Amaqela ezopolitiko of Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. Ukwenziwa amaqela ezopolitiko Russia

Igama elithi "iqela" lisuka partio kwisiGrike, elithetha zombini "yinxalenye" yaye "kwimeko 'inokuba izinto eziqhelekileyo. iqela lezopolitiko, ngaloo ndlela, imela umanyano abantu abanazo kunye izimvo kunye neenjongo ezifanayo anokuthi ndaqonda ngalo ukufikelela kwi izakhiwo amandla ukuze ukumela iimfuno zamaqela athile. Amaqela ezopolitiko of Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20, kuphuhliswa kwi kwimekoephethuphethukayo wolawulo uNicholas II. Le nguzwilakhe Russian ithatha Alexander III, owayesaziwa ngokuba uxolo ngenxa yokungabikho semfazwe ngexesha wobukumkani bakhe. Le Ukuvuma etroneni njengoko uNicholas II sikhatshwe ukufa amawaka abantu Khodynka, ngoko wobukumkani bakhe ukusilela ukususela ekuqaleni.

Ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala Imbali umsebenzi ngamaqela ahlukeneyo

Ngomhla ngumlawuli udumo Russian uBukhosi, sawachaphazela kakubi imfazwe kunye eJapan 1904-1905., Leyo yakhokelela ekulahlekelweni ezibalulekileyo sobummandla kunye nabantu. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi buthathaka igunya ukumkani yaqala abangenza mood olukhulu ukuba kubonakala ngokuyintloko SRs kunye Amakhulu Black. Nicholas II ukuphucula imeko emva kokuba revolution waya uthotho inguqu zezopolitiko, wayephakathi apho ngokusekwa kwelizwe Duma. De kube lelo xesha, akakho umzimba emele lizwe. Ukwenziwa amaqela ezopolitiko eRashiya ngelo xesha kwenzeka kwiindawo ezintathu: i yali, monarchical kunye melo. Yaye ngamnye kubo iimpawu zayo neeyantlukwano kakhulu kwiinkqubo kwezopolitiko, ukuphumeza usukelo.

Ubuzwe kwezopolitiko ixesha

amaqela Monarchist Russian yezopolitiko kule nkulungwane yama-20 baba baninzi kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho: "Collection Russian", "Labor Union of the People", Monarchist Party, "Union Abantu Russian ngayo kubo. Mihaila Arhangela "kunye nabanye. Ezi ntshukumo ezepolitiki na iinkqubo ezifanayo, kodwa bashumayela iimbono pronatsionalisticheskie zaba zokugcinwa umnini ulawulo emhlabeni. "Russia - kuba Russian" - yaba isilogeni of iintshukumo ezininzi monarchist, wakhetha ukuba ushiye amandla ukumkani mda, kwaye Russian uBukhosi - ezasebukhosini yedwa. Kodwa njengokuba nolaka abazange onke amaqela ezopolitiko eRashiya. Table kukuba intsebenzo lokwazi.

Le Amakhulu abamnyama monarchists

Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba inani monarchists ngokufuthi ziquka abarhwebi ezincinane, abaqhubi cab, oko kukuthi, "abantu 'ezisezidolophini imvelaphi Russian abathetha, babe nabo abarhwebi, abanini, abathengisi bempahla, yoohlohlesakhe ezinkulu nezincinane, Cossacks, kwaye amapolisa, ukuzibophelela ekhethekileyo kolawulo tsarist. Kuba aba bantu, amazwi iqela, amatshantliziyo washumayela nokwenziwa bezinye iintlanga, ukufuduswa ngenkani, udlame yokulungelelanisa, izenzo ubugrogrisi. Yintoni enye into eyaziwayo iqela lezopolitiko monarchist of Russia? Ngokufutshane - ukuyilwa amaqela ye Amakhulu Black, nto leyo 1905-1914 gg. ngenkuthalo iqhutywa ngaphezulu ubuntshovu-nkqubo, ubuzwe Russian nokonyanywa kwamaJuda. A isikhulu kwi intshukumo monarchist waba Purishkevich, kukhululwa kumnini-bume.

