Amagama aseSlavic adala. Ulwimi lwesiSlavic. Ileta endala yeSlavic

Enye yeelwimi ezidumileyo kwiilwimi ezidlulileyo ulwimi lwesiSlavonic. Amagama ayingxenye yesigama sakhe, imithetho yegrama, kwanempawu ezithile zefowuni kunye neelfabhethi zaba sisiseko solimi lwesiRashiya lwangoku. Makhe sihlaziye uluhlobo luni lweelwimi, nini kwaye luvela phi, nokuba lusetyenziswa namhlanje kwaye ziziphi iindawo.

Siza kuthetha nangona kutheni sifundelwa kwiiyunivesithi, kwaye sikhankanya nemisebenzi edumileyo kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo ezinikele kwigrammar yesiCyrillic ne-Old Slavic. Siyakhumbula kwakhona uCyril noMethodius, owaziwa kwihlabathi lonke njengomzalwana kaSolun.

Ulwazi jikelele

Nangona kunjalo izazinzulu ziye zanyamekela olu lwimi ngeenkulungwane, zifunda i-alfabhethi yakudala ye-Slavonic kunye nembali yophuhliso lwayo, akukho nkcazelo eninzi malunga nayo. Ukuba isakhiwo segrama kunye nefowuniki yolwimi, ukubunjwa kweloxical kuninzi okanye kufundwe ngaphantsi, ngoko yonke into ehambelana nomvelaphi wayo isabonakala.

Isizathu salokhu kukuba ababhali ngokwabo abazange babhale umsebenzi wabo, okanye belahlekile ngexesha. Ukufundwa ngokubanzi kwembhalo ngokwayo kwaqala kuphela emva kweeminyaka ezimbalwa, xa kungekho mntu wayenokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo uluhlobo luni lwesalathisi sisiseko salo mbhalo.

Kukholelwa ukuba olu lwimi luyilwe ngokukodwa ngokwemiyalezo yeelwimi zaseBulgaria kwikhulu le-IX kwaye yayisetyenziswa kwintsimi yaseRashiya iminyaka emininzi.

Kukwafanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwiminye imithombo umntu unokufumana igama elifanayo lomxholo - iSonto iSlavonic. Oku kubangelwa kukuba inqobo yeencwadi eRashiya ixhunyene ngqo necawa. Ekuqaleni uncwadi lwalukholo: iincwadi, imithandazo, imizekeliso yaguqulelwa, kwaye izibhalo zokuqala zadalwa. Ukongeza, ngokukodwa olu lwimi lwaluphethwe ngabantu kuphela abakhonza icawa.

Kamva, ngokuphuhliswa kolwimi nenkcubeko, ulwimi oludala lwaseRussia lwathatyathwa nguLwimi oludala lwaseRashiya, olwaluncike kakhulu kwi-predecessor yalo. Kwenzeke malunga neXII leminyaka.

Nangona kunjalo, incwadi ye-Old Slavic isifikile ngokusitshintshiyo, kwaye siyayisebenzisa nanamhlanje. Sisebenzisa kwakhona inkqubo yegrama, eyaqala ukuvela ngaphambi kokuvela kweRashiya yaseMdala.

Iimpawu zokudala

Kukholelwa ukuba ulwimi lweSlavonic oludala lubonakala kuCyril noMethodius. Kwaye le ngcaciso esiyifumana kuzo zonke iincwadi zezifundo kwimbali yolwimi nokubhala.

Abazalwana babumba umyalezo omtsha ngesiseko seSolon ezaziwa ngamaSlav. Oku kwenzelwe okokuqala ukuze kuguqulelwe iimibhalo zeBhayibhile kunye nemithandazo yesonto kwiilwimi zaseSlavonic.

Kodwa kukho ezinye iinguqulelo zomvelaphi wolwimi. Ngaloo ndlela, I. Yagich wayekholelwa ukuba isiseko seSlavonic yakudala sasinye sesilwimi seMacedonia.

