Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Goncharova. isebenza Goncharova

Ngobume bayo, Ivan Aleksandrovich yayahluke kakhulu uninzi iinkcuba, wazalwa ixesha 60s, esebenzayo ezingenamandla. impilo yakhe kakhulu engaqhelekanga ixesha, ngokungathi ukugcwala umsebenzi karhulumente, kwaye ezahlukeneyo utshintsho 60s khange bemchukumisa. Ingqondo, ukungakhululeki, impulsivity uphawu ababhali beli xesha, Ivan Alexandrovich indawo ezicuthiweyo, benesidima, elula. Ubomi kunye nobuchule Goncharova zichazwa ngokufutshane kweli nqaku.

Ngokwezibalo itheyibhile ubomi

iminyaka Early

itheyibhile lwamaxesha Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich wavula 1812. Ngaloo nyaka, e Simbirsk, ke wazalwa. Ivan Aleksandrovich fanele ku abarhwebi ngoxa nezazi yaba ngaphandle ezinqabileyo, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo limelwe yezikhulu. Engqongwe ngumbhali, Noko ke, kwakukho merchant encinane ezizizo, lo medium phantse nafuthe nayiphi akhuliswa ngayo kunye nemfundo, okanye imeko esingqongileyo. Bawo Ivan Alexandrovich, wafa kusasa, waba mkhulu kakhulu, elathi Goncharov na ukonga iindleko baze baphile kakhulu zizityebi.

Simbirsk elo xesha yingqokelela, izindlu becala ngamaplanga nezakhiwo ezindala, kodwa labantu isixeko wayengekho ezininzi. Kule ndawo iminyaka elishumi yokuqala ubomi zombhali. Ukwenziwa yokuqala Ivan Goncharov, ogama engobomi kunye nomsebenzi zihlobene, waba izindlu zamabhoda wabucala umzi, kwakunye umfundisi wasekuhlaleni, equlethe kwisikolo sokubhoda nabantwana iintsapho amanene. Le ndlu guest Ivan Aleksandrovich wafumana ilayibhrari encinci yaye wayekuthanda ukuchitha ixesha ukufunda fiction ababhali Russian angaphandle.

Ukufundisisa eMoscow

Ngowe-1822, eneminyaka engama elishumi, ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo, kokuba asiwe eMoscow iziko eziziisekondari ukuba izikhulu. Ngoko ke ubomi kunye nomsebenzi sokuhambisa Goncharov sanukuyenza indawo nqanaba entsha yokuphila ezimeleyo ngaphandle ukulondolozwa ngabazali. Weza ekhaya kuphela ehlotyeni, bachitha lonke ixesha eMoscow. Apha Ivan Aleksandrovich, phakathi kwezinye izinto, leva imisebenzi ababhali isiFrentshi, ize enye i-Romanov Ezhena Sue wada iguqulelwe Russian. An ngcali kule nguqulelo epapashwe kulindixesha "Telescope" kunyaka 1832.

kweminyaka esibhozo yoqeqesho wadlula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ngaphandle bezise ngokubanzi, akukho izibonelelo ezizodwa okanye umonakalo ezizodwa.

eyunivesithi

Ngowe-1830, kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala, Goncharov sele ulungiselela eyunivesithi, kodwa ekuqaleni ikholera, yaye ivalwe lilo, ndenjenjalo Ivanu Aleksandrovichu kuphela olandelayo, ngo-1831. Xa sele esazi iilwimi ezininzi: French, German, IsiNgesi nesiLatini.

Ubomi eyunivesithi kunye nomsebenzi Goncharova, jonga ekhawulezayo apho le inikezelwayo kolu nqaku, kungena kwisigaba esitsha. Wayesiya iintetho Kachenovsky, Shevyreva, Nadezhdin Pogodin, Davydov kunye nabanye yaye kamva wamkhumbula ke ngumbulelo. Goncharov ndingumfundi engumzekelo. Wayetyelele phantse zonke izifundo ezibhalwe ngenyameko abahlohli, wenze umsebenzi wakho. Ivan Aleksandrovich zaancothulwa neengcambu izangqa. Le yunivesithi ngexesha ukufunda Herzen kunye Ogarev, kodwa akunjalo naliphi na elinye engabakhawulelanga, ndidibana Lermontov kuphela nabaphulaphuli.

itheyibhile lwamaxesha Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich uyaqhubeka umhla ozayo, Juni 1834, xa agqithayo ngempumelelo iimviwo zokugqibela yaye wemka ekhaya umzalwana wakhe Simbirsk. Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi ngumbhali oselula ngoku iqala kwilizwe lakhe.

