Yintoni umgaqo ukuziphindiselela. talion Umgaqo: Umxholo yokuziphatha

I odumileyo eBhayibhileni 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso, nezinyo ngezinyo "inomnye igama yamkelwa mthetho, - umgaqo ukuziphindiselela. Oko kuthetha ukuba kwakuvela, ukusebenzisa ezi ntsuku njani yaye phi?

definition

Talion siseko ithetha isohlwayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngomlinganiselo ekufuneka lokuyivelisa umonakalo ukuba ubunzima.

Kusenokuba eziphathekayo elingumqondiso. Kwimeko yokuqala ezibangelwa isohlwayo embi ngokutsha kanye, ize eyesibini - yokulingana ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nembuyiselo ubanjwa ingcamango.

Ukuvela-siseko ukuziphindezela ezinxulumene nokukhula ingqiqo abantu okusesikweni xa engalawulekiyo legazi asisathobeli iimfuno zobulungisa. Ngaloo ndlela, injongo yawo kukukhusela komoni namalungu entsapho yakhe ukuzama ibangela ububi kuwo engeyomfuneko ukuba ixhoba kunye nentsapho yakhe.

Isohlwayo ngenxa sizibambe kumaxesha kokubhalwa kwembali

Imvelaphi ingcamango isohlwayo mthetho alinganayo umonakalo ukuba ubunzima, kuye kwavela kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo kuluntu lokuqala. Ifom ukuzazi yalo mgaqo sigcinwe kwezinye iinkcubeko ukuya namhlanje. Ngenxa yoko, abemi Guinea, indoda ngumfazi yila ukukrexeza unelungelo ukulala nomfazi umenzi wobubi, yaye Abyssinia umzalwana okanye omnye umntu isalamane womfi ngenxa yomnye umntu ukuwa bonwabile kuloo mthi, maxa nemiqathango efanayo njengoko yena utsibela ukusuka kubude kwi umoni unwitting.

talion isimiso uHammurabi

Le ukumkani waseBhabhiloni, eyaziwa ngokuba ubulumko bakhe wokuyenza, wadala uluhlu lwemithetho apho okusesikweni kufuneka yenziwe kwilizwe lakhe kwintsimi emazweni. Imithetho kaHammurabi has 3 uhlobo lesohlwayo:

• .. I isohlwayo ulawulo obabuthandwa ukuziphindezela, okt kumgaqo 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso ";
• ulawulo elinophawu (unyana Kulowaxabela uyise kunqunyulwa isandla sakhe, ugqirha ukuba utyando aluphumelelanga - umnwe kunye nabanye.);
• abuse isipili (ukuba eluphahleni lwendlu liwa, baza bambulala amanye amalungu entsapho host, wangcatsha umakhi Ukufa kwesalamane).

I wonder unjani umntu ambeke lobuxoki kwakhona asongele ukubulawa. Ngokukodwa, i sohlwayo bekucingelwa, ukuba lanyeliswa yathotyelwa isohlwayo sentambo.

KwaYuda eRoma yamandulo

wezakwalizwi owaziwayo Filon Aleksandriysky wasivuna umgaqo njengempindezelo elungeleleneyo njengoko ngendlela enobulungisa kuphela ukohlwaya unetyala. Wayengomnye yawona yokuqala abangamaYuda ingqalelo ithuba imbuyiselo ngenxa yomonakalo.

Uxanduva kumgaqo ukuziphindezela sele ezisisigxina imithetho yaseRoma yamandulo. Kwangaxesha nye kwelakwaYuda ixhoba bakhethe phakathi isicelo umonakalo enye ukuya unetyala emali imbuyekezo, eyabhalwa kwiTestamente eNdala (cf .. Eks. 21:30). Noko ke, emva kwexesha elithile ababhali beTalmud baye bagqiba ukuba talion ofanele ngenxa yokwenzakala emzimbeni abonakala kuphela imbuyekezo ngemali. Ke wabagwebelayo oku ngokuthi ubulungisa ukuziphindezela ayikwazi kuthathwa yinyaniso njengoko kwamehlo lincinane okanye ezinkulu, ababona kakuhle okanye abangaboni kakuhle, njalo njalo. N.

Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni kuphula umgaqo ngokulinganayo ukuziphindiselela, kwakunye njengoko kuchaziwe kwi kwiTestamente eNdala, umanyano umyalelo osingisele kuzo.

the Bible

KwiTestamente Endala siseko ukuziphindezela yaqaliswa ukunqanda umqokozo zolwaphulo ngenxa legazi phakathi kweentsapho, nto leyo angahlala eminyaka. Endaweni yoko, wasebenzisa umgaqo sizibambe ngokulinganayo. Kwaye lo mthetho ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa ziijaji, hayi abantu. Yiyo loo nto iingcali ubizo ukuba ingqalelo umgaqo ebhayibhileni wobulungisa 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso "njengokuhlaba ikhwelo ukuziphindezelela, njengoko kwi Old Testament Incwadi ye Eksodus (21: 23-21: 27) oko kuphela sisohlwayo ngokweemfuno cala.

Kamva Kristu ebizwa ngokuba 'kufakwe kwisidlele sokunene, "okwenza revolution ezingqondweni zabantu. Noko ke, umgaqo sizibambe hayi unyamalele, kodwa similise "lulawulo yegolide yokuziphatha" kumagama original echaza ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza kwabanye njengoko awufuni ukwenza kuwe, uze emva koko kufakwa indlela ikhwelo lokuba kusetyenzwe kakuhle.

Ku Qur'an,

Ngo-Islam, isohlwayo kumgaqo ukuziphindezela kunokwenzeka kwezinye iimeko ukuba ahlawule umonakalo intlawulelo.

Ngokukodwa, i-Quran emiselweyo zibonise umvuzo abo babulala (umfazi - kumfazi, ikhoboka - ikhoboka), kodwa ke ukuba umbulali lowo nithi isihlobo (ngokuyimfuneko Muslim), ngoko ke kufuneka ahlawulele amaxhoba befanelekile. Umthetho lokugqibela Njengokuba ubufanasini njenge "isiqabu nenceba," yaye ngokwaphula yayo uxhomekeke ukulaya buhlungu.

Ukuziphatha kokuxolela e Sura 5 uthathwa ukuba ibe sisenzo, izono wokukhulula. Noko ke, ukuxolelwa ke kucetyiswa kuphela, kodwa hayi efunekayo. Ngelo xesha kwi rah elandelayo, unako ukufumana ingcamango yokuba umvuzo ububi ngobubi ngokwayo ezinjalo, ngoko ungazisindisi ngokwakhe kulingana obangela.

Ngenxa yoko, e Islam, talion ayikho akwamkelwanga waxelela amaKristu. Ingakumbi ukusika iimfuno kwenza umahluko yokujongana 'abo "nanxamnye amaRoma ukuba ityala elo kufuneka ukuhlangabezana efanayo.

Ilungelo Russian

Ingcamango ukuziphindezela kweli lizwe baqhubeka de ngenkulungwane ye-18. Ngoko, kwi kwiBhunga Code of 1649 kumgaqo isohlwayo ukuziphindezela kuthetha ukuba kuza umoni ngendlela efanayo njengoko wenzayo. Umthetho uthi ngokucacileyo ukuba kuyimfuneko "ukuphumeza kwakhe ngokufanayo." Ngokuba amehlo ngenaniwakrukrile Ngaphezu koko, lo mthetho ukuba athuthunjiswe ngexesha leholide, njengoko babesebenza kunjalo ukwaphulwa iveki yonke.

Isimanga, kodwa Taleon esigcinwe imithetho Peter I. Ingakumbi, emkhosini ukumakisha ukususela ngo-1715 wayalelwa ukuba zibaswe kunye ngentsimbi ulwimi eshushu nabanyelisi ukuba lokuxoka phantsi kwesifungo kunqunyulwa iminwe emibini, nangenxa yokubulala ndamnqamla intloko.

Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha ezo ntlobo ukuziphindezela zisetyenziswa ayisekho. Oku kubangelwe ikakhulu yokuba iifom nzima ngakumbi ulwaphulo-mthetho, isohlwayo kunye isipili sele izakungenzeki.

Ukusuka kwinqanaba ngenxa yokuziphatha

Kukholelwa ukuba lo mgaqo sizibambe lelokuqala kuthotho imigangatho apho abantu ubuze iingxelo ezininzi jikelele ngayo kufuneka ilawulwe njani yi-ratio okulungileyo nokubi. Ngamanye amazwi, oku olwandulela ukwenzeka imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Noko ke, ukuvela karhulumente, leyo wathabatha phezu imisebenzi yobulungisa, wajika waya Taleon oyidingayo zangaphambili, ambetha kuluhlu imigaqo esisiseko nokulawulwa sisiseko sokuziphatha.

Ngoku uyazi isiqulatho yokuziphatha umgaqo ukuziphindiselela, kwakunye nentsingiselo yalo kwaye zisetyenziswa kwizithethe zonqulo nenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.