Yintoni na isimo se le komzimba? komzimba zengingqi

Igama elithi "ukuma" (inkcazelo yokuqala ukuvela yokwakheka) Liguqulwe lithatyathwa yesiGrike njenge "ukuchaza ndawo." Ekhulwini XIX. Bulelani umsebenzi ugqirha UNikolai Pirogov gama omkhulu ligquba ngeendlela ezintsha. Ukususela inzululwazi kumphezulu womhlaba isakhiwo kwekota yafudukela imfundiso lomzimba womntu, uye wafumana udumo ngamazwe kungekudala. Isiyalo omtsha obizwa "komzimba ngesimo."

Poznan

Yintoni na isimo se amayeza, uyazi umfundi yonke ikhosi yokuqala naliphi na iziko iprofayl. Olu qeqesho sele ukufunda lungiselelo amalungu oluntu kunye enyama yangaphakathi, kwakunye intsebenziswano phakathi kwabo nabanye.

komzimba ngesimo liqwalasela ifomu kunye nolwakhiwo ngamalungu omzimba zitshintshile ngenxa yeentlobo ngeentlobo ezimbi. Ukuqokelela idatha lwenzululwazi iishifti zazo zithwala ngenxa iimeko nemvelo, oko acwangcise ulwazi, okuwenza luncedo kwi kunyango kunye notyando.

Njengoko isiyalo isicelo, isimo se izibilini sele ukufunda isakhiwo sekhombuya iindawo zomzimba womntu, ucinga oko iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kummandla umdla kwale nzululwazi ziquka:

• inkqubo kwegazi negazi;
• arhente design kwi eluswini kunye nendawo yazo ngokunxulumene amathambo;
• supply kweeseli luvo, ancedisana nkovu nencindi zazo iimeko zendalo kunye zophendlo lwezifo;
• ubudala, isini kunye neempawu siseko omzimba womntu.

ulwazi zesifundo

mphandle Surgical ngokwemibandela anikezele ezi nkalo yokwakheka:

• intloko (nto leyo isethi amalungu ngokufanayo asebenza ezifana ingqondo, amehlo, bangcamle yaye ivumba receptors, iindlebe, umlomo kunye kwingqula);
• entanyeni (njenge nxalenye osuka intloko emzimbeni, ngalo apho iindlela ubonelelo ebaluleke kakhulu, ezifana kuvuleke iminxunya, kwingqula, uqhoqhoqho kunye imithambo yegazi kwemithambo);
• isiqu (okunene, umzimba okanye umntla, leyo iqulathe nani likhulu amalungu oluntu kubalulekile);
• kwisiphelo (njengoko waso bafundelane ngezibini obubobu kulwalamano lwabo kunye namanye amalungu omzimba).

imimandla Okuninzi ngokwahlukeneyo ezakha iimpawu ngokobugcisa umntu, nayo inxaxheba-mphandle. Incwadi kule ingqeqesho, ukunikela ingqalelo enkulu kwilungiselelo efanayo yamalungu omzimba kunye nefuthe lazo kobuso emzimbeni, ubonelela isakhelo jikelele ngenxa uxilongo izifo.

Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lwenzululwazi

Ukwakheka komzimba womntu njengenkqubo ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo sayo kanye nokusebenza isicelo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo amayeza, ukunika isiseko senkolelo ukuba utyando lwentsebenziswano.

ulwazi ngqo esicwangciswe umzimba kwicala ukusuka kumphezulu ulusu ukuya kubunzulu inyama eziyimfuneko nayiphi na indlela. Ichaza ubume mphandle umzimba womntu liyayivumela ukuba gqolo kunye nendlela ekhuselekileyo ukungena kuzo utitshala nezo zisafuna ungenelelo ngoncedo yotyando.

