Ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy: ebangela neziphumo

Phantsi yobuFasi e Italy ukuba baqonde nkqubo owayenguzwilakhe capitalism karhulumente, echitha ukususela ngowe-1922 ukuya 1943. Umququzeleli Kwalo nkokeli Prime Minister.

Fascism: Inkcazo

Lo gama a imvelaphi kabini. Kunye Italian fascio bubonakala "League". Ukusuka Latin - "msebe". Wanga njengomfuziselo yolawulo baseRoma. Inkokeli yobuFasi Italian - iNkulumbuso - wenza ifascia awayebalasele ngayo iqela lakhe. Ukuqalisa imisebenzi yayo, wafuna ukubuyisela uBukhosi baseRoma. Le ifascia wavunywa ngo 1919 Kukholelwa ukuba ukususela ngaloo mzuzu wazalwa Fascism. Ukumiselwa kwe ncwadi yenzululwazi ithi nomzekelo yolawulo syncretic. Ngokusekelwe enye lwayo kwasekwa kamva.

iintshukumo esisiseko

YobuFasi nobuNazi othatha asasazwa kwinkulungwane XX. iintlobo abaninzi ayinazimpawu eziqhelekileyo bulumko kunye nezopolitiko. Akuzange efanayo kunye nemigaqo yembono, kwinkcubeko kunye kwebhola. Ngelo isanda yobuFasi nobuNazi obubonakala ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka ehlabathini lonke. Phantsi kobunkokeli yeentshukumo lukaHitler eyaqala ngo eJamani. Ngeloxesha ngexesha elifanayo Argentina wabumba Peronism, eRomania kwakukho "Iron Guard", wazalelwa Spain falangizm eBrazil - integralism, Japan - statism. E Hungary, uMenzi "Utolo Cross Party" njalo-njalo.

into ebaluleke

Phambi kokuba fascists Second World wayekholelwa ukuba izenzo zabo zisekelwe kwimigaqo efanayo bulumko. intshukumo nganye Inkokheli yayo. inkqubo party-Enye kucingelwa. Kwaye ke mbono yayisekelwe kaDarwin zentlalo, elitism. Noko ke, urhulumente ngamnye izama ukubambelela Fascism ekhethekileyo malunga uhlanga lwabo. Umzekelo, e-Portugal, kwakukho urhulumente kwabefundisi-corporate, eyayikhokelwa Salazar. ESpeyin, waba Phalangist Union. Ngo-1945 th uninzi oorhulumente ngokungenalusini karhulumente zaye uyazimela amaNazi. Ngoko bazama ukuphelisa ngokulinganiswa izimvo zabo imodeli Hitler.

isisekelo senkolelo

Ingcamango ephambili yenkqubo zaye kuchaziwe kwi "Mfundiso". ngumdali yawo Dzhovanni Dzhentile. Wanga ngunozala imfundiso yimibono actualistic. Dzhovanni Dzhentile kuvakaliswe "Mfundiso" ihlabathi lakhe amanyathelo kwendawo yabantu. Waqiqa ngelithi abantu abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle imfazwe. "Uxolo Obungunaphakade" walahlwa njengento kumnandi.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze ukuvela

Izizathu ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy zimilile kwi imeko yentlalo noqoqosho kwelo xesha. neziphumo ezibi le zomkhosi ilizwe ezimbi kakhulu. iingxaki Pre-ezikhoyo kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye zoqoqosho nje isekho, kodwa ngokuchasene noko, ngakumbi kuxhotyiwe. Ilizwe ledinga kwiiBalkans, eli lizwe akakakwamkeli. izinto Huge neminikelo ezingabantu ngamampunge. Njengesiphumo esithe ngqo yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo ekutshatyalalisweni kwicandelo lezoqoqosho. ukuhla kakhulu kwimveliso, ukunyuka etyala yangaphandle, ukunyuka ngqesho. Imeko lwabasebenzi engaboni kakuhle, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni igagasi kakhulu kwi intshukumo lwentando yesininzi kunye nabasebenzi ', kwakunye nengxaki ka-1919-1920.

