Terrorist - nto ... ukuzibulala. umthetho anti-ubugrogrisi

Enye intatheli Russian wacebisa ukuba ubunqolobi - ngentiyo: umntu umntu, umntu kuluntu. Loo nto ibizwa ngokuba ingqiqo yentlalo, kwisigqibo kusekho ecela mnye: ukuzibulala - lo utshaba yoluntu. Ekubeni ndingosekhoyo ukuba kweli hlabathi, akukho namnye unako bazive bekhuselekile, kuba inani abagrogrisi ikhula yonke imihla ngesantya kakhulu. Ngokutsho manani, izenzo ezi abaphuli zibanjwa rhoqo iintsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu ehlabathini aze ezi amanyathelo angekho mthethweni kufa kuphela.

Le mbono "ubugrogrisi"

Iguqulwe ukusuka Latin "ubunqolobi" kuthetha kunkwantya. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, phantsi ubugrogrisi kuyimfuneko ukuqonda kwizinto ezenzeka ekuhlaleni, ekuthi kujongwe ukuba oyike utshaba ingcinezelo yayo zonke iindlela, kuquka intshabalalo emzimbeni. Ngokwembali, nokuba siwelwe ayikho kuphela kwiinzame zokuthintela, umongo walo lubonakala iziphumo yokuziphatha ngokwasemzimbeni. Terrorist - umntu owenza izenzo ezithile ezijoliswe ukugrogriswa nogonyamelo. Ngabalawulwa ubundlobongela kunokuba umntu, umbutho, iqela labantu okanye abadlulayo-by nje, ngubani na ezinxulumene injongo lokwenza umthetho wogrogriso, kodwa nje kwindawo engalunganga. Amaninzi, aba bantu zinxulunyaniswa nabaphangi kunye noluntu, ngenxa igunya loluntu okanye isakhiwo yoluntu. Person (okanye iqela labantu) abenza ezi zenzo ezoyikekayo, kaninzi baye injongo kokuphazamisa meko kweli lizwe okanye ekuhlaleni. Terrorist - umntu ofuna ukuba ukoyika nokungathembani abasemagunyeni wawagxotha abantu ukuba bathabathe amanyathelo olululo, nempembelelo isigqibo amagosa karhulumente. Uloyiko kunye nokusilela ukuqonda isimo kungabangela kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe kunye kwelinye ilizwe, imfazwe yamakhaya, umnqweno onzulu geqe.

Amadela - nto nje kuphela umntu ngamnye. umsebenzi mthethweni ezoyikekayo kunokukhokelela imibutho ezinkulu amaqela, kubandakanywa imali kunye nenkxaso zonke izizwe.

Eli abanqolobi ngumsebenzi mthethweni, ngoko oko kwenza inani iimpawu ezithile:

• Lo msebenzi ubandakanya umngcipheko enkulu yokuba kukho injongo ngqo ukubangela ukufa omnye, eziliqela okanye inani elikhulu labantu.
• Kuyinto njengenxalenye yobume umntu elubala. Ngale senzo kufuneka yaziwe abantu abaninzi.
• Injongo yezenzo ezingekho mthethweni Kungumnqweno ngqo ukudala imeko apho ebukumkanini uloyiko kunye nokudakumba.
• Xa isenzo abaphangi, echaphazela mnye, zijolise ukuphembelela bonke abanye.

Xa sithelekisa ingqiqo ka "ngesothuso" yaye "ubugrogrisi", singatsho ukuba ingqiqo yokuqala ebanzi, omkhulu, esiva ubunzima ngenxa yokoyika abantu abaninzi.

ubugrogrisi International: izifundo zayo nexabiso

ubugrogrisi International sibhekiswe ithi ezithile okanye isangqa oluthile lwabantu. Injongo yalo esentloko kukuba ukuphazamiseka ozimiseleyo umsebenzi oqhelekileyo karhulumente, phantsi Ukuzinza unxulumano lwayo kunye namanye amazwe. izifundo zakhe lonke eli lizwe, abemi lobuhlanga ethile, izibonelelo zoluntu, imigaqo-nkqubo okanye nezifundiswa. Olu hlobo ubunqolobi kuthiwa uguqulelo kwezoqoqosho yemfazwe. Le ndlela kuphumelela: abantu besifa, phantsi uqoqosho lweli lizwe yaye indawo yayo ehlabathini, yaye yonke into eyenzekayo ubuncinane yeendleko zomkhosi amadini inxalenye abo ekuhleleni enza.

