noBellingshausen beza ku-Antarctica, u-Edward Branzfield, owayesuka eSouth Scottish Islands waya ngasezantsi, wabona ulwandle oluphakamileyo, olukhethiweyo. Wayebizwa ngokuba ngumqhubi wendlela yeThathu Emhlabeni (oko kukuthi, uZiqu zintathu). Abaphandi base-Antarctica nabo babone iintaba ezimbini zeentaba. Kwakuyi-Peninsula yase-Antarctic, isithangala sayo esenyakatho, esolulela kwi-1200 km ukuya kwicandelo laseMzantsi Melika. Emhlabeni akukho nanye ipensila ende kunye nelula.

I-Antarctica okokuqala emva kokuba amaRussia abone abalolosisi be-Enderby Company, iinqanawa ezimbini ezingenakulinganiswa zaseNgilani, ezaziphantsi kukaJohn Bisco uhambo olujikelezayo. Ngowe-1831, ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, le mikhombe yayiza kwilizwe elintabeni. Kwathathwa ngabo kwisiqithi. Kamva, eli lizwe lachazwa njenge-protrusion ye-East Antarctica. Ebonakala kwimaphu yilawo amagama eNtaba yeBisco (intaba ephezulu kuyo) kunye neMhlaba we-Enderby. Ngaloo ndlela, umqhubi uJohn Bisco wathola i-Antarctica.

Lo mqhubi wonyaka ozayo wenza enye ukufumanisa. Udibana neziqithi ezincinci kunye ne- zero meridian , emva kwayo iintaba zelizwe lakwaGraham (njengoko wayibiza eli lizwe), eliqhubela phambili umhlaba we-Alexander I empuma. Igama lomninimzi lalingumxube weziqithi ezincinci, nangona amazwe afunyanwe naye ayewaqwalaselwa ixesha elide emva kweziqithi.

Kwiminyaka elishumi eyalandela yokuhamba kwi-Ocean Osezantsi, ezimbini zaye zafunyanwa. Nangona kunjalo, abahambi ukuya kumnye wabo abazange bafanele.

Kwimbali yophando lwe-Antarctica indawo ekhethekileyo ihlala yintambo yeFrentshi, eholwa nguJS. Dumont-Durville. Ngowe-1838, ngoJanuwari, ezimbini iinqanawa zakhe ("Zele" kunye ne "Astrolabe") zaya e-Pacific Ocean zisuka eAtlantic, ukusuka kumzantsi we-America. Umphandi wangena ekukhangela amanzi angenaqhwa, kude kusezantsi, esondela kwi-Peninsula yase-Antarctic, esezantsi ngasentla, eyayibizwa ngokuba ngumqhubi we-Louis Philippe Land. UDumont-Durville, eya ePacific, wathumela iinqanawa zakhe emanzini ashushu. Nangona kunjalo, ukusuka eTasmania, wajika waya ngasemzantsi waza wadibana ne-Arctic Circle unxweme lolwandle, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Adelie Land egameni lomkakhe. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1840, ngoJanuwari 20. AmaFrentshi afika kwisiqithi ngaloo mini. Singathetha ukuba abantu okokuqala ngolo suku bangena kwilizwe le-Antarctica, nangona kwakungelona ilizwe, kodwa kuphela isiqithi kufuphi nayo.

Emva kokufunda le nqaku, ufunde kulo nyaka u-Antarctica wafunyanwa. Ngowe-1956, ngoJanuwari 5, abaphandi bokuqala baseRashiya bangena kummandla weli zwekazi. Oku kwenzeka, ngoko, iminyaka engama-136 emva kwe-Antarctica yafunyanwa ngumbutho oqhutywa ngabaLwandle baseLazarev neBellingshausen.