Sesikwenzile ithandwayo yaba ikhwelo phakathi abaqhankqalazi: "Ukwenza njalo, zombini eRashiya." Okuthetha revolution 1917. E Italy, ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukusasaza ingcamango phantsi kwesizwe lwamashishini, ukusekwa lozwilakhe yabantu abasebenzayo. Ekwindla ka-1920, abasebenzi baqala ukuthatha i-mveliso kumantla elo lizwe, libazisa ukulawula ukusebenza kwemveliso. Apha emzantsi yaqinisa nabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo kunye nabasebenzi basezifama. Kule meko ngokukhawuleza yalomeleza indawo ye Socialist Party. Saba intshukumo kwezopolitiko ngobukhulu kweli lizwe. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukwahlulwa nazigqibo ubunkokheli kwenzeka kweli iqela. Ngowe-1921, lufudukile nephiko ngasekhohlo. Kuye kwasekwa Communist Party.

Ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy

Unyaka 1919 kubhekwa njengesiqalo ekuqaleni intshukumo entsha. Ngo Matshi kuye kwabanjwa indibano usemthethweni zeqela "ukulwa ubuhlobo." It lukhokelwe Benito (imibala) uMussolini. Wagxothwa intshukumo yali waza wajoyina i disaffected amajoni, zizifundiswa, abafundi, abameli noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga, uboya ezahlukeneyo iimbono awukacaci yezopolitiko. Siyahamba yayo, ibe kuyo kwakukho izinto mthetho. Bonke aba bantu Simanywe kukuthiya socialism kunye yintshukumo yabasebenzi.

Okokuqala, inani labathathi-nxaxheba yayincinane. Ke iinkokheli le intshukumo thelekelwayo kakuhle isimo iindimbane. Ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy kwaba yimpumelelo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ebonakalayo demagogy kwezentlalo, intelekelelo kwi slogans ezithandwayo ngelo xesha. iinkokeli Party zaye kunika izithembiso ezinkulu, ezama ukufumana ukuzithemba kweemaleko ezahlukeneyo kunye neeklasi. Ngu ukuwa-1919 yaqala ukubonakala amaqela axhobileyo. amalungu zabo ziqalise unkwantyo nxamnye abafakwe zorhwebo kunye wobusoshiyali. Phezu kwazo nje izithembiso demagogic ukuba zisasazwe imibala uMussolini, abameli ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba enkulu sabona amandla movement olunokuba ukucinezela umsebenzi abasebenzi, ukukhusela ipropati kunye ukuseka ucwangco lizwe, unikela ingqalelo iimfuno lizwe. NgoNovemba 1921, oko bekuxela zokusekwa kwe-National yobuFasi Party kwi intshukumo Congress. Ingongoma ephambili yocwangciso ikuluhlu kupapashwa ingcamango "yobuninzi babantu."

Iimpawu Fascism Italian kukugcina yokuba sokuphumelelisa ezi njongo baba ukukhonza onke amacandelo oluntu. Ukuze benze oku, ke, ukuba kuyimfuneko ibikukuseka uxolo phakathi kwabo. Ngokuphathelele koku ndawonye kunye ngamaSoshiyali, ebiza kuba kumzabalazo sabasebenzi ngokuchasene oongxowankulu, ke wathi iintshaba umanyano lwesizwe. Iqale ngenkuthalo ngezimali iqela. Waziphilisa le abaqeshisi ezinkulu, koonobhanki kunye mveliso. Ayekholelwa ukuba ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy uya kukhusela iimfuno zabo, atshabalalise yintshukumo yabasebenzi, abasebenzi amandla ukuthobela. Ngokuvunyelwa abameli inkokeli elite iqela isiphumo ukuba mandikhethe kurhulumente kunye namaqela abaxhobileyo laququzelela iphulo eRoma. October 30, 1922 uKumkani umisela uMussolini inkulumbuso.

ukuhanjiswa

Ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy bazitshitshisela isininzi sabantu. Kumanqanaba okuqala indawo qela liye ezingazinzanga kakhulu. Nakuba kunjalo, phantse ngokukhawuleza uncedo lwabo yeza American bodwa. United States ngobubele ubhale ngaphandle Amatyala imfazwe Italy kwi 80,2%. Ukongeza, kuba imali eseleyo sele umise irekhodi eliphantsi umyinge wenzala - 0.4%. Ngoko nangoko emva koko, i-Bank Morgan ngo-1925 wanikwa amboleke $ 100 mln., Nguwuphi walandelwa kwezinye mboleko eziliqela. Sisazi ukuba njongo ephambili yale nkqubo Versailles-Washington wenza intshukumo anti-eSoviet, ukufika ethath 'amandla e-Italy wavumela ukuba' ukusindisa eYurophu ukususela nobuKomanisi. " Kungenxa yoko le nto iNkulumbuso "idinga uncedo lwemali" indlela.