Kukho inkolelo ngokubhekiselele kuyo ukuba isiseko sombhalo omtsha sasilwimi lwesiBulgaria. Wabeka uP. Safarik. Kwakhona ukholelwa ukuba olu lwimi kufuneka lubizwa ngokuba nguBhuli Bulgarian, kwaye alukho iSlavonic endala. Kuze kube ngoku, abanye abaphandi baphikisana nale ngxaki.

Ngendlela, kude kube ngoku iilwimi zaseBulgaria zikholelwa ukuba ulwimi esilucinga ngalo luyi-Old Bulgarian, kwaye aluyiSlavic.

Sinokucinga ukuba kukho ezinye iingcamango eziqhelekileyo eziyaziwayo ngemvelaphi yolwimi, kodwa mhlawumbi abazange bahlolwe kwiingqungquthela zesayensi, okanye ukungafaneleki kwabo ngokupheleleyo.

Kukho nawuphi na, amagama ase-Old Slavonic awafumanekanga kuphela kwiilwimi zaseRashiya, eBelarusian nase-Ukrainian, kodwa nakwiiPolish, eMacedonia, eBulgaria nakwezinye iintetho zesiSlavic. Ngoko ke, ingxoxo malunga nokuba yeyiphi iilwimi eziseduze nolwimi lwesiSlavonic aludala aluyi kuzaliswa.

Abazalwana baseSolun

Abadali beli- alfabhethi kunye neelfabheti zeGlagolitic - uCyril noMethodius-bevela kwisixeko saseSoluni, esiseGrisi. Abazalwana bazalwa kwiintsapho ezicebileyo, ngoko ke bafumana imfundo ebalulekileyo.

Umzalwana omdala, uMikhail, wazalwa malunga ne-815. Ekuqaliseni kwiimonki zamkela igama elithi Methodius.

UConstantine wayengowona mncinci kwintsapho kwaye wazalelwa malunga ne-826. Ndazi iilwimi zasemzini, ndazi i-science ngqo. Nangona abaninzi bebaxela impumelelo yakhe kunye nekamva elihle, uKonstantine wanquma ukulandela ezinyathelweni zomzalwana wakhe omdala waza waba ngumonki, efumene igama elithi Cyril. Wafa ngo-869.

Abazalwana bahlanganyela ngokusasazwa kobuKristu nezibhalo. Baye kumazwe ahlukeneyo, bezama ukudlulisela abantu ilizwi likaThixo. Kodwa ke beza baziswa kwihlabathi ngeAlfabhethi yakudala.

Bobabini abazalwana babesetyenziswe. Kwamanye amazwe aseSlavic Ngomhla wama-24 phawula ngosuku lokubhala kweSlavic kunye nenkcubeko (iRashiya neBulgaria). EMacedonia, namhlanje uhlonipha uCyril noMethodius. Amazwe amabini aseSlavic - iRiphabhlikhi yaseCzech naseSlovakia - yahambisa le holide ngoJulayi 5.

Ezimbini iilfabhethi

Kukholelwa ukuba incwadi ye-Old Slavic yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo ngabakhanyisi bamaGrike. Ukongezelela, kwakukho ezimbini zezi-alphabets - i-Glagolitic neyesiCyrillic. Masiqwalasele ngokufutshane.

Iyokuqala yiGlagolitic. Kukholelwa ukuba umdali walo nguCyril noMethodius. Kukholelwa ukuba le alfabhethi ayinaso isiseko yaye yenziwa ekuqaleni. Kwixesha la mandulo, iRashiya yayisetyenziswe kangangoko, kwezinye iimeko.

Owesibini yiCyrillic. Indalo yakhe nayo ibonakala kumzalwana kaSolun. Kukholelwa ukuba i-charter isekelwe kwiskripthi saseByzantine. Okwangoku, amaSlav aseMpuma - amaRussia, ama-Ukrainiya kunye namaByelorussia - basebenzisa iileta zeAlbrav alfabhethi yakudala, okanye i-Cyrillic alfabhethi.

