Umzekelo wenkundla yokuqala kwihlabathi. Inkundla yokuqala njengomthombo womthetho

Ukuze unelungelo lokuphumeza ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi yalo, kubalulekile ukuba kubonakaliswe kwangaphandle. Imfundiso esemthethweni phantsi kwefomu ebonisa intando, ithetha ukuqhelekileyo. Nguye lowo umthombo osemthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwimiba emine yezinto ezihlukeneyo: i-precedent, isivumelwano, isenzo somthetho esisisigxina kunye nesithethe esivumelekileyo.

Inkundla yokuqala njengomthombo womthetho

Amazwe amaninzi abeka umzekelo njengomthombo obaluleke kakhulu kumthetho . Ubukho bezinto eziphambili zomgwebo kubonisa ukuba amazwe anjalo asebenza kwimisebenzi yokwenza umthetho.

Inkundla elandelwe isigwebo isigqibo senkundla esenza utshintsho, isungula okanye ihluthe umthetho, sidluliselwe kwimeko ethile. Kufuneka ukuba umzekelo ofanayo okanye ophantsi xa ufunda amacala afanayo, kuba umzekelo unamandla omthombo womthetho. Kule nqaku siza kuqwalasela ngokubanzi yonke into ehambelana nale ngcamango.

Umzekelo wesigwebo somthetho eRussia kukuchazwa kwemiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko yiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko. Oku kwenziwa ngokujonga ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, isigqibo sePlumum yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeArbitral, njalo njalo.

Imbali yokuqala: umvelaphi, umzekelo

Ngoko, yintoni na? Inkundla elandelwayo njengokuba umthombo womthetho uwaziwa kwixesha elidala. Yintoni yabonakala ngathi? KwiRoma yakudala, iziganeko zaziyimigqibo kwimicimbi yabathengisi, kunye nabaphathi. Kwakhona kukho iingxelo zomlomo. Ekuqaleni, iziganeko xa kuqwalaselwa amacala afanayo abophezela kuphela abaphathi abawamkeleyo kunye nexesha elithile. Kancinci, ezinye zeempembelelo eziphumelele zifumene umlingani ozinzile kwaye zaba yimimiselo yokuzibophelela yonke indawo - eli lilungelo lomphathiswa.

Ngama-Middle Ages, ukusetyenziswa kwembali kwakusetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukubanjwa kweNgilani ngo-1066 kwakhokelela ekuveleni komthetho oqhelekileyo kwilizwe lonke. Iinkundla zokuhamba zasebukhosini zaqala ukudala. Bazisombulula iingxabano egameni leNduna ngokufika kuloo ndawo. Kancinci, izigqibo ezithathwe ngabagwebi zaqala ukuthathwa njengesiseko xa ziqwalaselwa ngamacala afanayo ngamanye amaxesha. Ngoko kwakukho inkqubo eqhelekileyo eNgilani - isigwebo esilandelayo, isenzo esaqala ukubala amakhulu eemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwembali eRashiya

Umzekelo wawungenangqondo. KwiRussia yangaphambili, abanye oogqirha kunye ne-theorists baqaphela into ebonwa phantsi njengomthombo womthetho. Bayiqaphele ukuba idlala indima encedisayo okanye eyongezelelweyo ngokumalunga nomthetho. Ezinye i-theorists kunye noogqirha, ngokuchasene noko, abazange baphumelele ngaphambili njengemithombo yomthetho ozimeleyo.

I-Russia-Post-revolutionary inzululwazi yezomthetho yasemakhaya yaqhubeka ingaqapheli njengendlela yomthetho umgaqo esicinga ngawo. Ingcali yomthetho uRZ Livshits ichaza oku ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kwiSayensi yezomthetho yaseSoviet kunye nokuqonda umthetho.

Ukususela ngo-1985, inkqubela phambili ebomini babantu iholele ekutshintsheni kwendalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba indlela yokumisela iphelile ukuba ifanelekile. Le nyaniso yathintela ukuqatshelwa kwezenzo zomgwebo ngumthombo wezomthetho.

Kwamanye amazwe

Cinga ngendawo yokugweba phambili kwamanye amazwe. Okwangoku, enye yemithombo esemthethweni yembambiso yimbambano yecala kwiinkqubo zomthetho zaseUnited Kingdom, eUnited States, eCanada nakwamanye amazwe. Phantse yesithathu yehlabathi isaphila kwimigaqo eyakhiwe ngomthetho wesiNgesi. Ingqiqo ejongene nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudalweni komthetho waseYurophu.

Amazwe anomgaqo omnye wezomthetho angafaka isicelo esilandelayo kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iziganeko zomthetho zase-England zigcinwe ngokugqithiseleyo, kuba kukho umthetho ocacileyo. E-USA, ngokuchasene noko, umgaqo weengcamango ezicatshangelwayo awunzima ngenxa yezinto ezikhethiweyo zesakhiwo sombuso welizwe elinikeziwe.

Ukuqulunqwa komzekelo okwangoku

Isigqibo sokwahlulela singasetyenzwa njengesigwebo somthetho eRussian Federation. Umzekelo weso siqhamo uqwalaselwa kwicandelwana le nqaku.

Esi sinokuba isigqibo sokwahlulela esibangela ukuba asiyiyo isigwebo esipheleleyo okanye isigqibo sonke esibophelele kwiinkundla, kodwa kuphela isigxina somthetho esiphethwe ngumgwebi, ngenxa yesigqibo esenziwe ngaso.

Nangona kwimbono yemfundiso elandelwayo, into ebaluleke kakhulu kwisisombululo yincinci yesibini. Kukho okubalulekileyo kwimiba echazwe. Zonke ezinye izigqibo kubagwebi aziqwalaselwe njengegunya, kodwa luyinto ekholisayo. Ngenxa yoko, ingxabano yomthetho, evela enkundleni ephakamileyo yomthetho, okuyiyo ekuqulunqweni kokucamngca komthetho, ngokuqhelekileyo ungumzekelo. Kodwa kukho okungafaniyo. Sithetha ngamatyala apho kukho umzekelo woluhlu olufanayo kwimeko efanayo.

Umzekelo osisigxina wesigwebo somthetho singasigqibo senkundla esingaphantsi kwegunya apho kufumaneka isigwebo esifanayo.

Izixhobo zesigqibo senkundla

Isigqibo senkundla siqulethe izinto ezininzi.

1. Ukuqulunqwa kwezinto ezikhoyo ngqo okanye ezivela kwiimeko.
2. Ingxelo yemigaqo-mithetho esetyenziswa kwimicimbi esemthethweni evela kwiimeko ezithile.
3. Ngokusekelwe kwiingxenye ezimbini zokuqala zokufumana izigwebo kwimeko. Ziyingxenye yesithathu. Yinto ebalulekileyo kumacandelo, kuba ibeka imbopheleleko kunye namalungelo ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko zeso sizathu.

Imbali yokuqala yecala ngokumalunga nomthetho

Ngokumalunga nomthetho, i-precedent yezomthetho isesikweni esiphantsi. Oku kuchazwa njani? Umthetho unokurhoxisa isenzo senkundla yesigqibo. Ngoko ke, nayiphi na isenzo somthetho esamkelwe ngokuhambelana nenkqubo esisungulweyo ibophezela kwisicelo senkundla. Umzimba ochaphazelekayo unyanzelekile ukuba uthathe isenzo, ngokuqwalasela imithetho eyamkelweyo, ukudala i-precedent judgment. Imizekelo eRashiya yembali ephantsi kwengqalelo malunga nomthetho ininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ubukho kwimeko ethile yecala lokugweba ngokusekelwe kwimimiselo yomthetho. Kamva, le miqathango ikhanselwa okanye ishintshiwe. Ngenxa yoko, isigwebo esilandelayo asinakusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo.

Umthetho weRashiya unempawu ezintle: i-dynamism, i-normality and certainty.

Inkundla elandelwayo eNgilani

Umthetho wecala laseNgesi uhlala kwindawo ephambili kwintsapho esemthethweni. Oku kubangelwa ukuba inkundla ekufundweni kwezixhobo iqinisekisa ukuba ingaba ityala elifanayo liye laqwalaselwa ngaphambili okanye cha. Ukuba kukho into enje, ngoko, xa wenza isigqibo, inkundla ikhokelwa isigwebo esadluliselwe ngaphambili kwimeko efanayo. Kuthetha ukuthini oku? Isigqibo esithathwe kanye siqwalaselwa njengesiqhelo esisinyanzelo kwiimeko ezifanayo ezilandelayo. Kule meko, kukho ubukhulu bolawulo enkundleni, apho kuxhomekeke khona kumgangatho weemfuneko ezidlulileyo. Oku kuhlawulwa kwakhona. Imbali yokuqala yowomthetho ngumthombo omkhulu wecala eNgilani. Kukho amawaka angamakhulu asibhozo amaqhinga athatyathwayo. Kwaye inani labo landa ngonyaka.

Umbutho wenkqubo yezobukhosi yaseNgilandi

ENgilani, inkundla ephezulu yiNdlu yeeNkosi. Isigqibo esithathwe kuso sinyanzelekile kwezinye iinkundla.

Umzekelo wesicelo uquka amasebe amabini (olwaphulo-mthetho kunye noluntu). Inkundla kufuneka igcine iimbali zayo kunye neziganeko zeNdlu yeNkosi. Izigqibo zeNkundla yeziBheno zibophelela kwiinkundla eziphantsi.

INkundla ePhakamileyo, kuquka zonke iiofisi zayo ezichaphazelekayo, kufuneka zikhokelwe ngamandulo kwiziganeko eziphezulu xa zigqibo. Isigwebo senkundla ephakamileyo sibophelela kumabutho aphantsi.

Icandelo elincinane ngamantyi kunye neenkundla zesithili. Bamele balandele iziganeko eziphezulu zamagunya. Izigqibo zeenkundla zesithili nezomantyi azenzi iimbali zabo, njengoko ziyiNtetho yeNkundla.

Amanqanaba eenxalenye eziqhelekileyo ayigxininiswa ngumthetho olwaphulo-mthetho, ekubeni isungulwe yimilandu yezomthetho yaseNgilandi. Imizekelo yezinye iziganeko ezicatshangelwayo zihlobene nemithetho kaMicNaught. Ziqulethe imilinganiselo yokungcola engekho emthethweni wesiNgesi.

Inkundla elandelwayo kwi-USA

Ekubeni umgaqo we-US wemithetho wasungulwa ngokwemithetho yentsapho yase-Anglo-Saxon yomthetho, umthombo oyintloko ngowokuqala. Kubaluleke kakhulu kumgaqo. Umthetho wecala ubonisa ukuba kukho ubukhulu bolawulo kwiinkqubo zamandulo. Ukubeka nje, izigqibo ezithathwe yinkantolo ephakamileyo zibophezela kumalungu amanqanaba aphantsi.

Ukuba uhamba rhoqo, iziganeko zentambo e-USA zidalwe kwaye zimiselwe ngabameli beenkqubo zezomthetho. Imizekelo yezigqibo ezithathwe kwiimeko ezithile zizakusetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko ezifanayo. Ukuba elinye lamaqela alivumelani nesigqibo esithathwe yijaji, ummeli ophakamileyo kufuneka ahlaziye elo cala ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yecala elidlulileyo lelo mthetho.

Umzekelo wecandelo lokusetyenziswa kwe-US

Khawuqwalasele omnye umzekelo owaziwayo wenkundla yokuqala eMelika. Yilawulo lukaMiranda. Imbali yokubonakala kwayo yaqala ngo-1963 e-Arizona. Kulapho, ukuthunyelwa kwesenzo sobugebengu, u-Ernesto Miranda wabanjwa. Lo mntu uvuma ngokuzithandela kulwaphulo-mthetho olugqibeleleyo. Kodwa ekubeni engazange axelelwe ngamalungelo akhe enkqubo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States inqume ukuba kwimeko enjalo, ukuqaphela ngokuzithandela kwisenzo esipheleleyo akusona ubungqina becala. Ngako oko isiqhelo sazalwa, ngoko ummangali kufuneka aziswe ngamalungelo akhe enkqubo. Kuphela ke ukuvuma kwakhe kuya kusebenza njengobungqina becala.

Ulawulo lwe-Miranda lusemgangathweni, olufakwe kwiinkqubo ezininzi zamatyala e-United States. Imizekelo yenye into ephantsi kwengqwalasela iqulethe imimiselo evimbela ukulawulwa kwesikolo ukuba iphazamise ukubonakalisa umbono webafundi. Lo mgaqo ubonakala ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam. Emva koko omnye wabafundi besikolo e-Iowa wabeka izandla zakhe emabhokisini amnyama, ebonisa ukukhusela ngokumalunga nokulwa. Ekuphenduleni kweli gama lombono wakhe, ukuphathwa kwesikolo kukhupha umyalelo owenqabela ukugqoka kwesi sibalo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States iqwalasele isigqibo sokuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Emva koko, lo mgaqo waba ngumzekelo.

Umzekelo waseRashiya

Makhe siqwalasele umzekelo wenkundla elandelwayo eRussia. Bangakwazi ukukhonza njengesigqibo seenkundla eziphezulu ngokumalunga namaziko aphantsi. Iingqinisiso zeziganeko ezimileyo phezulu kwi-hierarchy azikho mthethweni. Kodwa ngokungafanelekanga yenze isigwebo esilandelayo. Imizekelo eRashiya yeziganeko ezicatshangelwayo ingabandakanyeka kwiinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho, zoluntu, ezolawulo kunye neminye.

Ngokomzekelo, inkundla yesithili kwimeko yecala lolawulo. Kamva ityala elifanayo liqwalaselwa yowiso-mthetho. Xa wenza isigqibo, iinkundla ezincinci zisoloko zisebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwamagunya aphezulu. Nguye omele i-precedent yezomthetho njengomthombo womthetho. Imizekelo yeengxabano zentsapho nayo ingaba ngumzekelo. Umzekelo, into ephantsi kokuqwalaselwa, ngokumalunga neembopheleleko zomntwana.