N. Pirogov wayekholelwa ukuba unobangela uninzi elililo kwenu kukusebenza ibhityile oogqirha ezaziphila kukungawuhoyi ulwazi practical. Ukuphendula imibuzo emininzi malunga nokuba yintoni na mphandle, ISAZINZULU ebizwa ngokuba 'umkhonzi kagqirha. " Ngokuthembela kuphela kulwazi yeengcingane, ezo nto ngakumbi ukhetho avareji izenzo data kunokuba isichenge ukudibana izimanga eluhlobo iimpawu ngamnye emzimbeni womntu.

yokufunda indlela

Njengoko i-mphandle zenzululwazi isicelo (textbook leyo byi ingqalelo kakhulu ekuhambeni izicwili fascial) ugqirha lithi ligxininise khona ingqalelo iinkcukacha zincinane ubume komzimba. Ngokucokisekileyo Ukuphanda ngeempawu olusebenzayo inwebu olukhuselayo agqume inyama, imithambo yegazi kunye luvo, uphawula yonke imithetho ekhoyo

Qulunqa nje kodwa ezingaziwayo imithetho yokwakheka inzululwazi, ukukhangela iindlela ezintsha kakuhle imisebenzi zemveliso - zonke ezi zinto zisingathwe mphandle yokwakheka. Iindibano esetyenzisiweyo kule kwingqeqesho nasekweyiselweni ezohlula umzimba ukusuka ngapha nangapha, ngokuyinxenye eyakhelwe imigaqo efanayo njengoko magama asetyenziswe inzululwazi ubume kumphezulu womhlaba. Kwabo, umzekelo, kuquka isigama:

• medial and lateral,
• eliphezulu aphansi
• akufuphi nakude,
• ekunene, ekhohlo;
• ezinkulu nezincinane, njl

Kuba ukuyilwa sokuqondwa ngokucacileyo oko isimo se le komzimba, kufuneka ucinge ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu gqitha ukuba isifundo iziganeko zonyango afana iziphumo kwi-CNS kunye PNS. Njengoko inzululwazi umzimba liphela, nto ibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela iziphumo zokuxilonga kunye, ekugqibeleni, simisela yonke inkqubo unyango ekhoyo.

Ngokungafaniyo komzimba eqhelekileyo

Eyona yokuqala neyona obonakalayo indlela ngotyando ukuya mphandle inkcazelo yomntu. Emva koko utyhila isizalwane indawo imizimba kwemimandla, i-Forensic zakudala engena kuzo kule nkqubo: intshukumo, ukuphefumla, nokuhamba kwegazi, njl Ukongeza, inzululwazi malunga ngamalungu omzimba synthesizes ulwazi. Le komzimba classical unika phambili kuhlalutyo (njengoko iinkqubo epheleleyo kunye amalungu ngamnye).

kuba impendulo yintoni na mphandle, ibingayi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo umdla okhethekileyo ukuba lo inzululwazi imiboniso neenguqu kwizihlunu zomzimba baboniswa zonke iintlobo ezimbi. Ngoko ke, ngenxa kule inzululwazi yaziwa kangakanani ukuphembelela iinkqubo ukudumba kwifom yokuqala kunye nesimo imizimba. Ngokufuthi, inkoliso neenzima umsebenzi yemveliso enxulumene noko Imicu icala eyomeleleyo ekucaca ukuba inkqubo ithumba, xa kuthelekiswa kwisigxina sabo sokuqala.

komzimba ngesimo sendawo intloko

Umda le nxalenye umzimba kunye entanyeni kunabela ecaleni komgca umhlathi ongezantsi. Kumafa yayo ibandakanya amacandelo zobuso nobuchopho. Le yokugqibela ime phandle isiseko kunye igumbi cranial, nto leyo ebangelwa kwimimandla emithathu ehlangeneyo.

Lobnotemennozatylochnaya mmandla umaleko siquka:

• laseDura;
• amathambo;
• periosteum;
• kwizicwili okubi;
• imicu nezigcina-ntloko;
• fat;
• esikhumbeni.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo kwenkqubo luvo, ukuqokelelwa sasiqala data ekusebenzeni usisizalwane yeencindi inxaxheba isimo se ingqondo. Kumbandela yokuzaliswa lukakayi, ukubeka isiqabu ogcweleyo, kwakunye ikhweyitha. Isifundo phando kunye nesakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi. Ingakumbi ingqalelo inxalenye esezantsi ingqondo kunye ngamnye amasebe.