Ngokubhekisele kumbuzo wokuthi yeyiphi i- alphabets ikhulile, akukho mpendulo engabonakaliyo kuyo. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukuba siqhubeka kwinto yokuba i-Cyrillic kunye neGlagolitic yenziwa ngabazalwana bakaSolun, umahluko phakathi kwexesha lokudalwa kwabo kwakungadluli iminyaka elishumi ukuya kwishumi elinesihlanu.

Ngaba kukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo phambi kwe-Cyrillic alfabhethi?

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba abanye abaphandi bembali yolwimi bakholelwa ukuba kukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo eRashiya nangaphambi koCyril noMethodius. Ukuqinisekiswa kwale ngcamango kubhekwe "incwadi yaseVelesovuyu, ebhalwe yi-Old Russian Magi nangaphambi kokutholwa kobuKristu. Ngexesha elifanayo, akubonakali kwinqanaba leminyaka le sikhumbuzo salo.

Ukongezelela, izazinzulu zithi kwimiqulu eyahlukahlukeneyo yabahambi bamaGrike nabaphengululi belapho kubhekisela kubakho ukubhalwa kwiSlavs. Kwakhankanywe kwakhona izivumelwano ezazisayinwe nabathengisi baseByzantine.

Ngelishwa, akukaze kubekwe ngoku ukuba ngaba kunjalo, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, luhlobo luni lokubhala lwaseRashiya ngaphambi kokusabalalisa ubuKristu.

Ukufunda ulwimi lweSlavonic elidala

Ngokumalunga nokufundisisa ulwimi lwesiSlavonic, kwakungenomdla kuphela kubaphengululi abafundela imbali yolwimi, i-dialectology, kodwa nabafundi beSlavic.

Ukufunda kwakhe kwaqala ngekhulu leshumi elinesithoba kunye nokusekwa kwendlela yokuthelekisa. Ngeke sihlale kulo mbandela ngokucacileyo, ekubeni, ngokwenene, umntu ongaziqhelani nezilimi, amagama kunye negama lezenzi-zenzululwazi aziyi kuba lunomdla kwaye uyaziqhelanisa. Masikutsho nje ngesiseko sophando, akukho ncwadana yokufunda eyayihlanganisiwe, ezininzi zazo zisetyenziselwa ukufundisisa imbali yolwimi ne dialectology.

Ngethuba lophando, iingcamango zokuphuhlisa ulwimi lweSlavonic lwaludala, izichazi zegama elidala lakwaSlavic laqulunqwa, igrama kunye nefowuni zafundwa. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo kukho iimfihlakalo ezingabonakaliyo kunye nemigqabhoko ye-Old Slavonic.

Sivumela kwakhona ukuba sihlule izichazi-magama ezidumileyo kunye neencwadi zezifundo ze-Old Slivonic. Mhlawumbi ezi ncwadi ziya kuba nomdla kuwe kwaye zikuncede uhlaziye kwimbali yenkcubeko yethu nokubhala.

Iincwadi zeencwadi ezidumileyo zanyatheliswa ngabaososayensi ezifana neKhagragraev, Remnev, uElkin. Zonke iincwadi zezifundo ezintathu zibizwa ngokuba "ulwimi lwesiSlavonic."

Umsebenzi owenzululwazi wesayensi ushicilelwe nguAl Selishchev. Walungiselela incwadana yokuqeqesha equkethe iimbali ezimbini kwaye ihlanganisa yonke inkqubo yoLwimi lweSlavonic elidala, elingenalo kuphela izinto ezifundiswayo, kodwa kunye neetekisi, isichazizwi kunye nezinye iinqununu malunga nokuziphatha komzimba.

Kwakhona kunomdla izinto ezizinikezelwe kubazalwana bakaSolun, imbali yemvelaphi yealfabhethi. Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1930 umsebenzi othi "Izinto eziphathekayo kwiMbali yeMvelaphi ye- Oldest Writing Slavic " yanyatheliswa nguP. Lavrov.

Akukhoxabiso elincinane ngumsebenzi ka-A. Shakhmatov, owathi wabona ukukhanya eBerlin ngo-1908 - "IThe Legend of the Prescription of Books in Slovenian." Ngo-1855, i-O. Bodiansky i-monograph Ngethuba lokuvela kweeNcwadi zeSlavic zapapashwa.