ekhaya

Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich wabhala wathi: "Mna yathinjwa njengoko umphunga, umtefisa ekhaya." Kule "cute Oblomovka" ezigcinwe kakuhle ukutya, ubomi bolonwabo, imihla elandelwa imihla emide, Neminyaka kule minyaka, kwakungekho utshintsho buqapheleke. I Simbirsk wephondo ngenkankulu waziva umoya abantamo ulawulo uNicholas kaThixo. Goncharov unyaka wonke uphumle nje, ungenzi nto ngokukodwa. Iibhola kunye neziganeko zasekuhlaleni emva omnye komnye. Xa lo mfana maxa wambi wacinga ngekamva, kwabonakala kuye inkonzo, kodwa bonke kwabonakala nangoku kude kakhulu, kwaye kuphela kwimeko mba olungongezwanga, ezizezi ubuhlobo owaqalwa Goncharov (biography kunye nobuchule yeminyaka yokuba umbhali ezichazwe ngezantsi) kunye irhuluneli Uglich, wammema ukuba abe kunobhala kwi-ofisi yakhe.

Apha for Ivan Alexandrovich waqalisa yesiqhelo yesiqhelo ingenalo novelwano, ukusuka apho kwakungekho mnandi kakhulu, kodwa amava luncedo neenkumbulo ngokubhekiselele kumagosa ukunyoba kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi. Photo Goncharova thaca ngezantsi.

Petersburg. Umsebenzi wokuqala wokubhala

Zokukhula kunye nomsebenzi iyaqhubeka ixesha Goncharova Petersburg. On ukulahla umntu ngowe-1835 Uglich wabizwa ukusuka lweenkobe Simbirsk lakhe waza waya eSt Petersburg, waza waya naye kunye Ivan Aleksandrovich. Apha waye wajoyina i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali kule nkonzo, isebe yorhwebo langaphandle, kuqala nje ngumguquleli kwandule intloko kunobhala wenkundla. egudileyo, isimilo sakhe cwaka kwakuhambisana kule nkonzo, kunye nomoya umabhalane kulinganiswa akuxhomekekanga sisindwa yi Ivan Alexandrovich.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokufika kwakhe Petersburg ngexesha lakhe spare waguqulela Schiller, Winckelmann, Goethe, kwakunye novelists IsiNgesi-pisataley. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe ngeli xesha Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich akazange ndicinge ngako. Kuphela novalo yokuqala wabonakala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ezizimeleyo. Ezantsi photo Goncharov.

"Story Ordinary"

Ngowe-1847, xa esemaphepheni "Contemporary" apapasha inoveli lokuqala umbhali entsha, "Ibali Ordinary". Ngeli xesha umbhali sele engama-35 ubudala, ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Goncharova singene kwisigaba uqolile.

Yaba ibali ukudana, kwawa uuthemba abafundi abatsha ezahlukeneyo Oblomovok ngubani bathontelana ukuya eyinkunzi kunye kundikhumbuza ukususela nenekazi intliziyo umthamo omncinci Schiller epokothweni, ezihlekisayo, ubumnandi, kakuhle ukutya. nangoko Petersburg kubahlangula kuzo zonke engekhoyo kunye reverie, elonakalisileyo lonke ithemba, ngoko eli bali na ukubizwa kunye "yintlekele eqhelekileyo."

Xa inoveli, waziva ngokucacileyo into buqu. Njengoko wavuma ngumbhali ngokwakhe, lo msebenzi wabonakalisa amava wakhe yobomi, ixesha xa mphuphi romance yajika yaba igosa ebandayo kunye yoshishino. Ivan Goncharov, kuphunyeziwe utshintsho efanayo ke lowo uba ophambili kabani biography okunikelwa ingqalelo yakho,.

Alexander Aduev, yothando swii kweli phondo, i-admirer ka Schiller, iinkolelo ubuhlobo banaphakade kunye nothando, eze elikomkhulu, eSt Petersburg novalo, ukususela unina wayo devotedly onothando. Uwa eluthandweni, kodwa uthando kuyakudiza ngaye, utshintsho kunye nobuhlobo. Ukusukela ukuba Alexander uphelelwe lithemba. Wabuyela kwiphondo, uyalibala ngazo zonke izinto abazifunayo zabo nezimvo kunye iphela umphefumlo wakhe umtshakazi osisityebi, ulusu ehlonelwayo yaye umvuzo olungileyo.