imisele Hemispheric ukufunda komhlaba kunye ukuphakama, apho afumaneka phakathi kwabo. ukubaluleka Great inikwa indlela convolutions. Imisele babelana saseNtla izabelo-6.

emhlathini isakhiwo

Lwezesayensi ulwazi mphandle kwamazinyo yiseti ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza imigaqo ukuyilwa wethambo emlonyeni. Kwakhona, oko synthesizes data kwi ifowuni yonke nomhlathi xa zokuqhagamshelwa yawo kwisisu ngomlomo zabantu. Ukuphatha kwale nkcazelo kuyimfuneko ukuze ulungiselelo kwamazinyo kunye nemihlathi ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango: ukutywina, ucoco kwemijelo iingcambu kunye nemingxuma, nokususwa kunye nokulungiswa wesiseko ithambo.

Ubume izinyo iinxalenye ekwanti eso:

• isithsaba (zakha kweendonga ezine kwaye ezibunxantathu, ezinye impaction ukuya noqhoqhoqho isibhakabhaka);
• entanyeni;
• (Njengengcambu ngendlela eyahlukileyo iseli nethambo isakhiwo oluqinileyo yayo kukho inyama ezizodwa nokuqina legqunyiwe isamente ethambileyo).

Embindini ukuyilwa ithambo lomntu lulilize, tapering phezulu. Ngaphakathi kuyo iqulethe Ipete izinyo, ebizwa ngokuba yintlama kwaye linoxanduva ukutya ngezinyo. It idluliselwa namanye amalaphu neefayibha luvo kunye imithambo yegazi, eqokelelwe ibe inyanda.

komzimba ngesimo sendawo iliso

Ngokutsho isakhiwo sayo kunye nobude uluhlu izakhi umzimba kuthathwa ukuba kuba nzima kakhulu (emva kokuba ubuchopho). Yeso, nangona ubukhulu omncinane, iqulathe isixa esikhulu ezininzi ezahlukeneyo lweenkqubo, kukho uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, optikobiologicheskaya iqulathe izinto ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-2.5 avumele ukuba ukusebenza ngalo kwaye unikeze engqondweni maleko emikhulu ulwazi ngaphantsi kwesinye ekhulwini owesibini.

isixhobo amehlo ukusuka kwindawo ngomatshini lwembono Kuthi umshini lokushicilela. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba okukhona isoloko isetyenziswa elithi "mphandle enombala", nto leyo ichanekile kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa zenzululwazi zobugcisa. Kwakhona, nakangangokuba unakho ukuya esihambelanayo indlela diagnostic.

indima Lens kule ilungu lomzimba edlalwa elimisiweyo inwebu, umfundi kanye lens. Le yokugqibela, ngenxa ngamandla ayo inguqu engile zokuphuma amagophe ezinyongeni, imisebenzi efana ingqalelo, nokulungelelanisa ndikho lo mfanekiso.

isimo se entanyeni

Ukongeza ulusu kuluhlu amalungu omzimba inxulumanisa intloko umzimba ziquka:

• iinyanda imicu izihlunu;
• "Lahamba" eziqhagamshelayo yeqokobhe (ifascia);
• i njalo kuxokwa- "Unxantathu wesibeleko" (isithuba ivalwe iinyanda kwezihlunu);
• yinxalenye kwikholam spinal (yakhiwa amathambo ezisixhenxe nomzimba ongezantsi).

Le komzimba ngesimo entanyeni na imiqathango yahlulwe umgca othe nkqo. Ngaphezu udlula umzimba wethambo hyoid, nasezantsi - luwele elitywinwe inxalenye engentla kwentamo. Kwimeko nganye kwezi iihafu yakhomba ezimbini iintlobo zoonxantathu: i medial and lateral.

Eyokuqala yahlulwe amancinci ezintathu:

• submaxillary (kukhawulelwe umsipha diff digastric);
• Ozele (kuquka imithambo ngaphakathi nangaphandle);
• scapular-tracheal.

Imida lateral kwi incam trapezoid, kwaye clavicle, yaye iquka noonxantathu ezimbini. Kulo wokuqala kukho:

• iinyanda amasebe kunye nomlenze kunye plexus wesibeleko;
• Umthambo subclavian (zonke iinxalenye zayo component).