Kwakhona, "i-Old Slavic Dictionary" yahlanganiswa, ngokusekelwe kwimibhalo yeshumi ye-10th-11, eyayihlelwa ngu R. Zeitlin no R. Vecherki.

Zonke ezi ncwadi ziyaziwa ngokubanzi. Ngokwakhe, ababhali nje kuphela izibhengezo kunye neengxelo kwimbali yolwimi, kodwa balungiselela imisebenzi engakumbi.

Uluhlu oludala lweSlavic lwesigama

Isalathisi esikhulu seSalver Slavic sizuze ilifa lesiRashiya. Amagama ase-Old Slavonic agxininiswe ngokusisigxina kwiilwimi zethu, kwaye namhlanje asikwazi ukuwahlula kumagama aseRashiya asekuhlaleni.

Makhe sibone imizekelo embalwa, ukuze uqonde indlela amaSlav aseMdala adlulele ngayo kwiilwimi zethu.

Amagama anjalo ecawa ngokuthi "umbingeleli", "umbingelelo", "wand" wafika kuthi ngokusuka kwiilwimi zakudala zesiSlavonic, imiqondo engacacanga "njengamandla", "inhlekelele", "imvume" isetyenziswa apha.

Ewe, amaSlav asekudala ayeninzi kakhulu. Nazi izimbonakaliso ezimbalwa ezibonisa ukuba igama yi-Old Slavism.

1. Ukufumaneka kweziqhotyoshelweyo. Umzekelo: ukubuya, okugqithiseleyo.

2. Iingxube ezinamagama ngamazwi kaThixo, okuhle, isono, ububi kunye nabanye. Umzekelo: ububi, isono.

2. Ubuninzi bee-suffixes -st-, -sign-, -us-, -ush-, -asch- -sche-. Umzekelo: ukutshisa, ukunyibilika.

Kubonakala ngathi sibhale kuphela imiqondiso embalwa apho singakwazi ukuyichaza amaSlav aseMdala, kodwa mhlawumbi awukhumbuli ilizwi elifikile kuthi elivela kwiSlavonic elidala.

Ukuba ufuna ukwazi intsingiselo yamagama ase-Old Slavonic, ngoko sinokukucebisa ukuba ukhangele nayiphi na isichazi-magama esichazayo. Cishe zonke zigcinwe ngokubaluleka kwazo kwasekuqaleni, nangona kungaphezu kweyhumi elidlulileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwangoku

Ngexesha elide ulwimi lwaseSlavonic lufundwa kwiiyunivesithi kwiinkalo ezihlukeneyo kunye neengcali, kwaye zisetyenziselwa kwiicawa.

Kungenxa yokuba kweli nqanaba lophuhliso olu lwimi lubonwa ngathi lufile. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunokwenzeka kuphela ecaweni, kuba imithandazo eninzi ibhaliwe kulwimi. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuphawula kunye nokuba izibhalo zokuqala ziguqulelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiilwimi zaseSlavonic zakudala kwaye zisasetyenziswa yicawa kwifomu ebudlulileyo kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwihlabathi lezesayensi, masiqaphele ukuba amagama ase-Old Slavonic kunye namafomu abo aqhelekileyo atholakala kwiilwimi. Oku kubangalisa ingqwalasela yezichaziloji, ukuvumela ukuba ufunde ukuphuhliswa kolwimi, iifom zaso kunye nezichazo.

Abaphandi benkcubeko kunye nembali bayazi le ilwimi, kuba umsebenzi wabo uhambelana ngqo nokufundiswa kweememori zakudala.

Nangona kunjalo, ngeli nqanaba, olu lwimi lubhekwa lufile, ekubeni kulo, njengesiLatini, isiGrike sasendulo, bekude kubekho umntu othethayo, kwaye bambalwa kuphela abayaziyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweCawa

Ulwimi olusetyenziswa kakhulu kakhulu lisetyenziswe ecaweni. Ngako oko, imithandazo yakudala yaseSlavonic inokuvalelwa nasiphi na icawa yamaOthodoki. Ukongezelela, ifunda kwakhona iincwadana ezivela kwiincwadi zecawa, iBhayibhile.