I-siseko engundoqo yolu hlobo zezi banditry:

• Yonke umkhosi kuthetha ukwenza umthetho wogrogriso kummandla utshaba, ukuba zithengwa kuloo ndawo.
• Abo bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi umbuso, abantu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, utshaba karhulumente, kunzima ukubona, ngenxa yokuba uninzi ezihangeni abahlala ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe elithile.
• Abaququzeleli zawahlasela abanqolobi kunzima ukufumana esinye isizathu sokuba ngokulawula inkqubo yolawulo womnatha, apho kunzima ukufikelela phezulu.

Izixhobo eziphambili ubugrogrisi, nabamazwe basekhaya, nguye ekuphakameni ngokwasengqondweni phezu ziintshaba, kuba abaququzeleli ngamaxesha onke ecacileyo ingcamango-isicwangciso, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukubona, ngenxeba iya kungenwa kwixesha elizayo.

History of ubunqolobi

Ukuba umkhondo ukuvela ubugrogrisi, sinokugqiba ukuba wabonakala ixesha elide. Oko kukuthi ixesha elide kukho ubundlobongela obujoliswe ngokuchasene umntu, yaye ingcamango eqhelekileyo nje kwavela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. ukubonakaliswa yakhe yokuqala, ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, na intshukumo yabanqolobi kwamanye amazwe Latin American. Iqela labantu emva kokupheliswa intshukumo yabanqolobi kula mazwe waqala ukusebenza, emva kokuchitha nje izinto ezimbalwa ezonakalisayo, leyo kamva uchazwa ngokuba "yabanqolobi yasedolophini". Xa 60s yokuqala inyathelo efanayo kwenzeka umkhosi wakwaSirayeli. Kule minyaka, abanqolobi Palestine bavuthela phezulu izixhobo emkhosini, weba iinqwelomoya abakhweli, yaye emva koko bavuthela kubo, bambamba iinqwelo bathinjwa okanye ahlala kwisakhiwo nabantu, ukudala ziphazamiso phakathi kwezihlwele. Kuba iminyaka eli lizwe wathimba yomtshangatshangiso ubunqolobi, ezibaxiweyo. Ngexesha le minyaka, siye siqalile kubonakaliswa kunye neNtshona yeYurophu, xa kuthiwa-Italian 'imikhosi Red ", iqela separratiskie Eta eSpeyin, Republican Army Ireland. uluhlu abagrogrisi likhulu kakhulu. Eyona nto yoyikekayo wabo Busted bin Laden, ngubani lwapheliswa ekuqaleni May, 2011. Eli nani abagrogrisi 1 uzise ezininzi iinyembezi kunye nokubi kweli hlabathi, ebulala imiphefumlo emininzi. igama lakhe lu dityanisiwe inani elikhulu-mthetho, Iraq kunye nokuhlasela. Uyafunwa ukususela ngo-1998. Enye terrorist eyaziwayo ogama: ayman Al-Zawahiri, ngubani na umbutho "umYiputa bamaSilamsi Jihad," Adam Gadahn, Daniyeli Andreas San Diego, lilungu engeyiyo le ukuhlasela lwezakhiwo ofisi eUnited States, Ali Atwa, lowo wenza SANDF emoyeni, moya dubulo, bathinjwa-ukuthatha, Fahd Mohammed Ahmed al-Kuso kunye nabanye abaninzi.

iintlobo ubunqolobi

Le abanawo ihlelwa ngezizathu ezininzi. Xa siqwalasela sendawo, kuyenzeka ukuchonga ubugrogrisi ngezizwe kunye nabo bamanye amazwe.

