Zentaba Tambora. Tambora mlilo ngo 1815

Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini eyadlulayo emhlabeni leyo emangalisayo isiganeko yendalo - Tambora dubulo ezachaphazela imozulu ehlabathini lonke kwaye kubangwe amashumi amawaka ubomi babantu.

Indawo esikuyo lo mlilo

Tambora mlilo ise kwinxalenye esemantla kwisiqithi saseIndonesia Sumbawa, kwi Sangar Peninsula. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukucacisa kwangoko ukuba Tambora hayi mlilo inkulu kule ngingqi, Indonesia ezimalunga 400 mlilo kwaye yeyona inkulu kubo, Kerinci, iSumatra liphuma.

ububanzi Self Peninsula Sangar na km-36, kwaye ubude linobude km 86. Ukuphakama mlilo efanayo Tambora ngo-Apreli 1815 lafikelela leemitha 4300, i-Tambora mlilo mlilo ngo-1815 kwakhokelela ekuncitshisweni ukuphakama kwayo ukuya kwiimitha 2700 yangoku.

Ukuqala mlilo

Emva kweminyaka emithathu, yonke imisebenzi okukhulayo mlilo Tambora Aprili 5, 1815 iphaphile ngokupheleleyo xa kwakukho dubulo yokuqala, eyathatha iiyure 33. Kukuqhushumba lo mlilo Tambora iye generated umsi nothuthu umhlathi ababesukele ukuya kubude malunga-33 km. Noko ke, abantu ezikufuphi abazange bashiye amakhaya abo, nangona mlilo e Indonesia, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, umsebenzi mlilo yayiyinto.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ngaphezu ekuqaleni babesoyika abantu mgama. Nokududuma dubulo lo mlilo naluvayo kwisiqithi Java kwisixeko exineneyo ngabantu Yogyakarta. Abahlali bagqiba ukuba beva isandi imipu. Kule nkalo ziye kwambatha amajoni qwa kwaye baqalisa ukubaleka kunxweme bekhangela ngeenqanawa yenqanawa lembandezelo. Noko ke, wabonakala ngosuku olulandelayo, Ash wacebisa isizathu ngokwenene kuqhuma beva isandi.

Tambora mlilo wahlala urhulumente cwaka imihla embalwa, kude April 10. Isibakala sokuba oku kukhokelele yakhokelela kuqhambuko mlilo owawuphuma, oko ngci kule ndawo, igalelo elibi xi kwaye ingqondo, esiya eyoyikekayo ngakumbi mlilo ezintsha ezenzekayo.

April 10 ngo 10:00 kusasa kwabakho dubulo omtsha, eli xesha intsika umsi nothuthu lenyuka ukuya kubude nowama-44 km. Nokududuma dubulo sele kuviwe kwi kwisiqithi iSumatra. Ngelo xesha linye indawo ye-dubulo (Mount Tambora) emephini ngokunxulumene iSumatra ibekwe kude kakhulu kude, kumgama 2500 km.

Ngokutsho ngawabo, ngentsimbi yesixhenxe ngokuhlwa ngaloo mini, ngobunzulu dubulo liye landa, kwaye ezisibhozo ngokuhlwa kwisiqithi walinisela isichotho yamatye, netoti esikwaziyo-20 cm, kufuneka kwakhona wamgalela uthuthu. Ngu nobusuku ezilishumi phezu mlilo liphuma ezulwini imiqolo emithathu lomlilo zadityaniswa kwelinye, yaye loo mlilo Tambora ibuye ibe ubunzima "lomlilo ulwelo." Malunga asixhenxe imilambo lwentaba baqalisa alaqhenqetha yonke imiyalelo jikelele mlilo, utshabalalisa bonke abantu losingasiqithi Sangar. Naxa lulwandle udaka kwasasazeka kubo km-40 ukusuka siqithi, yaye ivumba iimpawu ukuba zivakale nokuba eBatavia (igama indala Jakarta, i-capital), zibekwe kumgama km 1,300.