"Ibali Ordinary" ke ngokutsha izihlandlo ezithathu, umbhali wayo indalo wachitha malunga 5-6 iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi sapapashwa. Kwangoko itsale ingqalelo, kwaye Goncharov amkelwa abe ngumbhali. I wasabela kule ncwadi kunye mhlalutyi astute odumileyo Belinsky, bandamkela umbhali omtsha zinetalente kwangaphambili impumelelo yakhe.

Ngowe-1846, Ivan Aleksandrovich mathupha kunye Belinsky, kodwa hayi ukuvala kuye okanye amanye amalungu isangqa zoncwadi kwaye weni. Emva koko lo imagi yeharim Nekrasov, Pan, Turgenev, Botkin, Granovsky, Herzen kunye nabanye.

"Iifrigate" Pallada "

Ngowe-1852, Ivan Aleksandrovich kwisikhundla Admiral UNobhala Putiatina waya uhambo ukuya izinto Russian eMelika. Injongo yolu tyelelo ukuba amalungiselelo isivumelwano sorhwebo ne-Japan, ilizwe kobokuqala ngexesha engaziwa ukuba abeLungu. Umbhali ezinika wanikwa ixesha nzima, ingakumbi kwiinyanga zokuqala ezimbalwa yeNavigeyishini, - ukuba tsolo ukuhlaselwa neuralgia kunye yintloko, kwaye kule ndlu rhoqo kubanda. Kuphela ngokuthe ngcembe, ekufikeni kwakhe eNgilani, Ivanu Aleksandrovichu wakwazi ukuba ingasetyenziswa eziphila elwandle yayo ewa, ukubanda inkungu azive esekhaya. Ukongeza kwiingxelo ezisemthethweni kunye neengxelo, wabhala ileta, epapashwe "collection eLwandle", nto leyo wachaza nangeengcinga bakhe. Kamva, kwafika ezi oonobumba inkcazelo ngomkhombe ebizwa ngokuba "awahlali" Pallada ", eyapapashwa imiqulu emibini.

Lo msebenzi sele kuqatshelwe njengezinye the best noncwadi Russian imisebenzi esichazayo. Waba ukufunda zombini abadala kunye nabantwana, abafundile. Le ncwadi ichaza uhlobo kumazwe awahlukeneyo exotic bavelelwa ngokuvelelwa umkhombe, athelekise basemzini isimilo kunye nabantu belizwe zakowabo, kukho kwakhona iziqephu ezihlekisayo. Wayirhola umnqwazi ubuhle bendalo ekuhlaleni, kodwa nice entliziyweni yakhe komhlaba zomthonyama, leyo Goncharov, ogama iincwadi ukuthetha, ngokuba umbhali kuye, Yonke luthando.

IA Goncharov, "Oblomov"

Iinoveli Goncharova waqhubeka "Oblomov". Le mbono beza kuye umbhali emva kwi novalo. Kwaye kwase ka Ili Ilicha yabamba ngamandla kuyo ngexesha mission ngasentla. Thabatha umzekelo kwisahluko sokuqala sencwadi yokuqala "Iifrigate" Pallada ". Oku kuthelekiswa ixakeke, lixakekile, wakhawuleza nene eliNgesi Russian, tu namavila. Ubomi Inkcazelo nene sifana kakhulu nenkcazelo Oblomov.

"Oblomov" - kuba liqonga omtsha, wangena ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Goncharova. ULUHLU ngobomi bakhe kunye nobuchule ziphelele ngaphandle ukukhankanywa 1857 hayi. Kulo nyaka ngethuba leeholide phezu kwamanzi lo msebenzi ukongeza kwi Kissingen, wakhulelwa emva novalo.

Ubomi kunye nobuchule Goncharova kunye kokukhululwa kwale inoveli ivula kwinqanaba elitsha. Ngoko nangoko emva kokupapashwa umsebenzi yakhawuleza, oko kunconywa kuxoxwe kuzo zonke iinkampu. Ababini abagxeki best - Dobrolyubov kunye Pisarev - zanikezelwa "Oblomov" wesizwe zakhe nehlekisayo. Inqaku Dobrolyubova "Yintoni Oblomovism?" Oblomov ngebande elinye kunye amaqhawe edume kakhulu ixesha - Pechorin, Onegin, Beltov, Rudin. "Oblomovka baye kwilizwe lethu ngqo" - wabhala IGAM, nto leyo lifike inqaku yonke koongqondo IsiRashiya ukuya uhlobo Oblomov. Kuba uNicholas Alexandrovich Oblomovism - isikakhulu, ukuthamba, ukonqena elingengangani ayigunyanziswanga ngabakhonzi abaninzi. Kakade ke, IGAM na wavakalisa uvelwano incinane nokuba umlinganiswa ophambili okanye Oblomovism ngokubanzi.