Kuxhomekeka iintshukumisa zabo yezenzo ezingekho mthethweni angawodwa kwezopolitiko, ezenkolo yesizwe.

Eyona ziyalawuleka, ngokutsho mbali amaninzi, ubugrogrisi yezopolitiko. indlela yalo esentloko kukuba yimbonakaliso ukunganeliseki kunye ekhoyo yezopolitiko iya kwenza amalungiselelo ngaphakathi kurhulumente. Olu hlobo banditry yabonakala kakhulu kuqala. imizimba State ngeligama bafunda indlela yokuhlangabezana ngokwaneleyo neqela elalicheba ezinjalo. Abo ababesoloko bejikeleza iminyaka emininzi, aqalile luphele: iinkokeli aphezulu amaqela akhoyo lukwacelelwa sele bekhonza izivakalisi zabo, kwaye isizukulwana esitsha ayikho kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye nangendlela. izenzo zobupolitika abanqolobi baye kunokuba umda, baye bakwazi ukuba singabi nefuthe kuphela kurhulumente, kodwa uluntu luphela.

ubugrogrisi yeSizwe - eli nyathelo mthethweni zelo qela labantu zijolise ukuseka imeko yabo ezizimeleyo. Amaqela abanqwenela ukwenza eyakho isakhiwo yazo eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, abaxhobileyo kwaye zama ukusebenzisa izixhobo izithakazelo zabo. Nokuxhasa ubunqolobi, kulo mzekelo kwenzeka ngokuxhaphaza amanye amazwe, izakhiwo, abantu abanomdla okanye indalo yenkqubo entsha yezopolitiko, okanye ukujongelwa phantsi kakhulu kwisigaba kwezoqoqosho okanye zoluntu sikhona, lowo isenzo nabaphangi. Amaxesha amaninzi isiseko senkxaso-mali ayikho iqela lezopolitiko kuphela, kodwa zemali. Kule leminyaka edlulileyo mzekelo iphawulekayo ubunqolobi yesizwe na kumzabalazo Kurds, wakhuthaza kukudala imeko entsha सुटणें ugwetyelo, leyo senzeka kummandla lamazwe nje ezine: Iraq, e-Iran, Turkey, Syria.

Omnye umzekelo umzabalazo yeqela labantu kuMzantsi waseFransi Spain, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Basque, ngubani babekulungele ukuzimela geqe ngokupheleleyo. Kwi-UK, abanqolobi wesizwe abizwa amalungu ira - umkhosi Irish - leyo ngoncedo kokuhlaselwa abanqolobi uzama ukuseka geqe. A uhlobo ukubonakalalisa olu hlobo ubugrogrisi, ngokutsho inxalenye ethile yoluntu, kukuba ukulwa inxalenye kumzantsi-mpuma Ukraine ukuba ithuba ukwenza iyunithi yakho federal ngaphakathi kwenye karhulumente. Umbono ibuhlungu le abanawo enye esekelwe kwiinkolelo zonqulo. yempambano zenkolo abakulungeleyo ukunceda lula ubomi babo umlo iinjongo zabo. Nokubonakaliswa loqobo lolu hlobo abanqolobi kucingelwa ukuba umzabalazo namaPalestina, nto leyo eya phambili kwaSirayeli. Ethetha neenkokeli zamaqela emigulukudu, kuyimfuneko ukuba amisele sele yatshatyalaliswa Busted bin Laden, babeka ubomi babo phezu nokudalwa lonke karhulumente Islamic. Loo ndoda embi yakwazi ukudibanisa inani elikhulu labantu abaye zibe usongo ubomi abamsulwa kwabanye, ukuqokelela iimali ezinkulu imali lokuququzelela esekelwe yomzabalazo fund yohlangulo "Al-Qaeda". Phantsi begxeka abaqeqeshwe ekuhlaseleni bakhe ukuzibulala, apho akukho nto engcwele. Ayavumelana kuphela injongo efanayo.