Ogama lakhe behlonipha yoxwebhu yezembali

amaqela ezopolitiko ekhululekile eRashiya kule nkulungwane yama-20, ikakhulu bemelwe yi-kabini kunye Octobrists (Union of Oktobha ngabameli 17). Ngo-Oktobha 1905, yaba elinesixhenxe uNicholas II ifumene Manifesto weni kuphuculo ucwangco loluntu, olufana ilungelo kakumkani lokulawula (ngaphambili kuphela) kunye kaRhulumente Duma. Le nkongolo yokuqala kabini (Democrats siseko) kwenzeka ngokufanayo ngowe-1905, xa ndakutywina ikhondo iphambili kule ntshukumo qela.

Urhulumente njengoko inqununu ukuqalisa ngenguqu

Kabini ekhohlo-melo (phantsi kobunkokheli Miliukov) zaziba nongqondongqondo, zemstvos, oosomashishini, izazinzulu kwaye bakholwa ukuba Russia kufuneka kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho, ubume ulawulo lomthetho, idemokhrasi phantsi amalungelo omntu kwi indlela jikelele karhulumente lobukhosi yasepalamente. umbuzo yamahlwempu Complex bemisa ukucombulula ngokuthi kudluliselwe imihlaba ukususela abaqeshisi (yokuzishiya izishumi ezimakhulu mahlanu) ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa (hayi ngaphezulu) abalimi ukukuhlawulela, leyo kuthiwa ukuhlawula kurhulumente. Kule lali igcinwe uluntu umlimi. Iimpawu zamaqela ezopolitiko eRashiya kule iphiko kukugcina yokuba i kabini sabona ijelo engundoqo ye iinguqu, enyanisweni, urhulumente kwaye ufuna ukuphucula imeko yabasebenzi yi ukuqalwa kosuku iyure-8, ukuphuhliswa kweemanyano zabasebenzi kunye amathuba lugwayimbo. Abameli beli qela ibingekho ngokuchasene ukwandiswa geqe Finland kunye Poland, kwakunye zizizwe zala Russia ilungelo definition yenkcubeko.

Abazange afune ukunciphisa usuku ukusebenza

Imbali zamaqela Russian ezopolitiko kuquka loo gama nje Guchkov, ngubani owakhokela Octobrists party. Le Movement silinene kodwa 'endala, iziko-ekunene. Entliziyweni yalo abameli loohlohlesakhe (kweManyano oohlohlesakhe kurhwebo noshishino kwizixeko ezinkulu) kunye nephiko eziphakathi malunga eliphikisayo Zemstvo ecetywayo ukwenza utshintsho ePalamente ngaphandle umzabalazo wezigalo. Octo kwaba njalo-hluleki Russia, ulondolozo ucwangco ekwimo Duma ezasebukhosini, ngesisombululo umbuzo yamahlwempu ngokuncama abo abadinga umhlaba eSiberia, enika amafama amalungelo afanayo nezinye iiklasi oluntu, ulondolozo belizwe abaqeshisi 'kwi ngentlawulelo zazo kunokwenzeka ukuba intlawulo enkulu, ukuthengisa abalimi amazwe zoluntu . Ekubeni qembu okhokelwa mveliso, baba ngokuchasene usuku iiyure-8 (iiyure endaweni 11-12), kuba kwakukholelwa ukuba abantu bakhululeke ngokwaneleyo ngenxa leeholide zonqulo.

SRs ufuna ukwenza umanyano sezizwe

iqela Socialist wezopolitiko Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20 zaye zathiwa thaca kwi-Social njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo kunye Democrats nezeNtlalo (RSDLP). Okokuqala Wabanyathelisa yi Chernov V. M. SRs izenze phakathi neopopulists nabafuduki amazwe, ababekholelwa ukuba abantu badinga revolution kunye nokupheliswa le lobuzwilakhe. Balindeleke ukuseta amandla abantu, ukuba abize kwiNdibano neqela, ukuze kuxhotyiswe naseRussia njengohlobo imbumba yabantu kunye nelungelo iintlanga self-ukusombulula eminye imiba. Le benani wayethatha ilizwe, siludlulise ibe ukusetyenziswa zoluntu umlimi uluntu. SRs ekhethwayo Amaqhinga ngesothuso, etsala gaba zizifundiswa yayo -. Abafundi, ootitshala, oogqirha, njalo njalo Itheko yaba ethandwa kakhulu phakathi abalimi.

