Ziziphi nyaka yathengiswa Alaska eMelika? imbali Alaska

Imbali intengiso Alaska basebaninzi cinga omnye imicimbi kunazo zonke Russian. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba eli lizwe wathengisa isenguye uKumkanikazi uCatherine II. Abanye abakholelwa ukuba oko yathengiselwa Alaska USA, waza wanikwa ngengqibo irenti egumbini iminyaka asithoba anethoba. Liphelile, kodwa ilizwe Russian yaye akazange abuye. Ukuba sele izihlandlo eSoviet Union unobhala jikelele Brezhnev akazange afune ukuba oko umva.

Kodwa ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba unyaka wathengisa Alaska eMelika, kucacile ukuba uCatherine oku awungeni ndawo. Walawula Russia ngeli xesha * uKhesare Alexander II. Kwaye edlalwe kwimbali indima ebalulekileyo ukuba umntu liyahambisana kwabanye abalawuli. Le tsar Russian otyholwa ukuba Ndiphantse intsimi enkulu. Kodwa kakuhle indlela izinto ngokwenene aye uhlobo kanxantathu indawo wambumba Alaska-eRashiya-US, imbali esemthethweni kukho mnye kuphela yinguqulelo, ezinye iinkcukacha nasasebenzayo nangoku ayaziwa kwabaninzi.

geography

Nokuba yesikolo uyazi ukuba usingasiqithi - umhlaba ebandayo ngqwabalala, apho kukho nemozulu Arctic Arctic. ntolovelo amphathe umoya kunye blizzards kwekhephu ngohlangothi wokugiliswa - eqhelekileyo. Le nto ayimangalisi, kwanele nje ukuba ngqondweni uphi Alaska. Le Ngaphandle kuphela yinxalenye encinane i-Pacific elunxwemeni, apho imozulu unomoya kwaye kufanelekile ukuba ubomi babantu. Ibandakanya Alaska nemisinga nakuMntla Melika ukuya kumda kunye eKhanada. Ukongeza, loo nto ibandakanya Aleutians, impungutye, noBathathu Emnye Alexander Archipelago Islands. Kwakhona lo usingasiqithi yi isiqwenga imxinwa somhlaba esebenzayo elunxwemeni Pacific, liqhagamshelene Strait Dixon Amangeno. Kulapha, yaye yenye zeengqukuva ezininzi original ehlabathini - of eJuneau.

Alaska - Russia

US wabiza lo mmandla kungekuphela nje "Russian America." Kwisiqingatha sesibini abarhwebi uboya kweyeshumi elinesibhozo yaqala ukubonisa umdla Alaska. Sele gqira ekuqaleni apha kwi Unalaska Island, waseka ilali Russian kwaye, kakade, izibuko kona kusebenzayo yayiveliswa lokuthengisa oboya. Ngo-1784 i womrhwebi kunye wamazwe UGrigory Shelikhov kubulungisa aququzelela hambo ukuya kummandla, apho kwisiqithi Kodiak wakha zokuhlala.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane safika apha ukuya omkhulu yaseYurophu ngubani waze wazama ukuba baxele ulongamo Spanish kwiindawo ezithile Alaska. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ziphumo nakwabangapasanga. Kwaye namhlanje ngabo kwezi iindawo zifana nje amagama ambalwa non-lweenkobe zejografi, ezifana Port Valdez.

Shelikhov kwiminyaka efanayo embalwa kamva esungula umbutho iinkampani zorhwebo kuphuhliso Alaska, indalo leyo bekucingelwa yi udidi British East India. Yaye yasekwa ngo-1799 kunye nentloko yayo yokuqala esanda waba Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, ngubani ukususela yee- emva kwexesha emelwe mveliso Russian eMelika. Yaba yena waliseka zokuhlala eziliqela Alaska, kuquka i Sitka mihla, leyo kuthiwa ngoko isixeko iNgelosi.

