Yayingubani umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma?

Uyanibulisa uGayo Octavius Furin (igama laloo mntu ekuzalweni) waseka uBukhosi baseRoma. Smart, wasisebenzisa kwaye izama, uya kuhlala ngonaphakade kwimbali. Yaba umlawuli ngomoya republic. Umlawuli wokuqala eRoma, uthathwa ukuba ezanyulwa phantsi igama Oktavian Avgust.

Intsapho ngemfundo Octavius oselula

Augustus uhlale ingqalelo ngokwakhe (yi uSuetonius) ukuya usapho yamandulo natyebileyo abakhweli. Uyise, Gay Oktavy - a abazizityebi ohloniphekileyo - waba leNdlu yeeNgwevu. Wafa nabantwana ekhohlo iinkedama 3. Uninzi umdla kuthi, unyana wakhe ngumfazi wakhe wesibini Attii (nomtshana Caesar), nto leyo koko uya kubizwa ngokuba Augustus - umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma, abaziinkedama kwiminyaka eyi-4.

Ngokutsho uSuetonius, yena wazalwa phambi ukusa, okanye 23, okanye 24/09/63 BC. e. wavele ikota palantinskom Velitrah (historians musa ngaphandle ukuba eRoma), apho kamva wabeka ingcwele yakhe. igumbi abantwana bakhe endlwini uyisemkhulu yakhe Velitrah ngenxa ezithile yezizathu kunzima zashiy uloyiko kunye kukududuzela abo bangena ngaphandle zokuhlanjululwa rite. Octavius Young waphakamisa ngumakhulu wam, dade sikaKesare, yaye xa wayeneminyaka engama-12, wanikela intetho emngcwabeni wakhe. 16 ubudala awayifumana amabhaso zomkhosi NgokaKesare nangoloyiso e-Afrika, kodwa emfazweni akazange inxaxheba. Kamva, yena obengazi komelezwa ugula kakhulu, kulandele kuKesare eSpeyin waza wafumana itayitile patrician. Caesar wawenza abafundileyo, lumka, okrelekrele Octavius ngo-45 BC. e. Umyolelo welifa igcinwe Vestal emfihlekweni ngokupheleleyo. Caesar yindlalifa yakhe neApoloni (Albania mihla), ukwenzela ukuba bayigqibe imfundo yakhe ukulungiselela imfazwe elitsha.

Ilifa le uzwilakhe (44 BC. E.)

Emva kokufunda kukubulawa uKesare, Octavius waya eRoma Wangena ilifa. Ukubonisa ubukrakra lentlungu, kwakhula iindevu njengomqondiso yesijwili uzwilakhe. Xa imbeko uloyiso bakhe, wachitha umdlalo. Hi ndlela leyi, kwakukho enomsila, apho abaninzi boyikiswa ngeli xesha. Kodwa Octavius wakwazi ukweyisela amaRoma ukuba - zaphezulu umphefumlo kaKesare.

Zithanda, wathengisa wanika amaRoma ilifa sesterces ezimakhulu mathathu. Okokuqala, iminyaka eli-12, nto leyo ibhodi kunye uMark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, yaye kamva - iminyaka 44 - autocratically. Njengoko ngokufutshane wachaza ubomi ezakhokelela umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma.

impi

Octavius waba 5 iimfazwe: mutinskuyu, eFilipi, peruziyskuyu, orange kunye Actian. Njengoko revenge for kokubulawa uKesare, waqala ukuba balwe ngamxhelo Cassius kunye Iuni, kodwa ke unozakuzaku Antony akazange inkxaso. Waza waqala ukulwa ne Antony. Kodwa singalindelanga wafumana inkxaso evela bempi amajoni, nangenxa Octavius wasebenzisa izakhono noonozakuzaku kwakhona bafana kunye Anthony.

Utshabalalisa Iuni, kunye bagqibe ngempumelelo imfazwe laseFilipi. Anthony wathunyelwa ukuya eMpuma ukuseka umyalelo wamaRoma. Octavius wayenza Lungisa magqala kwi kumazwe zikamasipala. Ngeli xesha e Perusia wakhuliswa uvukelo, yaye emva ingcinezelo yayo Agasti wabonisa inkohlakalo ukuya wayengekayeki.

Imfazwe Sicilia nxamnye likaSextus UPompey lweminyaka-4. Kwaba nzima ngenxa yokuswela amandla octavia njengenkokheli zomkhosi iimeko zendalo: izaqhwithi konakalisa izithuthi. In call yakhe Afrika weza kokuncedwa wamazwi Mark Lepid wafuna indawo yokuqala karhulumente. Antony wabizela nempi yakhe yena Lepidus ukuba ezinye abathinjiweyo Circe. Alliance ne Antony engazange namandla.

yaqalisa imfazwe, yaye idabi elwandle amanyathelo Antony wahlulwa. Yena watshutshiswa e Alexandria, apho Antony wayethabathe ikhusi Cleopatra wazibulala nalapho ukuzibulala yakhe. Kamva, nyana Cleopatra ka-Caesarion wabulawa. Ngoko ke liya amandla umlawuli elizayo sokuqala eRoma.

Principate

Ngowe-'27 Octavius ababesele iNdlu Yeengwevu kuphela abantu abaye namahlakani akhe ibonakale, kwaye wayesitsho ukuba urhulumente kufanele ukuba ebantwini amadoda.