Isiphelo dubulo

Emva omnye kweentsuku ezimbini, Aprili 12, Tambora mlilo wayengekabi esebenzayo. ash ilifu kwafikela kunxweme olusentshona Java nakumazantsi Sulawesi, nto leyo 900 km ukusuka mlilo. Ngokutsho abahlali, kwaba nzima ukubona ukusa phambi 10 kusasa, nditsho intaka waqala ukucula phantse kude kube semini enkulu. Yaphela ke dubulo kuphela, ungadlulanga owe-15 Apreli, nothuthu nje kuhlala de April 17. Emva kokuba kukujaduka mlilo lifikelele umlomo km 6 ububanzi yaye zinzulu 600 leemitha.

Victims of Tambora mlilo

Kuqikelelwa ukuba ebudeni ukujaduka kwi siqithi kwabulawa abantu malunga 11 amawaka, kodwa ukuba inani lamaxhoba akazange abonise. Kamva, ngenxa yendlala nezifo kwisiqithi Sumbawa, yaye isiqithi eliselumelwaneni Lombok, kwafa abantu abamalunga 50,000, naye unobangela wokufa lwalulude emva kukujaduka tsunami, ogama iziqhamo twa kangangamakhulu eekhilomitha macala.

nemiphumela yentlekele Physics

Xa Tambora mlilo kwenzeka ngo-1815, ukukhulula umlinganiselo wamandla ka 800 megatons, ezinokufaniswa kukudubula 50,000 iziqhushumbisi atomic ezifana eHiroshima. Kuqhuma saphindwa ezisibhozo kunaloo dubulo ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze ntshava, kwaye amaxesha amane enamandla ngaphezu koko kwenzeka emva kuqhuma Krakatoa.

Mlilo Tambora wakhuliswa emoyeni-160 leekhilomitha cubic meter okuqinileyo ash ubukhulu ekufikelelwe kwi siqithi neemitha ezi-3. Oomatiloshe aya ngoxa a ngenqanawa, kwiminyaka embalwa ahlangana ngendlela yayo kwisiqithi elirhabaxa, obabufikelela ingumlinganiselo iikhilomitha ezintlanu.

izixa Incredible wentaba nesulfure iigesi bafika stratosphere, ukunyuka ukuya kubude km ngaphezu kwama-40. Uthuthu zayisithelisa ilanga zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngaba kumgama 600 km ehlabathini mlilo. Ke ehlabathini jikelele kwakukho inkungu imibala orange kunye negazi-elibomvu kwelanga.

"Unyaka ngaphandle zasehlotyeni"

Izigidi eetoni sulphur dioxide ekukhutshelwe ngexesha dubulo, kwangolu 1815 kufika Ecuador, waza ke kunyaka olandelayo ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu eYurophu, isenzeko ekuthiwa ngoko ke "unyaka ngaphandle ehlotyeni."

Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ngoko iwise ikhephu brown kwaye kwayingqombela ZaseSwitzerland ehlotyeni phantse veki nganye kukho ikhephu kwaba kunye iqondo lobushushu avareji eYurophu kwaba engaphantsi yi degrees 2-4. Ukuhla efanayo kwamaqondo obushushu waphawula eMelika.

Ehlabathini lonke, ukuvuna kakuhle kukhokelele ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya kunye nendlala, nto leyo kunye bhubhane, kuye 200 000 ubomi.

iimpawu lokuthelekisa dubulo

Kuqhuma Tambora mlilo ebahleleyo (1815), waba elikhethekileyo kwimbali yoluntu, yena wawongwa udidi wesixhenxe (warn kunokwenzeka) kwisikali beziganeko mlilo. Izazinzulu bakwazi ukubona ukuba kule minyaka 10,000 idlulileyo wabona iqhuma ezine ezinjalo. Phambi kokuba mlilo Tambora intlekele efanayo kwenzeka ngo-1257 kwisiqithi elikufuphi Lombok, endaweni komgodi i-mlilo ngoku kukho ichibi Segara Anaki ummandla ezikwere zeekhilomitha 11 (jonga ifoto).