ingqalelo jikelele

UMussolini njengento liqhawe, ukulwa nxamnye yobukomanisi. US Ambassador Childe (enye oonozakuzaku inkulu of America), iNkulumbuso Ndaziswa ehlabathini amanani kakhulu ixesha. Alana wehla ephuma emlonyeni kunye nenye yezopolitiko abadumileyo of America - Butler. Wayekholelwa iNkulumbuso laseburhulumenteni inkulu lwekhulu XX. UNobhala of State, kwaye ke ilungu le-US Armed Forces Charles Hughes, ngexesha lokudodobala ka-1929-1933. Wathi ukuba ilizwe lidinga "a uMussolini" ukusombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Ekuqaleni kuka-1927 eRoma yaye batyelela Churchill. Yena wachukunyiswa ukuhambela ukwazi uMussolini.

Background Brief Historical

UMussolini wazalwa ngo-1883. Lowo weza evela intsapho mkhandi yakhe. umcebisi wakhe ngokomoya Machiavelli. Ebomini, Benito uMussolini ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo kunye noluntu kwi ungquzulwano. Into yokuba abe umsebenzi eqhelekileyo ukuba ngutitshala kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi yaphakanyiswa, ngoxa yena wafuna ukuba uKesare. Kwiminyaka engama-20, aloluhlobo emkhosini, uMussolini wabalekela eSwitzerland. Apha waqhubeka ingqalelo ngokwakhe wenkqubo yobuSoshali, ngoko kukho anarchist, ngoko kubukho bukaThixo, njalo-njalo. Wayephila kakhulu kakuhle. Abaninzi ezibiweyo. Waya ke entolongweni, ndagxothwa eSwitzerland, wafudukela Austria.

umsebenzi Political Benito

Ngowe-1905, njengokuba deserter amnestied, wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe. Kokuba ujoyine Socialist Party, uMussolini ngokukhawuleza wenza umsebenzi. Kabili esejele (okwexeshana). Njengokuba amaxesha amaninzi baphosa abafazi kunye nabantwana. Ngowe-1914, uMussolini waba umhleli we umzimba yali, yaye kamva nokuhlela ndaba zabo, bathandana waluthethelela ingcamango Entente. Emva kwemfazwe eItali ozalwa mbuso enamandla ethandwayo. Kweli nqanaba, inkulumbuso elizayo inika iinkonzo bakhe abaqeshisi kunye nongxowankulu. Ngenkxaso zabo zemali yena obutha namatshijolo kunye ezigcwele ngokwamaqela - ekuthiwa-athathwe zwilakhe. Ngo-Oktobha 1922, yena acwangcise edume "Matshi iRoma". Ikomkhulu eyabangela ukuba isihlwele ka 8000 Blackshirts. Urhulumente yokothuka, kunye uMussolini isiphumo kulindeleke njengoko ulungisiwe, ngokusekelwe eMilan. ERoma ngequbuliso wafumana incwadi yocingo apho wacela ukumkani ukuba abe inkulumbuso.

isiphelo

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo Versailles-Washington waye preordained indima amazwe ezazifanele ukuba udlale indima 'inqindi "yokusabela nxamnye eSoviet Union. Oku kuqala kwenziwa iJamani kunye namanye amagunya abo oorhulumente ingqalelo ngokwabo ukusa kumkhamo othile, ndayihluthwa kule nkomfa uxolo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Italy. wave Turbid of intshukumo entsha, eyaqala kwiminyaka yakhe dvadtsytye emele ama impiriyali hayi kuphela siqinisekiso enokuthenjwa ukuba loo magunya aya kusebenza Vanguard le ndlela anti-eSoviet. Ezi States babeza kuba amagcisa bokwenyaniso ehlabathini ukuthanda wongxowankulu.

Sele 1920 ukuchaza ngokucacileyo umgaqo-nkqubo yamazwe "lwentando yesininzi". Zonke izenzo yabo ijolise ekudaleni iimeko ukuba uhlaselo kwi ekuthiwa-amagcisa USSR. Ngokwenza njalo, lo amagunya nkulu kwakumelwe ahlale sibukela, ubuncinane kwinqanaba lokuqala yemfazwe. Kufuneka kuthiwe Italy akazange wadlala ivayolin yokuqala iokhestra eYurophu. Urhulumente zange kwahluka ithuba elikhulu mveliso, waba indawo alale. Konke oku ngokubonakalayo umda namakhono zomkhosi yobuFasi e-Italy.