ekuhlaseleni ukuzibulala

ukuzibulala ukuba iingcali uluvo impikiswano. Zininzi iindlela kule mbono. Ingcaphephe abadume ekufundeni undoqo abanqolobi A. bakaMerari ukholelwa ukuba ingcamango jikelele kule nkcazo. Ukuba azihlanganisele zonke ekuhlaseleni ukuzibulala ayikwazi ukuba ukunyanzelisa indlela enye ingena yonke. Le bomber ingaba umntu oqhelekileyo, kodwa phantsi kwempembelelo kwezinye izinto, isimo sengqondo kunye neenkolelo ukulungele ukuncama. Abantu benza ekulungiseleleni ezinjalo ukubuthwa. Ekuqaleni bafumana umntu lo mfanekiso efanelekileyo ngokwasengqondweni, ngoko wamphatha waza wondla ngcembe ukwenza iintshukumo ezithile ukuba awususe ubomi kuphela bomber ukuzibulala, kodwa abantu abaninzi. Konke oku, ngokutsho kubo, kwenziwa ngenxa benjongo nye, amaxesha amaninzi iba inkolo. Kwindawo yesibini - ubuzwe.

Ukuzibulala nako umntu ingqondo zifihlwe izimvo yesizwe okanye zonqulo. Yinto uhlobo sisixhobo ezandleni iinkokheli amaqela abagrogrisi, leyo, njengokuba umthetho, akayiqondi iinjongo bokwenyaniso yezenzo zabo, kwaye ukholelwa ukuba oko wenza okulungileyo uluntu.

Enye ingcali esifunda elithi "ukuzibulala bomber" Aarkus kukho imbono ezahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho ukufundisa kwakhe, ekuhlaseleni ukuzibulala kweentlobo ezimbini. Uhlobo lokuqala yempambano yonqulo okanye yesizwe, kwaye eyesibini - ekuhlaseleni ngumntu lowo nefuthe inkolo okanye izimo zengqondo yesizwe zinakho yokuzincama.

Kodwa UNjingalwazi Ross evela American University, ukufunda inkalo nangokwasengqondweni isenzo ukuzibulala, ithi nokudaleka iphenjelelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo, zombini zentlalo nezengqondo kunye nakuzwelonke. iimeko azivumi ukuba uphuhliso ubugrogrisi ekhoyo kuluntu oluthile, imiba yezentlalo, ekuphuhliseni ulawulo lwentando yesininzi, ukuthambekela ukuzibulala, ukunqulwa ukuzibulala, uloyiko engafunwanga ebomini kunye noluntu, ndlongo, ityala kwabanye abantu yaye kakhulu ngakumbi.

iintlobo ubunqolobi

Abantu ababekhwele apho phenomenon ibonwa. zonke zithathelwa ingqalelo xa kulungiselelwa umthetho mthetho. Eli candelo yenziwe ngohlobo ezinemiqathango, njengenxalenye umthetho wogrogriso - indibaniselwano ngeendlela ezininzi. Lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo mixed - umzekelo, ekuthatheni izithuthi kunye nabantu. Kulo mzekelo, zidibene izenzo ezininzi: ukuthathwa nabafo kunye nokuhlutha kwezithuthi.

Enye lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo kwaye ayingozi ubunqolobi na ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo iziqhushumbisi ukuze umonakalo eliphezulu. Izixhobo amadela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa izixhobo Uyadubula. Kusenokuba kombhobho zibhombu, kunye mveliso. Izizathu ukuba kukho kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezinokugqabhuka, zicacile: kwisicelo sabo wasinika umonakalo omkhulu. izixhobo ekhaya musa kufuna utyalo-mali ebonakalayo, ukongeza, kunokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise ulawulo ekude, nto leyo eyandisa izinga lokhuseleko abagrogrisi ngokwabo.