Kutyelelo lokuqala mlilo emva dubulo

Umhambi yokuqala, wehla phezu siqithi kunye mlilo esihle Tambora Poswayo ezintathu kuqala, waba yingcaphephe ngezityalo nengcaphephe Swiss Genrih Tsollinger, owakukhupha iqela labaphandi ukuba bafunde wadalwa ngenxa eziphilayo intlekele yendalo. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1847, kamva ezisayiniweyo engama-32 emva kokuba dubulo. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba lo mngxuma 'ukuba ukutshaya ukufukuka, kwaye babenyuka uqweqwe ekhenkcezisiweyo wabaphandi zaba phantsi ityala lakhe uthuthu nangoku hot-mlilo.

Kodwa abaphandi ziye zaphawula ukuvela ubomi entsha emhlabeni ukutshiswa apho iindawo kakade ukuba izityalo yamahlamvu eluhlaza. Yaye xa ukuphakama ngaphezu kwamawaka 2. Zokulinganisa namatyholo casuarinas (coniferous izityalo, ivy-ezifana) zifunyenwe.

Njengoko kuboniswe ngokuzibonela phambili, ukususela 1896 kumathambeka ye-mlilo omiweyo ziintlobo 56 zeentaka, omnye kubo (Lophozosterops dohertyi) kuqala kwafunyanwa khona.

Impembelelo ye-dubulo kwi yobuciko nesayensi

mbali Art hypothesize ukuba imbonakaliso ongemhle ngokungaqhelekanga kwindalo, zibangelwa kuqhambuko lo mlilo Indonesian waphefumlela odumileyo British landscape opeyintayo Dzhozefa Mallord William Turner. Imizobo akhe ayivathise, engwevu kwimali kwelanga udakumbile behlupheka.

Kodwa edume kakhulu indalo Meri Shelli "Frankenstein", apho wakhawulwa kanye ukuba ihlobo ngo-1816, xa kusekho umtshakazi Persi Shelli, kunye umtshakazi kunye odumileyo iNkosi Byron wahlala kunxweme Lake Geneva. Kwaba kubi zemozulu nokuprakthiza imvula aphefumlelweyo nasisityholo Byron kaThixo, waza wanikela iyileyo Hewana ukuba akhwele ukubalisa ibali yoyikekayo. UMariya weza nayo ncam ibali Frankenstein, leyo isiseko yencwadi yakhe, awayibhala emva kweminyaka emibini kamva.

INkosi Byron ngokwakhe phantsi kwempembelelo bume wabhala umbongo "Ubumnyama" edumileyo, leyo yaguqulelwa imigca Lermontov ukususela kulo: "Ndabona iphupha elo ke bonke ephupheni. Ilanga eliqaqambileyo iye kucinywa ... "Wonke umsebenzi oluye buzane nathemba, dovlevshey kuloo nyaka phezu indalo.

Kulo mxokelelwane wempembelelo aziphazamiseki, "Ubumnyama," umbongo kufundwa ugqirha Byron kaThixo Dzhonom Polidori, owabhala ngawo inoveli yakhe "The Vampire" ngaphantsi akubona.

A ezaziwayo-kakuhle Christmas UCarol "Silent Night» (Stille Nacht) ebhalwe iindinyana umbingeleli German Yozefa Mora, leyo ayibhala ngo efanayo lemvula 1816 kwaye wavula uhlobo entsha yothando.

Ngoko ayimangalisi, kodwa isivuno ihlwempu kunye namaxabiso aphezulu kuba irhasi ephefumlelweyo Karla Dreza, owenza izixhobo waseJamani, ukwakha izithuthi ezinokuthi endaweni ihashe. Ngoko wenza kwase ngayo ibhayisekile mihla, kwaye ifani Dresen wangena kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla elithi "Sibona".