Iingxaki ze inkqubela kwezentlalo. inkqubela-phambili kunye neengxaki zehlabathi

Imfundiso inkqubela yezentlalo - yinxalenye yokuhlalisana jikelele. Ngelo xesha linye ixabiso layo ngokunxulumene yabo. Uzama ukufumana phandle indlela ezi nkqubo eluntwini, lo mkhwa yophuhliso wayo, kwakunye kule njengesiseko utyhila ingqiqo jikelele inkqubo yonke zembali.

Le mbono "inkqubela", "uphuhliso" yaye "Ukubuya umva"

Phambi kokuba kuqwalaselwe ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo, sifumanisa umxholo kwala magama alandelayo: "inkqubela", "uphuhliso", "nokubuy'umva". Development - udidi ebanzi elibhekisela inkqubo othatha indawo kwiindawo ezithile utshintsho qualitative. Ezi ndawo ingaba zombini downlink kunye uplink. Ngoko ke, isigama inkqubela - le yenye kuphela icala uphuhliso, umgca kunyuka ukusuka kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo; ukusuka asezantsi ukuya ephakamileyo. Ukubuya umva, phezu koko, - ukuhla, kungekho kukhula, ukuthotywa. Le intshukumo ukusuka kwelona liphezulu lisezantsi, oko kukuthi, downlink.

Opinion Shaw

Njengoko abalandeli bakhe abachasi kwingcamango inkqubela kwezentlalo. Bernard Shaw, IsiNgesi umbhali, waphawula kule meko into entle kukuba ukufumana ingqiqo nkqubo yezembali, kodwa hayi nombulelo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umntu osisilumko lifuna, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukuziqhelanisa kweli hlabathi, kambe ke sona isityhakala - ukuziqhelanisa oko kuwe. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho uBernard Shaw, inkqubela ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi sezidenge.

Ukufunda ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo kudala

Kwimbali ingcamango bulumko, le ngxaki kuye sasingumba umdla rhoqo. Kwamandulo, umzekelo, Seneca kunye uHesiod wathi akukho nkqubela hlobo kwimbali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ihamba kwicala i Golden Age, ukuba regressing. Ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo ngexesha elinye kuye kwaqwalaselwa yi-Aristotle zikaPlato. Bona wacinezela umba iingcamango zomjikelo ebomini yoluntu.

incazelo christian

Kwakhona umdla nanku ukutyhilwa lamaKristu, nto leyo ingxaki inkqubela kwezentlalo. Kuyo, yena ithathwa njengokuba intshukumo phambili, phezulu, kodwa ngokungathi phezu yokuba imbali. Ngaloo ndlela Ndakholwa, umzekelo, Avreliy Avgustin.

Inkqubela phezu iziseko zehlabathi; kulo mzekelo uza off, kunye nokuqonda kwayo enxulumene kakhulu loo mntu: uxanduva womntu phambi koThixo, umvuzo, qhagamshelana yaphezulu.

ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngalo mba kwimbali

Ngexesha Renaissance ingxaki kumiselwa ingxaki inkululeko ngamnye kunye neendlela zokufikelela oku. Kule mihla, oko siye saqulunqwa umbono ezahlukeneyo inkqubela yezentlalo, leyo uvakalisa ilizwi ezaziwayo-kakuhle: "Ulwazi - amandla". Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, njengoko kwixesha le-French yiEnlightenment, kukho ingxaki okungangokungangqinelani phambili. Ngokukodwa, Rousseau uveza ayiphikisani ngenkqubela yokuziphatha kunye nenkqubela ulwazi.

Ukuba sicinga bulumko German weklasiki, kunokuthi kubonwe ukuba uphuhliso ithathwa njenge forward motion, yaye imbali yabantu yinkqubo yophuhliso umoya wehlabathi, ingcamango Absolute. Esi sikhundla ebanjwe Gegel.

Uluvo kumba zh. A. Kondorse

Jean Antuan Kondorse,-sobulumko French, yenye yezona mbono ubalaseleyo kwisiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane ye-19. Yintoni ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo ukusuka umbono wakhe? Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso. Condorcet wayeqinisekile ukuba inkqubela ixhomekeke ngenkqubela bengqondo, leyo ebonakaliswa ukusasazeka kwe zemfundo kunye nokukhula yezenzululwazi. Xa "uhlobo," kanye womntu, ngokwale njengomntwana onengqondo, ubuxoki ukukwazi self-uphuculo, yaye oku kubangela inkqubela kwezentlalo, kuya kumpompoza ngokungenasiphelo leyo. Nangona amagunya i "Infinity 'ngaphakathi kwipropati yabucala, ekholelwa ukuba ukusekwa uluntu yawo iqalisa ukuya phambili, apho kunokwenzeka kuphela kwiimeko qho zendalo.

