Ubunzima neutron, Proton, electron - ukuba bafana?

Njengoko kwenzeka ukudibana kuphela into engaziwa, ngoko akukho qiniseka Mercantile-yehlabathi umbuzo - kangakanani oko: Umlinganiseli. Kodwa ukuba oku ayaziwa - an yamasuntswana samabanga, ngoko yintoni? Kwaye akukho nto, umbuzo usahleli: yintoni na ubunzima kwisuntswana. Ukuba umntu ukwenza babale iindleko ekungenwe yesintu anelise ukwazi kwakhe ukufunda ngakumbi ncam umlinganiselo ubunzima amasuntswana sabaqalayo, ange siyazi ukuba, umzekelo, neutron ubunzima ngeekhilogram kunye nenani omangalisayo amaqanda emva kwesishumi, ubuntu iindleko ebiza kakhulu ngaphezu ukwakhiwa kuyabiza kakhulu kunye nenani elifanayo amaqanda phambi kokuba kwesishumi.

Yonke le nto yaqala kakhulu ovele: elabhoratri ekhokelwa J. Dzh.Tomsonom ngo-1897 waqhuba isifundo semitha cathode .. Isiphumo ugqibe esingaguqukiyo yendalo iphela - umlinganiselo ubunzima electron kwamacala ratio. Ngaphambi yokuqinisekisa ubunzima ovela iphantse apha - ukumisela ityala layo. Emva kweminyaka eli-12, uRobert Head unako ukukwenza oko. Yena azamile nokuhla kwintsimi yombane zamathontsana ioli, yaye unako ukulungelelanisa nje ubunzima yexabiso asendle, kodwa ukwenza imilinganiselo efunekayo mncane kakhulu. ngenxa yabo - ixabiso ngamanani ubunzima electron:

mna = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Ngeli xesha, kunye nezifundo ngesakhiwo le ngumongo atom, nto leyo eye onguvulindlela Ernest Rutherford. Yaba nguye lowo, ebukele ukusasazeka amasuntswana icala, iye ecetywayo umfuziselo atom kunye iqokobhe electron engaphandle kunye isiqalo esihle. Kwisuntswana, nto leyo ke imodeli langa atomic kuye kwandululwa isiqalo indima kwecacileyo atom bombardment ifunyenwe kwi eyayinethombo nenayitrojini-alpha reyi. Oku zasabela lokuqala zenyukliya afunyenwe elebhu - japan yayo ifunyenwe nitrogen neoksijini nuclei elizayo athom hydrogen, ezi protons. Noko ke, imitha alpha luqulathe amasuntswana ezintsonkothileyo kongezwe protons ezimbini ziqulathe neutron ezimbini ezongezelelweyo. Neutron ngobuninzi phantse lilingane ubunzima Proton ubunzima lilonke alpha-yamasuntswana eqinileyo lufumaneka kakhulu ukuze atshabalalise engundoqo kunye sibali chip kude "iqhekeza", yaye oko kwenzeka.

Flow protons ezakhayo baphambuke yi esigangeni yombane, ukubuyekeza aphambuke yayo zibangelwa yi womxhuzulane. Kwezi amalinge ukufumanisa ubunzima Proton ayikho nzima. Kodwa umdla kakhulu umbuzo into uhlobo lolwalamano kukho ubunzima Proton kunye ovela. Riddle Ngokukhawuleza isonjululwe: ubunzima Proton lidlula ubunzima electron ngakumbi kancinane izihlandlo 1836.

Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni, imodeli atom azithathele Rutherford iseti electron-Proton kunye nenani elifanayo protons kunye electron. Noko ke, kungekudala kakhulu kwenzeka ukuba umfuziselo zaseprayimari zenyukliya ayichazi ngokupheleleyo zonke iziphumo kwenziwa ukudibana amasuntswana nezakhiwo. Kuphela ngo-1932, Dzheyms Chedvik yaqinisekisa hypothesis kwamasuntswana ezongezelelweyo ngumongo. Babebizwa neutron, protons, cala, ekubeni abazange babe isigxina. Yiyo le nto ibangela gaze lwabo ngaphezu - ke musa ukuchitha amandla zabo ionization zingagilani atom. neutron ubunzima kancinci kuphela ngaphezu ubunzima Proton - bebonke malunga 2.6 electron iingqimba ngakumbi.

Iimpawu imichiza kwezinto kunye nemixube leyo akhiwa lwesi sakhi, kumiselwa inani protons kwi ngumongo atom. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo inxaxheba be le Proton kwi eyomeleleyo kunye nezinye iindibano ibalulekileyo: umoya, omxhuzulane kalujaca. Ngaloo ndlela, nangona isigxina offline neutron, kunye olunamandla Proton kunye neutron unxibelelwano ithathwa njengento yamasuntswana nucleon iyevakala kumazwe ezahlukeneyo quantum. Inxalenye yokufana le yokuziphatha yezi amasuntswana kungenxa yokuba ubunzima neutron yahlukile encinane kakhulu ukusuka ubunzima Proton. uzinzo Proton uvumela ukusetyenziswa pre-nokukhawulezisa ukuya ngezantya phezulu, njengoko amasuntswana bombarding basabele zenyukliya.