Pisarev esihlokweni sakhe, ingqalelo ngakumbi ihlawulwe iimpawu zengqondo, ukuphawula isiphumo ezigqugqisileyo namdla yengqondo, okubangwa yezizathu ezininzi. Sam Goncharov waphawula ukuba Inqaku Pisarev - intle yonk 'into eye ezibhaliweyo malunga inoveli yakhe, njengoko wachaza ukuntsonkotha lo Oblomovka hlobo ebonakala sabaqalayo. Ngapha koko, uTshawe, kuvela, kwakukho umntu ogulayo, efana Goncharov utshilo. Oblomov musa nje ufuna ukusebenza, nokuxelenga esoyika kuba kunika wagula emzimbeni. Ukanti ngamanye amaxesha uyakwazi ukuba esebenzayo, nangona phantsi kwempembelelo amazwe. Olga wakwazi ukubaphembelela ukuba umsebenzi, imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Hero ngokoqobo igcwala kuyo yonke imisebenzi Goncharova, ngaphandle, mhlawumbi, eyona yakutshanje amaphepha ayo. Yena uyawoyika: ukufuma, intshukumo, ngokusebenzisa umoya, uthando, beneentloni, amagama elikhulu. Kwaye lo ukoyika - luphawu uphawu yoma lomyolelo, ukugula ngengqondo.

Ukongeza, Oblomov usoloko phakathi izichasi ezimbini: yena wakhulela isimbo endala Russian, yaye umoya, oqhele yokungenzi ebekade ukuhlangabezana nazo ngokwazo. Uchithe Ebuntwaneni bakhe ngaphantsi lungenalusini, kweliso befuna izalamane, ezifana ngababuthuntu neyokwenziwa njengokuba yena.

It ndavasa kwaye mhle, ukuzama ukucinezela amaza lomsebenzi ukudlala, Kungokwemvelo ukuba usemncinane, kwakunye ukwazi nomdla kuyo nantoni na. Iziqhamo mfundo baziwa - ukonqena, yamkela uhlobo yayo kakhulu, kwakunye nokoyika naluphi na utshintsho kunye neemfuno zobomi.

Esi sifo, ngokutsho Goncharov, imiliselwe kulo lonke yobomi Russian kunye nembali. Ngale ndlela, Oblomov waye ngumfuziselo yokwenene Russian ixesha yeengcungcu pre-guqula. Noko ke, ngaba sicingela ukuba emva ukupheliswa serfdom, le meko iye yatshintsha kangaka? Mna abafileyo iikulya Ilyich?

Akunjalo, akanako kufa. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusifikeleyo oku kwinoveli ngoku, njengokwamaxesha onke, uhlala efanelekileyo.

"Oblomov", iqondwe kwinoveli ukutyhilwa satirising gentility uwonke Russian, yaba ilayibrari yimpumelelo enkulu. Goncharova wada kuthelekiswa ne Gogol.

Bebuya kuhambo ehlabathini jikelele, uIvan Aleksandrovich wabuyela kwinkonzo yakhe karhulumente, ukusebenza kwisebe elifanayo namanye amazwe kwi-kumphathi post. Kodwa kungekudala, ngowe-1858, Wacela kwisebe kuhlolwa i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo. Ngowe-1862 waba umhleli wakhangela phandle ngoko "North Mail", ulindixesha esemthethweni. Goncharov wakhonza ngomoya omhle kwaye eye waphumelela elininzi inkonzo: ukuba wakhulela izihlandlo eziliqela kwi-ofisi - ukusuka kumhloli karhulumente ilungu ulawulo ephambili Press.