Imisebenzi lenkampani iyonke yaba uhlobo ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, yena wayenza uboya yokuloba yokuphanga, kodwa kwangaxeshanye negalelo kuphuhliso kwezinye iindawo zokufuya olimekayo kunye izilwanyana. Ukususela ekuqaleni kuka kwamakhulu asibhozo lo msebenzi nzima umzabalazo kunye noosomashishini yaseMelika kunye British ngubani nixhobe abantu Aboriginal basekuhlaleni kulwa Russian.

Ngowe-1824, iRussia yasayina uthotho izivumelwano kunye noorhulumente ye-US kunye eNgilani. La maxwebhu kwinqanaba likazwelonke lichaza imida izinto Russian e North America. De kube lelo xesha, xa Alaska waba American, kwakunjalo kwiminyaka ngaphantsi kwe ezine ezinesiqingatha.

imeko enzima

Ngowe-1861, unyaka eRashiya, njengokuba sisazi, ukupheliswa serfdom. Ukuba ahlawule imbuyekezo ngabanini, kwakunye ukuhlawula iindleko benkampani, * uKhesare Alexander II ngenkani ngo1862 ukuboleka eRothschild kwi kwisihlanu ekhulwini ngalinye ngonyaka elinesihlanu million uneemina. Nangona kunjalo, le ababawa zemali kungekudala into ukuze babuye, yaye ubuncwane basebukhosini lalize.

I yokuqala liphulo elibandakanya intengiso, kodwa kunokuba ukujoyina Alaska eMelika, wathetha N. Muravyov-Amur - irhuluneli-jikelele Eastern eSiberia. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1853, lo unyaka. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo deal kwaba nje kunqandwa. Kodwa ke kuye akukho namnye waphulaphula. Kwaye emva kweminyaka emine, Grand Duke Constantine - umzalwana omncinane yoMlawuli - Alexander wanikela "nantoni engeyomfuneko 'ukuba athengise. Eyona nto engeyomfuneko kwabonakala amazwe unexplored emantla ukuba Russian, enyanisweni, hayi kakuhle.

Isibakala wokupheliswa, njengoko imbali intengiso Russian of Alaska namhlanje ziqondeka amaninzi ngendlela yakhe. Ke loo mihla izizathu ngaphezu ezicacileyo: kulo mmandla enkulu ayizange wazisa ingeniso Russian ezizodwa kunye iilynx elwandle, iingonyama ulwandle kunye nezinye nabanini oboya ezixabisekileyo, ngelo xesha zifuneka ngalo ihlabathi, kuba inkoliso mveliso esele abulawe. Ngokubanzi, ikoloni ikakhulu asinda kuphela ngenxa yokuba ubonelelo enkulu womkhenkce kwisixeko California. Hlalani kule ntsimi womkhenkce iinkampu zomkhosi kunye namagosa asebenza apha ukuphuhlisa umhlaba elikhulu, ayizange akunamsebenzi ntoni. Russia, wayi abasindayo Imfazwe iCrimea, waba iingxaki zemali emva kokoyiswa.

prehistory

Ngokwendalo, ukudluliselwa imbali Melika Alaska uye umanduleli yalo, Ngaphezu koko, elo nyathelo beneenjongo ezithile yaye isizathu esihle. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, eli lizwe izise ingeniso ebonakalayo ngenxa urhwebo uboya, kodwa gqira zenkulungwane efanayo kwacaca ukuba iindleko kuya kuba inkulu kakhulu kunokuba mali olunokubakho iingeniso. Kuya kufuneka kusoloko ukuba bachitha kuphela isiqulatho banal kule mmandla, kodwa ukuyithethelela, kwaye ukuba ukhumbule, apho Alaska kwi mephu, unokuthelekelela into eninzi imali konke oku kuya buxabise Russian Empire yimali.

ngumba

Imbali esemthethweni intengiso Russian Alaska, uthi isindululo esivumelwano evela ngonozakuzaku ezaziwayo-kakuhle Russian Eduarda Steklya. Kodwa thethwano yaqala kanye ngelo xesha xa UK waba phambi amabango zabo ntsimi.