Ubume e-nervous system

Umsebenzi ophambili ukuba enze lo mbutho entsonkothileyo Imisonto ezizodwa, lufundo neziphumo kwangaphandle kokusingqongileyo kunye nempendulo efanelekileyo kwi-CNS.

isakhiwo sayo sinzima kakhulu. Kuba isimo se le nemithambo luvo central uthwele ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. Qeda kula imicu ezizodwa zidityaniswe zibe peripheral. umsebenzi wayo yikhompawundi kwenkqubo luvo kunye ancedisana kwezihlunu, amadlala kunye amalungu ingqondo.

Esebenzisa Converter ngohlobo iiseli ezizodwa (receptors) zonke imbonakaliso zabantu ezikhoyo yokusingqongileyo (ngokohlobo umbala, incasa, ivumba, njalo njalo.). La mandla ziguqulelwa kulwimi ukuba luvo babonwa notshintsho inkqubo yombane okanye imichiza.

inkuthazo ezingaphezulu grid peripheral nervous ekhutshwe kwi-CNS, apho ukufunda abangele impendulo ekwimo kuthotho imiyalelo ethunyelwa ngendlela efanayo ukuze imizimba olawulo (izihlunu kunye namadlala).

isimo se esiqwini

Esi sahluko kakhulu entsonkothileyo kwaye voluminous zululwazi welungiselelo amalungu kunye nezinye izinto noshowo umzimba womntu inkcazo ngaphandle kwamalungu wakhe, intamo, nentloko.

Inxalenye engentla lomzimba ninxibe umda udini lwalo jugular kwenotshi kunye clavicles, kunye nodonga esifubeni iqulathe kwikhavithi list esingxotyeni salo zokuzikhusela. Ifascia lining, kuquka, kunye izihlunu nanto esohlukanisa le ndawo umzimba ukusuka esiswini. Yeyona esiyintsika yale Isifuba, leyo kudibana kwentamo, 12 ngababini amathambo lomqolo.

amalungu omzimba Complex nezakhiwo yokwakheka kuloo ndawo kuthiwa mediastinum, nto leyo yahlulwe yangamacandelo ephezulu nesezantsi kutyando ekhaya.

Le ndawo ibekwe ngezantsi, obizwa ngokuba kwisisu. Luquka yokhululo:

• eliphezulu (aka uvalo);
• zangaphandle;
• icala (ebanzi belted okuzenzela kwezihlunu);
• emva (chain bone umqolo);
• (Components kummandla iliac ye isinqe kunye uvalo) asezantsi.

amalungu movement Anatomy

Kule ndawo eliphezulu iimbalasane yesiqephu yethopholoji:

• ithambo skeletal (clavicle, scapula, igxalaba, ziqu, ulnar, njl);
• Imicu kwemisipha (ibhanti umkhono, nomlenze, inyuke iye, ngesandla);
• esikhumbeni.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentshukumo wezandla zabantu zibangelwa isakhiwo ezithile namalungu kunye indlela ekhethekileyo yokuqhagamshelana nabo izihlunu. A indima enkulu kulo, kwaye kananjalo kudlala amalungu nesimilo amathambo umbhinqo amagxalaba kunye nomzimba. Izihlunu ezakha kwiiseli ezininzi, ukusukela kumphezulu - nzulu.

Amathambo ukuxhasa omzimba kuquka isinqe nesahlulo mahala (femoral bafundelane ngezibini, patella, lesiquluba kunye unyawo). ithambo zangasese yakha umbhinqo we kwesebe esezantsi ibandakanya zikawonke wonke, ilium, ischium kunye. Ngokudibene sacrum kunye ithambo coccyx, ukuba isiseko isinqe.

isiphelo

komzimba ngesimo yenza inani lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ezibandakanya inkcazo indawo ngqo ze-zidumbu, ukuhlala kokubini kunye nokunqandwa kunye neemeko zophendlo lwezifo. Le nkcazelo kusisiqhamo kwale nzululwazi, ezisasazwa kokubonakalayo asetyenziswe ukubonwa kwezifo, unyango, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - kutyando.