IA Goncharov inoveli "eweni"

Iinoveli Goncharova kokupapashwa "Oblomov" ayipheli apho. Ngowe-1868 iphephancwadi "Herald of Europe" weza elandelayo emva "Oblomov" inoveli yakhe - "Open". Kuye akhulelwa phantse ngaxeshanye "Oblomov", kodwa ukubhala le piece Goncharov wathabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20! Ngexesha le minyaka, ukuba indawo isizukulwana sonke, sonke ixesha. ixesha Dark wolawulo Nicholas I, eRashiya wafudukela imvuselelo kunye nokuhlaziywa. Kodwa ndiyilinde Goncharova wayesaqhubeka ixesha eladlulayo, ukusuka apho rhuthu nemifanekiso yakhe kunye nabalinganiswa. Ukugxeka abazange bayiqonde le ncwadi, mhlawumbi oku negalelo ukungaqiniseki ixesha xa wabonakala. Kweli xesha wavalwa iimagazini "Contemporary" yaye "igama Russian", nokugxekwa elahlekelwe abameli okusemandleni, kuquka Pisarev. "Amanqaku iLizwe loobawo" liye kodwa ukufumana iinyawo zayo. In ubuntatheli kugcwele ukudideka ezingqondweni zengqondo. Kwaye ngesiquphe, kula maxesha wakhathazeka bazalwa umsebenzi yongezwe nembonakalo ethile ebomini, yaye kuthiwa ukukhangela nethemba ... Goncharov uyakuqonda bonke ubudala, zityebile, zilungile, enethemba ukubalelana endala kunye entsha. Kakade ke, lo gama ndawo ayikwazanga abaxhasi.

Masithi amagama ambalwa malunga engundoqo amanani amabini kwinoveli - Eden kunye nomakhulu walo. IParadesi ekulweni umyalelo, isisa, kodwa ubuthongo endala elukhukweni obutofotofo, kwaye wayengayikhanyeli ngokwakho nto, nkqu Egorka akuvumelayo ukuba off izihlangu zakhe. Uhlala kuloo xesha serfdom, kwaye alwe kuphela ngamazwi kuphela, ayixhaswanga case: nje icebisa noninakhulu iseti yakhe kukhulula ngamakhoboka, kodwa kule meko akafuni ukuba angenelele, nangona oko ebesiphe kona. Le kokuthandabuza kakhulu oluqhelekileyo, uphawu ngenxa lonke uluntu Russian ngexesha enzima, njengoko naliphi na ixesha lotshintsho.

Ugogo ziyafana axakekile nomzukulwana wakhe. Uthetha ulwimi lwabo izinyanya, amagama, imizekeliso, ubulumko yamandulo. Ngokusebenzisa obu bulumko ugugile yena lubonwa kunentsingiselo enkulu ngaphezu eParadesi. Kwathi ekupheleni, nzima, mfazi imperious, abakuthandi ukuba kunikezela, nangona ezintliziyweni nokuqonda idla amalungelo eParadesi. Noko ke, nangona ekukholoswe ngayo yaye bekholelwa ukuba ilungile, kusenjalo akukho ukwaliwa touchy entsha. Nje, ukuba sele emdala kakhulu kwaye uloyiko ezintsha, kodwa obuphantsi kuye njengoko kuyimfuneko.

Ngoko kulo lonke kwinoveli ukwenzeka lo mxholo: umzabalazo ziya zishiywa lixesha njengoko obutsha. Goncharov lingaphumi ukuziphendulela naziphi na amaqela, ikwafuna kuphela kuxolelwano zabo womanyano.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ivan Aleksandrovich, Kakade ke, wacaphuka, akuthabatha inoveli. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-kwiminyaka engama-60 ubudala, yaye emva yayimikhulu uloyiso zoncwadi. Emva kokukhutshwa "lwaya" Goncharov kunqabile kakhulu eboniswe kuluntu yaye encinane kubhaliweyo. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe yakutsha nje iquka "Uqobo Hosi", "zillion intuthumbo", "Iimeko ukuba ngubani Belinsky," "Kulunge ngakumbi emva kwe never", "bakhonzi", "Iinkumbulo".

Ukusilela umntwana ozithandayo, ukugula nokuya ukwaluphala kukhokelela naye ukudangala ize inkanuko. Ngowe-1873, irenki jikelele, Goncharov umhlala ngenkankulu banyamezela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane inkonzo ubuncinane enye imemori elungileyo. Noko ke, emveni kokuba okwakuza Ivanu Aleksandrovichu babephila phantse iminyaka engama-20. Abahlobo wayeshiye kancinane kufutshane kakhulu, ayenzelwe wafumana iindwendwe yaye sithetha ngandlel nzima. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, Ivan Alexandrovich izibetho kunye neengxaki zempilo, kunye Goncharov wabulawa yinyumoniya nge -15 Septemba 1891 ngonyaka.