Kwaye nesinye isizathu sokuba iRussia yingenelo kakhulu ukuba balahle ezweni langasentla.

Umbuzo wokuba ingaba wathengisa Alaska eMelika, Russian, namhlanje eninzi mlonyeni unyaka. Abanye umnxeba 1866-th, abanye - 1867-th. Ndimele ndithi ukuba zombini ezi mihla kunxibelelana yokwenene.

ingxoxo iqalwa

weshumi elinesithandathu Disemba 1866, ngesandi esiphantsi imini lisibekele zasebusika ongemhle * uKhesare Alexander II wabiza intlanganiso. It yayihanjelwe umzalwana wakhe Prince Constantine, abalungiseleli kumasebe zaselwandle kunye nezemali, kwakunye Baron Edouard Stoeckl - eRashiya inxusa eWashington. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ingcamango nxaxheba zentengiso kuye kwavunywa kwaze kwaxhaswa. Enyanisweni, ukususela kuloo mzuzu oko waqalisa ukulawula le Alaska ukuya eUnited States. Ekuqaleni walinda amalungelo wokuphelelwa inkampani Russian-American, ngoko - i-American Civil War. Noko ke, le elinesibhozo ngoMatshi 1867, unyaka ngumongameli American Johnson emva ngalo mbandela ekugqibeleni isalelo ukutshintshwa amagunya ngokukhethekileyo uWilliam Seward. Ngokutsho ngesiphakamiso noMphathiswa wezeziMali iye yasekwa kwaye ixabiso threshold Ubuncinane Alaska: engange kwezigidi ezihlanu. Emva kweveki, * uKhesare Russian, ukumisela imida karhulumente, Stoeckl wathumela eMelika ukuba isibheno igosa kuNobhala of State Seward. Emva koko, uthethwano ukuqalisa nje nangoko kuthatha indawo, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvunyelwane Imvumelwano yokuthenga ka Alaska ukusuka kurhulumente Russian dollar kwezigidi ezisixhenxe.

I-United States kunye tsarist Russia

Ngu ekuqaleni inkqubo yokuthengiswa yobudlelwane Russia kunye United States ifikelele incopho yawo. Nkqu US uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wagxininisa ngexesha iCrimea beMfazwe, ukuba impixano umda eyandisiweyo, abayi kuthabatha indawo anti-Russian. Iceba ukuthengisa Alaska yabanjwa emfihlekweni enzulu. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngelo xesha sele inqanaba olwaneleyo ulwazi yezobuntlola angaphandle ukuya kumazwe wesithathu akukho ukuvuza. I-London "Times" wabhala wayekhathazeke kakhulu malunga wayevumelana twisiseka efanayo, ndivuka phakathi US naseRashiya. Okukhona ukuba imali ehlawulwa ukuba la mazwe ezisemantla, kwixesha elifutshane kube uyihlawule wayigqiba, njengoko a plus qhinga kule ntengiselwano kwaye andikwazi ukuthetha, kufuneka nje ukuba ngqondweni apho Alaska kwimaphu.

Ukunganeliseki Britain bugwetyelwe: kunyaka ikhontrakthi 1867, hayi nje kuphela la mazwe mabini abamelwane ngoko nangoko, kodwa wenza kube lula ukuba Amerika macala onke zingqonge impahla British emntla. Kuqhuba kukudla komlilo esithi Uelbridzha American jikelele kwi isidlo sasemini, iqela wokuwonga elaa igqiza Russian. intsingiselo yawo le: ehlabathini kukho ezimbini saseNtla ebalulekileyo, Western naseMpuma, kwaye kufuneka omnye kudibanisa eUnited States, kwaye eyesibini - Russia. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaba kuphela umdlalo obhityileyo ongunozakuzaku magama, kodwa inyani kukuba Russian ngokunzulu yaxhasa baseMerika ekuphakameni zabo.