Yintoni entsha isifundo uye kulo mba kwisiqingatha 2 ngenkulungwane ye-19?

Siyabona ukuba uninzi abaphandi zikhankanywe ngasentla abaye bafunda ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo, wayekholelwa ukuba ingcambu unobangela sisizathu ukuya phambili, "yena engenasiphelo amathuba." Nangona kunjalo, kwisiqingatha ye2 ngenkulungwane ye-19 ekuqondeni le mba neziphumo utshintsho ugxininiso, kude kube kufakwe yi ingcamango "inkqubela", "utshintsho lwentlalo" okanye "ujikelezo" kwimbali. Abaphandi ezifana P. Sorokin kunye Spengler ( "I Nqaba of Europe") wabonisa ukuba intshukumo yoluntu lwenzeka kwi downlink, yaye ekugqibeleni impucuko ziya kutshabalala nakanjani.

Ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo kunye nemigaqo yayo ngenxa abameli abanomdla of socialism nephupha (umzekelo, Karla Marksa, zigazi ezinikwe apha ngentla ngobude). Baqiniseka ukuba ihamba phambili - umthetho yophuhliso yoluntu, kwaye ikhokelela ekugqibeleni ukuya ngokoyisa Socialism elizayo. Bayibona amandla uqhuba kwasilela ukuphuhlisa impumelelo kwezemfundo, ingqondo yomntu, ekuphuculeni yokuziphatha kwabantu. ideology ngokweMarxist luqokelelane apha phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Isiseko kuyo - i yembali, indlela dialectical-izinto ukuya inkampani, ezidlulileyo wayo, ngoku nakwixesha elizayo. Imbali imelwe kulo mzekelo njengomsebenzi zabantu, nto leyo efuna iinjongo zalo.

Siza kuqhubeka utshintsho ababhali abathe bafunda ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo, kunye imiqondo yabo. Ukusuka kungasentla kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba akukho namnye kubo kuthathwa inyaniso epheleleyo, nangona ezinye iqhezu kunjalo ngamnye kubo. Mhlawumbi, abaphandi ziya elide ukuba babuyele kulo mba njengengxaki inkqubela kwezentlalo. Philosophy sele efunde okuninzi kweekhonsepthi, kodwa ke yonke into elinye macala.

iingxaki zehlabathi ixesha lethu

Nakwiimpikiswano inkqubo yentlalo yande kwinqanaba abakhoyo iingxaki zehlabathi yoluntu. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

- zibangelwa yi ntlekele lokusingqongileyo;

- ingxaki yokuseka uxolo ukuthintela imfazwe;

- yabantu (depopulyatsionistskie kunye populyatsionistskie);

- imiba ngokomoya (inkcubeko, impilo, imfundo) kunye nokunqongophala ngokomoya (ilahleko kwezikhokelo zangaphakathi - amaxabiso oluntu) ;

- ukuba boyise ukuqhekezwa zabantu, nto leyo ibangelwa ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye yokomoya ezizweni kunye namazwe.

Zonke ezi ngxaki sinye inkqubela yezentlalo kuchaphazela izinto uluntu ngokubanzi kunye nekamva layo, yaye ke ngoko igama ehlabathini. Ukusilela ukusombulula ezi kunye neminye imiba baxway nokusinda kuluntu luphela. Ukongeza, zesigqibo sayo, baya kufuna imigudu emanyeneyo nje kuphela amazwe ngamnye kunye nemimandla, kodwa lonke uluntu.

Ngamnye wethu uza ingxaki inkqubela kwezentlalo. isayensi Social jikelele - yinto inzululwazi luncedo kakhulu, kuba sonke bahlala eluntwini. Ngoko ke, ukuba baqonde imithetho ezisisiseko nokusebenza kwayo kumele. Isikolo rhoqo yokuzenzisa uthetha ingxaki inkqubela yezentlalo, ngokufutshane uchaza neengxaki zehlabathi. Mhlawumbi le miba kufuneka anikwe ingqalelo ngakumbi, yaye emva koko izizukulwana wayeza kuthumela imikhosi yayo kwisigqibo.