Amalunga "wacenga 'ukuba akhokele ubukhosi, kunye Octavius waba irhuluneli onke amaphondo apho kwakukho imikhosi, oko kukuthi umphathi womthwalo wonke umkhosi. Wafumana isihloko princeps - leNdlu yeeNgwevu yokuqala karhulumente. Oku ngenene kuthetha ukuba - umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma. Ukongeza, wanikwa igama yekhethelo. Ngoko ke umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma yaqala ngo-Agasti ( "kaThixo"). Kamva, waba ngumbingeleli zombini omkhulu, Pontifex Maximus. onke amandla kweli lizwe buzinze ezandleni ngoAgasti: emkhosini, yoluntu abangababingeleli. Umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma waba boss yedwa.

nkqubo Foreign phantsi Augustus

Ukoyisa yakhe luck kunye boyisiwe, kodwa yonke bukhosi yandiswa kakhulu. Phantsi kwegunya neRoma Alps, kodonga lasekunene weDanube, lonke eGaul kunye zasePyrenees, North Afrika, Greece, kwelakwaYuda, Syria, ubukumkani Bosporus.

Konke oku kwenzeka emva kokuba umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma wenze le yotshintsho bomkhosi, kangangokuba yokugqibela waba yobungcali. Lwaphela zingaguquka. I-avareji kwi empi 2/3 irhafu eziqokelelweyo.

umnotho

Xa amalungiselelo Augustus ngokucwangcisiweyo nemali. Ngempahla ubudlelwane efanayo babegqalwa singamaqaba. Umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma yamandulo iye yandiswa kakhulu urhwebo - imali wathwala nezinto zodidi, kunye nakumaphondo kurhwebo umsengi amabele, namafutha omnquma, newayini. It lwapheliswa SANDF, norhwebo emanzini yachuma.

UMlawuli waseRoma Pride

ngcembe Brick umlawuli waseRoma waqala ukutshintsha kungena ibhastile. Carrara emarmore emhlophe, waya ekwakheni itempile ka-Apollo - izakheko kuqala enkulu. Forum (Square) ngo-Agasti evela etempileni emi phezu Mars Ultor yaba izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo zonqulo.

Phezu kwebhokisi kukho umfanekiso loMhlekazi nqwelo. Isibingelelo Loxolo yakhiwa imbeko koyisa e eGaul ne Spain. Ukongeza, umlawuli ekuqaleni buhlungu baqalisa ukuqhuba ngokwabo zabo zokwakha Izihlobo yamangcwaba kwi Campus Martius. Uphahla engcwabeni soMhlekazi wathweswa nani.

Zonke ke owalungisa wakha engcwele asibhozo anesibini eRoma. Kwaye kakhulu mkhulu ungubani, yaye kunye ekuncipheni ngqesho.

Kubekho kwakhona ukwakhiwa civil ngamandla ezifana neendlela, izitalato, iimarike, izitora, imisele yamanzi, imithombo yamanzi, ugutyulo ezidolophini, ezibhateni zoluntu, amathala eencwadi.

Njani Augustus

Augustus nditshatile izihlandlo ezithathu, kodwa umntwana omnye kuphela umfazi wakhe wesibini - intombi ka Julia. Noko ke, ukuziphatha kwakhe libertine kwanyanzeleka umlawuli ukuthumela intombazana kwikhonkco.

umbono Ngaphandle edume loMlawuli yaziwa kakuhle imilonde eliseleyo.

Wayeyindoda liphuma malunga 1 m-70 cm, nto leyo yaba ngaphezulu kwe ukukhula umyinge wabantu belo xesha. Kodwa kwabonakala azonelanga ukuba umlawuli ngoko Augustus babenxiba izihlangu kunye eqongeni. Kwakufuneka iinwele zigwangqa namehlo kunye amazinyo emabi kunqabile, kwaye umlawuli waseRoma isikhumba a nombala segolide.

uphawu

Ze, inkolelo yokuba izihlabo kunye namaphupha nihle ulwazi kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu - ezinye iimpawu eziphambili lomntu Agasti. Yena wanxunguphala kakhulu uhlasela, ngoko xa Octavian wahlala iNdlu yeeNgwevu, phantsi iingubo waba isikrweqe.

Umlawuli walala kakubi, ukuvuka rhoqo, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba uvuke emva kwexesha. Kuyo le ngqele yayambethe ingubo eshushu ebusika, wabhinqa phezulu imilenze yakhe. Xa esidla ndibe bangangxameli. Wadla ukutya elula onxilileyo kancinane. Lo mlawuli wayeyithanda umdlalo idayisi, wayedlalela imali, yaye ukongezelela, okona akuthandayo lokuloba. Exercise ezingafani zintsonkothe abachaphazelekayo kunye nolutsha. Augustus, umlawuli wokuqala waseRoma, wayesazi isiGrike, kodwa zange wabhala kuyo.

zempilo

Octavian wayeyindoda kabuhlungu, kodwa ubomi waphila ixesha elide - iminyaka 76. Akazange ayinyamezele zombini ubushushu nengqele. iimpumlo ezivuzayo bahamba naye phantse lonke ixesha lobudala weyisa rheumatism.

Okuphoxayo kukuba, igama soMhlekazi yokuqala waseRoma wanxiba kunye nomlawuli yayo yokugqibela, lowo enyemba ababephila angabizwa igama elipheleleyo, kodwa Avgustenkom.