Ngelo xesha, sinokuqaphela ukuba abasebenzi becawa, abafundisayo abaselula bayaphinde bafunde olu lwimi, izixhobo zalo, ifowuni kunye nemifanekiso. Namhlanje ulwimi lwaseSlavonic oludala luqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo ngolwimi lweCawa leOthodoki.

Umthandazo odume kakhulu, odla ukufundwa kwesi sihlomelo, "nguBawo wethu". Kodwa kukho imithandazo emininzi kwiilwimi zakudala zesiSlavonic, ezingaziwa kakuhle. Unokuzifumana kuyo nayiphi na incwadi yomthandazo endala okanye uyiva ngokuvakashela icawa enye.

Ukufunda kwiiyunivesithi

Ulwimi oludala lweSlavonic lufundwa ngokubanzi kwiiyunivesithi. Dlulisa kwii-faculty faculties, kwizembali, zomthetho. Kwezinye iifunivesithi kunokwenzeka ukufundela abafundi-izafilosofi.

Inkqubo ibandakanya imbali yendalo, i-Old Slav alfabhethi, iimpawu zefowuni, isigama, igrama. Isiseko se-syntax.

Abafundi bafunde kuphela imithetho, bafunde ukuthobela amagama, bawahlule njengenxalenye yentetho, kodwa bafunde nokubhala izibhalo ezibhalwe ngolwimi olunikeziweyo, zama ukuziguqulela nokuqonda intsingiselo.

Konke oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuba ophilologists bangasebenzisa ngakumbi ulwazi lwabo ukufundela amanqaku endala okubhala, iimpawu zokuphuhlisa ulwimi lwesiRashiya, izalathisi zalo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kunzima ukufunda ulwimi lwesiSlavonic. Isicatshulwa esibhaliweyo kuso kunzima ukufunda, kuba iqulethe iinguqu ezininzi, kodwa imigaqo yokufunda i-letters, yer neyer kunzima ukuyikhumbula ekuqaleni.

Abafundi-iimbali-mlando, ngenxa yolwazi lwabo, baya kukwazi ukufunda iimifanekiso zamandulo zenkcubeko nokubhala, bafunde amaxwebhu omlando kunye nemiqulu, baqonde intsingiselo yabo.

Kuyafana nalabo bafundayo kwi-Faculty of Philosophy, umthetho.

Nangona kunjalo ukuba ulwimi lwesiSlavonic namhlanje lululimi olufile, umdla walo awuzange uphelelwe kude kube ngoku.

Izigqibo

Kwakuyilwimi yaseSalavonic yakudala eyaba sisiseko soLwimi lwaseRussia oludala, oluye lwatshintsha ulwimi lwesiRashiya. Amagama asekudala aseSlavonic avela ngathi njengesiRashiya.

Uluhlu oluthile lwesigama, iimpawu zefontiki, ulwimi lweelwimi zaseMpuma zaseSlavic - konke oku kwabekwe ngethuba lokuphuhliswa nokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwesiSlavonic.

I-Old Church yeSlavonic yilwimi efile ngokusemthethweni, apho kuphela abaphathiswa becawa bathetha ngoku. Yadalwa ngekhulu le-IX ngabazalwana uCyril noMethodius kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukuguqulela nokurekhoda kweencwadi zonqulo. Enyanisweni, i-Old Slavonic yayisoloko ibhalwe phantsi, apho abantu babengathethi.

Namhlanje asisasisebenzisi, kodwa ngelo xesha lifundwa ngokubanzi kwiingcali ze-philological and historical, kunye nakwiimfundiso zemfundo. Namhlanje amagama ase-Old Slavonic kunye nolwimi oludala lungavalelwa ngokutyelela inkonzo ebandleni, kuba yonke imithandazo yama-Orthodox efundwa kuyo.