Ifom yesibini ibalulekileyo kwale moto-moya, iinqanawa okanye ezinye iindlela zothutho, kuquka kaloliwe. Le fomu lidla idityaniswe dubulo kwesithuthi ibiweyo, ngoko oko kukhokelela kwilahleko ubomi ezininzi, ingakumbi ukuba izithuthi zifakiwe na ukukhwela abantu abaninzi.

Olu hlobo ubugrogrisi, njengoko isenzo iqulathe izigaba ezininzi: kuqala, wokuthinjwa kunye ingathathwa elandelayo. Kuthathwa ngokuba ukuyazi yezothutho esebenzisa ugonyamelo. Terrorist - mthetho osebenzisa amandla njengoko crew inqanawa okanye moya kunye ngabakhweli. Ngokusisiseko, emva kokuba kuthinjwe zothutho (nqanawa) abaphuli ekutshintsheni indlela bentshukumo, ukukhetha indlela yayo.

Nonesi-ukuthatha kugqalwa uhlobo lesithathu ubunqolobi, nangona isenzo kudityaniswe nezinye iintlobo. theory nonesi wabiza abantu zibanjwa ngenkani kwindawo ethile njengesiqinisekiso ndaneliseke yamabango olawulo karhulumente okanye abanye abantu abanqolobi '. Ukuthathwa nabafo abazizibambiso njengendlela yale hlobo banditry, data njongo zezi zilandelayo:

• Izicwangciso mazifake inkcazelo iinjongo amanyathelo;
• ukufuna ababehamba;
• ukufumana iindlela eziyimfuneko ukuphumeza le njongo;
• inkcazo ndawo apho wokuthinjwa, isifundo ngokufumaneka wokhuseleko, kuthetha unxibelelwano phakathi abalindi, ixesha nendlela intshukumo;
• ikhomishini ezenzo, nanjongo ukuba nokuhlutha kunye nokugcinwa mthethweni lwabantu;
• nokubekwa neemfuno;
• Uthethwano abanqolobi.

Lidla uhlobo ngokunzulu ubugrogrisi nasengqondweni, nto leyo ubundlobongela yokuziphatha nxamnye nabantu. Esi ihlebo ngokwasengqondweni, ukusetyenziswa isixhobo esiyingozi okanye ubundlobongela.

Kuluntu mihla, kwabakho cyberterrorism, nto leyo luhlaselo ngabom ulwazi mthetho, nto leyo kusingathwa ngu hardware okanye software yekhompyutha, yaye ibalulekile kuluntu okanye urhulumente. Le fomu inokuba yingozi kwaye impilo kunye nobomi yoluntu nayo.

Imeko ye ubunqolobi ehlabathini

Le mba iye mlonyeni kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iindaba egcwele nje izibakala malunga abagrogrisi. A imvakalelo yokuba zonke abagrogrisi kwihlabathi lonke jikelele baqala ukusebenza ngenkuthalo, efuna iinjongo zabo zopolitiko, wesizwe okanye zonqulo. Iingcali bathi esona sizathu sokuba umsebenzi wale mibutho kunye ixesha lobunzima eYurophu ehlabathini. Nayiphi na imisebenzi abagrogrisi kunokukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni wolawulo. operatives abagrogrisi wayithimba wonke loo mmandla, ukudubula phantsi moya benze ezinye izinto ezimbi. Ubomi baba izixhobo ukuphumeza iinjongo zesizwe okanye ezenkolo.