transfer ngqo

Le kokusayina isivumelwano wamashumi amathathu kaMatshi 1867, unyaka eWashington. Yena wayilwa French kunye IsiNgesi, ngelo xesha ulwimi zokubonisana. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba azikho akukho umbhalo lwaseburhulumenteni Russian. Phantsi ngokwemvumelwano, eMelika ukunqumla Alaska Peninsula ngokupheleleyo, ngokunjalo strip ububanzi wonxweme yalo neekhilomitha ezilishumi ukuya ezantsi.

I-US States, nangona akaboni ubulumko yokuthenga enjalo, kodwa uninzi lwamalungu ayo inkxaso ibitheni.

Le weshumi elinesibhozo Oktobha, 1867, Alaska iye ngokusemthethweni zizaku nikezelwa kudweliso abaseMelika. Kwicala Russian esayiniweyo A. A. Peschurov phantsi protocol ukutshintshwa intsimi - uMkhomishinala ezizodwa zikarhulumente, umthetheli abakuluhlu lwesibini. Okubangel 'umdla, kodwa yaqaliswa namhla, kunye nekhalenda Gregorian. Ngoko ke Alaskans Emva elinesibhozo ka-Oktobha, nangona bazixhasa yesihlanu ka-Oktobha. Ngoko ke ukuba umbuzo wokuba ingaba, koko kunyaka wathengisa Alaska eMelika, impendulo icacile, ukuba imini kokusayina imvumelwano akunjalo.

eyimfihlakalo

Elinesibhozo-Oktobha 1867, lo nyaka ngecala emva kwentsimbi yesithathu emva kwemini kwenzeka utshintsho iflegi kwi yeflegi ibekwe phambi endlwini irhuluneli Alaska. amabutho Russian kunye American umgca emgceni, kwaye uphawu non-wamthuma igosa enye kwicala ngalinye baqalisa ukuthoba indwe encinane ephakanyiswe ngemihla phulo Russian-American. Lo msitho ke kwenzeka kusemnandi komthendeleko olukhulu, de Indwe bofanelana bephinyelene kwi phezulu ngeentsontelo, akazange enze breakage ngumzobi.

Ngumyalelo oomatiloshe ezimbalwa bagaleleka benyuka, ukuzama ukusombulula intsinda-badala salo, yonke kwebhanile eyayijinga zigugile kwi imasti. Kodwa akukho ukumemeza ezantsi matiloshe omnye waqonda, dolezshemu kuqala phambi kwakhe, ngoko akazange anikezele kwebhanile phantsi, neenyembezi nga naye. Kwaye xa ngaphezulu ukuba lehla, iflegi wawa phezu bayonets Russian. Eyimfihlakalo le siganeko okwakubonakala umqondiso, kodwa ke ngelo xesha akukho bani yenzekile nzulu phezu kwayo. Ngokubanzi, imbali kokukhutshelwa Alaska America yambeswa ngamawaka yeentsomi, kodwa uninzi lwazo aziyonyani.

Glass kunye nomnqophiso wakhe

A indima ebalulekileyo ekuthengisweni Alaska wayedlala iglasi laso. Ukususela 1850 waba isigxina d'Affaires of the Embassy Russian eMelika, kwaye ukusukela-1854, unyaka zidluliselwe kwisikhundla nguNozakuzaku Russian. umfazi Stoeckl waba American, ngoko ke kakhulu ihlanganiswe izangqa aphezulu oluntu yaseMelika. nabo ezingaka wamnceda, ukuba negalelo ekuphunyezweni yingisela. uzowenza Russian ngenkuthalo alwele izilangazelelo * uKhesare Russian. Ukuze ukucenga iNdlu Yeengwevu ukuya isigqibo ukuthenga Alaska Stoeckl wamnika izicengo, esebenzisa imidibaniso zakhe. Alexander II bakummisela umvuzo amabini anesihlanu amawaka eerandi, kwakunye ebomini pension ngamawaka amathandathu engange.