Kwakungamandla awayeqhuba ye revolution - le sabasebenzi

Amaqela ezopolitiko eRashiya ngowe-1905 zifakiwe ezimbini ukwenza i "amasebe" ye lweNtlalo-Democrats. Ukwenziwa iqela liye ngokusesikweni ngo-1903, phesheya, e Brussels, apho mnqophiso savunywayo, inkqubo kwelona qondo iqela ngokwayo. I Democrats Social ndakhutshwa sabasebenzi, hayi abalimi (phakathi ngelo xesha ukufunda nokubhala-80%). Bafuna ukubhukuqa ukumkani, ukwazisa ilungelo lokuvota, ukwahlula ibandla evela kurhulumente. Ukuze abasebenzi kulindeleke ukuba angene ixesha akukho iiyure ezingaphezu kwesibhozo ezicwangcisiweyo pension, i-inshorensi, wayeza siyawubhangisa ukuqotywa kwabantwana kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ababhinqileyo. Abalimi babeza kufumana izabelo zazo, nto leyo aye ngokujonga kule khosi kuphuculo ka-1861. Ngexesha iingxoxo kwimiba ephambili iqela wavela ukungavisisani, yaye ubulungu balo baqala ukungena yamaBolshevik Party (inkokheli - V. I. Lenin) kunye Party Mensheviks (ekhokelwa Martov).

I Mensheviks ayekholelwa ukuba iqela labo ziya kufumaneka kuluntu ngokubanzi, iinkqubo revolution kufuneka akhokele oohlohlesakhe kwi umfelandawonye sabasebenzi. Nabalimi Mensheviks ingqalelo amazwi yexesha elidlulileyo, wacela ukuba athathe ilizwe ukusuka abaqeshisi kunye idluliselwe ubunini kamasipala, lo gama kugcinwe iziza ezincinane ekusebenzeni phezu komhlaba.

Imfihlelo lombutho kunye nokuvalwa beqela

YamaBolshevik Party naye wayeziva ukuba umtshato wabo kufuneka ivalwe intlangano conspiratorial. Kwakungamandla awayeqhuba ye revolution nabaxhasi uLenin bakaThixo kwesigaba Alliance kunye nabalimi kunye noohlohlesakhe kwakujongwa amazwi yexesha elidlulileyo. Ukutshintsha umyalelo ethanda ukwenza ngendlela yindlobongela kungakhokelela ukuba kutshintshwe oozwilakhe ulawulo tsarist sabasebenzi. inkqubo party wokwandisa zibandakanya ekupheliseni ecaweni, indawo yokuhlala kunye nokudluliselwa komhlaba karhulumente. Kufuneka ke ukuba izimvo ezinjalo yamaBolshevik Party ka-1917 (Epreli - isibhengezo "encwandini Aprili" uLenin kaThixo) wayengekho ezithandwayo kwindawo yezopolitiko kunye nabantu. Ngoko ke, iiarhente iqela le lasungula iphulo ubuxoki ebanzi phakathi emkhosini, abalimi, abasebenzi, njalo njalo., Ukwandisa inani sabaxhasi. Kwaye baphumelela, ekubeni la mandla kwezopolitiko olwenziwa Enkulu Oktobha Socialist Revolution. Of abameli intshukumo yezopolitiko wabumba Communist Party.

Kufuneka ke ukuba iinkqubo zamaqela ezopolitiko ixesha ezazithe efanayo omnye komnye. Umzekelo, i-kabini ecetywayo ukwandisa ukuzimela nemimandla mabini, ngoxa iiBolsheviks ufuna ukunika zonke iintlanga ilungelo self-determination, kuquka amathuba yokuzahlula. Kodwa ke, njengoko imbali iye yabonisa, i Party wamaKomanisi njengoko ekuziseni kwiBolsheviks, phezu koko, wadibanisa phantse yonke indawo yoBukhosi Russian ibe iyunithi enye, kodwa eyahlukileyo inkqubo loluntu.