Imeko ne ubunqolobi eRashiya

ERashiya, umba abanqolobi ithatha eninzi indawo iindaba ngemihla. ngokuhlaselwa eRashiya kwenzeka kwangoko emva kokuwa USSR, ngo-1994-1995, abazange ume kamva. Umthetho zibalaseleyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwi Russian Federation yaba yaxhuzula eyoyikekayo EBeslan e North Ossetia, apho abantwana amaxhoba. Amadela - Abantu abangenazo nayiphi yokuziphatha, ngoko ke awusebenzisileyo kubomi babantwana. Isikolo, othe wahlaselwa izaphuli-mthetho, kaSeptemba 1, 2004, bonke, akukho kwabulawa malunga 1,200 abantu ngeentsuku ezintathu ngesothuso - 326. Ngokutsho uphando lweenkonzo ezizodwa, kuquka isenzo esibi kuthatha abantu 32, 31 kubo babulawa inkululeko yabantu. Ukuhlala apho kuphela omnye ezihangeni. Ayikwazi Ndisayikhumbula malunga Nord-Ost, ikomkhulu Ibhotwe of Culture, leyo yayiveliswa yi abagrogrisi, kunye nababukeli 700 kunye nezibonelelo zabasebenzi. Abagrogrisi zaye zabanjwa bathinjwa iintsuku ezintathu, ehlekisa engqondweni izihlobo amahlwempu. Yaphela senzo ezikhukhula, leyo luguqulelo esemthethweni yaqala emva sisusa edubula abantu. Kulo ukulwa abagrogrisi amapolisa asusa wenza ngobungcali, kodwa kwafuneka ukusebenzisa igesi ebulalayo. Ngelishwa, abantu abaninzi abamsulwa abaye bafa kwiimpembelelo zalo.

Enye isoyikiso abanqolobi eRashiya namhlanje Arab Wahhabis. Eli qela liqhuba ngaphandle izenzo ubugrogrisi yonqulo, leyo unokuchatshazelwa baseRashiya. Amadela, iifoto ezo ndisengxakini iinkonzo ngamazwe kunye Russian ababandakanyekayo kulo mba, ahlale nathi, yaye ngaloo ndlela ukucwangcisa izenzo zabo.

Iindlela ekusingatheni abanqolobi

Kwi wokulwa ubunqolobi, besithi le meko eninzi. Okokuqala ngqa, ndifuna ukuthi ngoko abasemagunyeni alwayo ngqo kwi amaqela Russian mthetho okanye abanqolobi ngamnye. umlweli Main ingqalelo i-Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. Ukongeza kule nkonzo, amasebe ukuba kuliwe ubunqolobi kukuba Kubulungiseleli Interior, i Foreign Intelligence Service, i-Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation kunye Russian yoKhuselo Ministry.

ERashiya, wadala iiyunithi anti-abagrogrisi, ezona iqela 'Alpha "yaye" Vympel ". Kwakhona, iinkonzo zokhuseleko, alwa ubunqolobi, Walizinzisa kunye nomkhosi, phantsi Ministry of Internal Affairs (iqela "Vega"), kunye nee-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Abantu ababekhwele apho inokuphetshwa kuphela iinzame ezibambeneyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo, apho lumiselwe isisombululo kakhulu kule ngxaki. Kuyimfuneko ukwenza indlela ebanzi ekulweni esi senzeko yi hayi nje nefuthe lomthetho nokhuseleko, kodwa ke ukuphawulwa izizathu eziphambili ezibangela ukwenzeka kwayo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - musa ukufuna izizathu ubunqolobi, kungekhona ukuze alabe libe okulungileyo nokubi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba alwe nayiphi na obubonakala. Kwinqanaba lowiso-mthetho kuwo onke amazwe kufuneka omeleze uxanduva solwaphulo mthetho njengesenzo orhwaqelisayo. Umthetho ekulweni ubunqolobi kunye nemithetho-mthetho kufuneka inzala kwimali ukuya ekuqalisweni isohlwayo sentambo.

Imithetho ukuba negalelo ekulweni ubunqolobi

Ukulwa ubunqolobi eRashiya kunceda uMthetho "On Ukunqanda Terrorism", yamkelwa ngoMatshi 2006. Umthetho umisela imigaqo esisiseko omzabalazo, liqulunqe iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela.