Uthini umahluko phakathi kokuphuhliswa kwezinto zokuziphendukela kwemvelo noluntu? Ingcamango yokuphuhliswa kwemibutho yoluntu kunye nokuguqulwa kweenguqulelo

Umbutho awuzange ume. Ngenxa yoko, izazi zentlalo zemiba eyahlukeneyo kunye nezikolo zenzululwazi ziye zazama ngendlela yazo ukuba ziqonde imigaqo ehamba ngayo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubunjweni kwembono ezimbini zepolisi: uphuhliso lwentlalo kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuluntu.

Theory of Spencer

IsiNgesi senzululwazi kunye nefilosofi uHerbert Spencer wafunda ezininzi iinkalo zobomi boluntu. Ngokukodwa, nguye yena owachazela ngokucacileyo ezo nkqubo ezichaphazela ukuphuhliswa kwentlalo yoluntu. Incwadi yakhe eyintloko, iMigaqo-siseko, yabhalwa ngo-1862. Kulo, uSpencer wadibanisa iziganeko ezifana nomgaqo wokungeneleli kwimeko kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ndiyabulela umbhali, abaphila ngexesha lakhe bafunda okuninzi malunga neengcamango zenkqubela phambili.

Ukucaphula into eyenziwa nguSpencer, umntu unokuthi, yintoni umehluko phakathi kokuphuhliswa kwezinto zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokuguqulwa kwentlalo. Okokuqala, ukungqinelana kwamanyathelo karhulumente ebomini babantu. Ukuba kuncinci, ke kukho inkqubo yokwahlula. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweenkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuninzi ezincinci. Amalungu amasha athola imisebenzi ehlukeneyo kubakho abaphambili, apho banokukwazi ukuhlangabezana nayo. Ngoko uluntu ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye luguquke ngokuthula, konke kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo izibonelelo zalo.

Iimpawu zokwahlukana

Inkqubo yokwahlukana ingabangela ukuqokelela ngokugqithisileyo kokungahambelani phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuhleni kweenkqubo. Le nhlekelele ibangelwa ngokuhlanganiswa, ehamba kunye nophuhliso loluntu.

Okuthakazelisayo kukuba, uSpencer wachaza ngokwenene imbono yeDarwin. Yayenziwe yintsimi yowesiNgesi kwiminyaka embalwa emva kokupapashwa kwe "Iimigaqo-siseko." U-Spencer wayekholelwa ukuba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyingxenye ebalulekileyo yendalo yonke. Wachaza nomgaqo obalulekileyo wenkqubo yembali, ngokubhekiselele kuzo izizwana ezahlukahlukeneyo nezizukulwana ngezizukulwana ezifudukela kwisigaba esitsha senqubekela phambili, ukushiya izibonelelo zemveli.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kokuphuhliswa kwezinto zokuziphendukela kwemvelo noluntu? Ingaba kwenzeka ngokuthula okanye kwimpi. Lo umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi ndlela ezimbini. Kukho amanye amanqaku abalulekileyo. Omnye wabo waqatshelwa ngumseshi waseFransi uEmile Durkheim. Lo mphandi, kunye noKarl Marx, uMax Weber no-Auguste Comte, uthathwa njengothixo wezesayensi zenzululwazi zanamhlanje.

Iqhinga likaDurkheim

I-Durkheim yayikholelwa ukuba ukuphuhliswa kwemvelo yoluntu, ngokungafani nokuguqulwa kwezinto, kubangela ukuhlukana okwenziwe ngokwasemthethweni kwemisebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, oku kwakuyimvelaphi yongxowa-mali eNtshona Yurophu. Lo umehluko phakathi kokuphuhliswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemibutho yoluntu.

Ngokutsho kweDurgeym, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zentlalo yoluntu. Iinkonzo ezilula zihlukaniswe zibe zigaba ezifanayo, ezifana nomnye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho iinkqubo ezinzima kunye nenkqubo ecacileyo kunye neenkcubeko ezininzi zezixhobo zabo. Kule meko, elowo luneengxenye zalo ezincinci, okubangela umbahluko. Umehluko kwisakhiwo yinto eyahlula ukuphuhliswa kwentlalo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemibutho. Kwimeko yeenguqu ezibukhali, inkqubela phambili iyayeka.

U-Emil Durkheim wachaza amanqanaba amaninzi ahambelana nokuxhamla koluntu, ukuba lulandela indlela yokuziphendulela. Okokuqala, ubungakanani bemihlali banda. Oku kukhokelela kwinani elikhulayo kunye nomgangatho wobudlelwane boluntu. Emva koko uqala inkqubo yokwahlukana kwabasebenzi, okuzinzisa ukuphikisana phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Isazi senzululwazi saseJamani uFerdinand Tennis wayengusosayensi wokuqala ukuba afunde inkqubela phambili yentlalo kwinkqubo yomlando. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Uluntu kunye noMbutho" wabonisa ukutshintshwa kweJamani ukusuka kwindlela yendabuko ukuya kwintsebenziswano yanamhlanje. Ukufunda ngokugqibeleleyo yinto ehlukanisa ukuphuhliswa kwentlalo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezinto.

Marxism

Ngekhulu le-XIX, ininzi luluntu lathintela kwiimbono zeSpencer. Nangona kunjalo, indawo yokujonga ibonakala kwakhona kwavela ngelo xesha. Abasunguli bayo babe nguKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels. Ezi zifundo ezimbini zaseJamani zaba ngabaxhasayo be-revolution njengesisombululo kwiingxaki phakathi kwecandelo elithile labantu abaphantsi kolawulo lwe-capitalism. UMarx waba umbhali we "Capital". Umsebenzi oyintloko ekugqibeleni waba yiBhayibhile kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba kwezopolitiko.

Isiphumo sempembelelo

Ukuphuhliswa kwezinto zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokuguqulwa koluntu kuhambelana nomnye nomnye, kuba zichaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenkqubela phambili. Kwiminyaka emashumi mabini anesithoba elinesithoba elinamashumi amabini anesibini, kwakukho iindibano ezininzi ezixhobileyo ezijolise ekuhlaziyweni koluntu. Ezinye zazo zaphumelela kwaye zakhokelela ekuwa komyalelo okhoyo.

Izindlela ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso loluntu (ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nezinguquko) nazo ziyahlukahluka kwimiphumo. Inkqubela phambili ihamba ngokukhawuleza ixazulula ezo mpikiswano ezivela phakathi kweeklasi zentlalo. Inguqulelo ikhokelela ekusongeni nasekuphambeni kwangoko kwimiba esekelwe. Ekuqaleni, amabali anjalo ayekho kuphela kumaphepha eencwadi, kodwa iziganeko emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala zibonakalisa ukugalelwa kwegazi kunye neentloni.

Amanyathelo okukhula koluntu

Iingcamango zanamhlanje zokuphuhliswa kwemvelo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemibutho yoluntu ziphuhlisiwe kancane. Isizukulwana ngasinye sososayensi sazisa into entsha kule mibono. Ngokomzekelo, ngekhulu lemashumi mabini, iWamen Walt Whitman Rostow icetywe igama elitsha "inqanaba lokukhula". Kwakukho ezintlanu. Ngamnye wabo ubonisa isigaba esithile senkqubela phambili yoluntu.

Isigaba sokuqala ngumbutho wendabuko. Isekelwe kwezolimo. Lona limeyile kakhulu, elingenakuguqulwa. Ukusukela kweli nqanaba, ukuphuhliswa kwentlalo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwintlupheko kuqala. Ubungakanani bemveli yoluntu bukhulu, kuba ngeli nqanaba ukuba zonke izithethe zale nto okanye ukuba abantu bazalwa.

Isigaba sesibini sibonakala ngexesha lokutshintsha. Kule nqanaba, uluntu luqokelela ngokwaneleyo izixhobo ukuqala ukuphuhliswa kwalo. Inani lotyalo-mali landa. Ukongezelela, urhulumente uqala phakathi (kwixesha elidlulileyo, i-feudalism ihamba).

Kwinqanaba lesithathu, uguquko lwezoshishino luqala , olubhekiselele ekuphuhlisweni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho. Izindlela zokutshintsha kwemveliso, okwandisa ukusebenza kwayo.

Umbutho Woshishino

Kwisigaba sesine kufuneke ukuba kwenziwe ukuvela kommandla wezorhwebo, ogqitywa ekugqibeleni kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokuphuhliswa kwemvelo. Ikwahluke kwinkqubo ephuhlisiwe neyinkqubo yokwahlukana kwabasebenzi, apho wonke umntu usebenza emsebenzini wakhe ngokwezemfundo kunye nezakhono.

Ukwandiswa kwemveliso kukuvumela ukuba unikezele inani elikhulu leemveliso ezahlukileyo kwimarike. Oku kuphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu. Imveliso ihlaziywa ngoncedo lwe-automation kunye ne-mechanism. Le nkqubo iphela ngohlaziyo lwezesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe. Kukho iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezikhoyo zanamhlanje (izithuthi, njl). Abantu bahamba phambili, kwaye iidolophu ziya kuhamba kwinqanaba leendawo zokuhlala emadolobheni, xa isiseko esitsha sezinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo kwaye zikhululekile zivela.

I-post-industrial industry

Iimbono zentlalo yezoshishino ezavela ekuphuhliseni intlalo yoluntu yayithandwa kakhulu kwikhulu lemashumi mabini. Kodwa akuzange kube yinto yokugqibela. Abanye abantu bezenhlalakahle (iZbigniew Brzezinski, uAlvin Toffler) bacebisa umbandela woluntu osemva kwezoshishino oluhambelana noqoqosho lwangoku.