Edward A. ngoko nangoko emva kokuba yokuthengiswa Alaska ukuza eSt Petersburg ixeshana elifutshane, kodwa kungekudala wafudukela Paris. De kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe ngonozakuzaku kuluntu Russian, ke, loo nto nayo. Emva kokuba imbali Alaska sigcinwe emva glass notoriety. Ngabo aba izizathu zabo.

Uphi na lo mali?

Kwezigidi ezisixhenxe amashumi amathathu anesihlanu amawaka eerandi - oko kukuthi kungakanani na Okuseleyo bekuvunyelwene yezigidi 7.2 Eduard Stoeckl wafumana itsheki, shiya wena umvuzo, phantse ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu amawaka yasasazwa nje ngokunyotywa ukuba yeeNgwevu wavotelwa sivunywe, kwaye yonke imali kukhutshelwa yebanki eLondon. e St Petersburg elwandle wahamba zithengelwe yonke imali bullion yegolide. Ezinye inxalenye yentlawulo elahlekileyo, yaye xa waguquka neekhilogram kunye negolide. Kodwa hayi ilahleko yokugqibela Russia.

Umbuzo ongundoqo yembali ayikho ingaba, ukuba unyaka wathengisa Alaska eMelika, nokuba kwenzeke ntoni na inzuzo efumaneke imali intengiselwano.

Bark Orkney, ababekhwele apho ke kudala elindelwe zikarhulumente Russian ukuba impahla, elinesithandathu kaJulayi sele zitshone sele endleleni eya eSt Petersburg, kunyaka-1868. Kusenzima ayaziwa nokuba yigolide kuwo, okanye zange ashiye Albion. Ngaphezu koko, inkampani yeinshorensi wathi ngokwayo ongenamali ngokupheleleyo, yaye ke ngoko umonakalo Russian kubuyiselwa inxalenye kuphela. It wasilela ukuhlawula ityala Rothschilds, kodwa isiqwenga enkulu somhlaba Russia tsarist kunjalo ebilahlekile.

Iimpazamo neembono

Imbali yentengiso Russian of Alaska nangoku kuvelisa zonke iintlobo izimvo kunye ezicingelwa. Ekubeni thethwano ezaziqhutywa ngayo emfihlekweni ingqongqo, ukusayinwa kwekhontrakthi elide ifihliwe. Yaye ngonyaka nje kamva "Yonyaka yokuZakuzelana" yapapashwa kwi-French Convention. Le eyinzuzo intelekelelo lwase kwindawo yokuqala abagqithelayo yaseUnited States Alaska zokuqasha mashumi asithoba anethoba, yaye emva kweli xesha iya kubuyiselwa eRashiya kwakhona. Le nguqulelo okungalungile iye agxile kangangokuba xa eli xesha sele liphelile, phakathi kwenkulungwane lokugqibela baqalisa isandi imfuneko uyidlulisele umva. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, kwaba nje impazamo. Alaska ayenziwanga ziyaqashwa, kwaye lithengiswe phakade.

izibakala

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, eUnited States kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa indawo yayo. Bambalwa siyazi ukuba ngo-1803 eMelika yaseFransi elinesihlanu yezigidi zeerandi bathenga Louisiana, kancinane emva koko ukuba udibaniso izihlandlo ezithathu ngaphantsi kunokuba kwakunjalo enye i-Spain ezifunyenwe ngempumelelo Florida. Sele elishumi kwiminyaka kamva, ngowe-1818, unyaka xa icandelo le "ilifa" eUnited States ukususela Mexico wadlula inxalenye enkulu ntsimi.

Akukho ephawulekayo kangako kunye nento yokuba esinye Alaska ngurhulumente yaqala ngo-1959 kwaye hayi 1867, wathengiswa xa.