Iipropati Physical hydrogen. Iimpawu kunye nokusebenzisa hydrogen

Hydrogen H - element imichiza, enye common kakhulu indalo yethu. mass of hydrogen njengento kuhlanganiselo umcimbi yi-75% yabo isiqulatho lilonke athom lolunye uhlobo. Engena uqhagamshelwano ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye kubalulekile ukuba umhlaba - amanzi. A isici esasenza hydrogen kwakhona yokuba nguye isiqalelo wokuqala ngamaxesha itheyibhile imichiza D. I. Mendeleeva.

Discovery nophando

Sisihlandlo sokuqala hydrogen kwimibhalo komhla Paracelsus emva kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Kodwa kude kwaso ukusuka umxube gas wophando lomoya kunye neempawu olunokutsha sele yenziwe kwi izazinzulu ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe Lemaire. Hydrogen bayifundisise semichiza IsiNgesi physics Isazinzulu uHenry Cavendish, neyathi yabonakala empirically ukuba ubunzima hydrogen liphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iigesi. Ngezigaba yamva nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi, izazinzulu ezininzi wasebenza naye, ezifana Lavoisier, nimfulathele lowo wanibizayo ukuba "amanzi eyenziwe."

Uphawu PSKHE imeko

Isiqalelo, evula lwezakhi D. I. Mendeleeva - i hydrogen. iimpawu-atom Physical nemichiza ukubonisa mbini ethile kuba Iperoksayidi ngaxeshanye ngamalungu iqela lokuqala, lo iqelana ephambili, ukuba liziphatha intsimbi aze anike electron single kwinkqubo yendlela kwemichiza kunye wesixhenxe - kwimeko ezizaliswe ngokupheleleyo Valence iqokobhe, ngamanye ulwamkelo amasuntswana ezimbi, leyo kuluphawu njengoko efana halogen.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo yekhompyutha element

Iimpawu hydrogen kwiathom kwezinto ezinzima apho ifakwa, yaye into elula N ₂ ikakhulu kumiselwa uqwalaselo electronic hydrogen. Kwisuntswana ine ovela kunye Z = (-1), yokubolekisana zanda yayo ijikeleza ngumongo equlethe Proton elinye kunye neyunithi ubunzima kunye nesigxina HIV (1). Its 1 uqwalaselo ngekhompyutha zibhalwe ^1, nto leyo ibonisa ubukho yamasuntswana ezingentle ngokwayo wokuqala kuphela Iperoksayidi s-orbitals.

Xa wedwa okanye bahlehla electron kunye atom i element unalo ipropati ukuba munye iintsimbi zesiqinisekiso ifunyenwe. Ngokwesiseko hydrogen ion - i yamasuntswana HIV sabaqalayo. Ngoko ke, lo electron alunawo Iperoksayidi ebizwa nje Proton.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Xa echaza iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze hydrogen ngokufutshane, loo nto enemibala emihle, igesi ngokonga enyibilikayo esinobunzima isalamane atomic-2, amaxesha 14.5 ikhaphukhaphu umoya, iqondo lobushushu yokunyibilika -252,8 ° C.

Xa nokuhlola, uyakwazi ukubona ukuba H ₂ elula. Kwanele ukuba bazalise iibhola ezintathu izinto ezahlukeneyo - hydrogen, icarbon dioxide, ngokokuqhelekileyo umoya - kwaye ngaxeshanye ukukhulula ukusuka esandleni. Ekhule efikelela emhlabeni, nto leyo izaliswe CO ₂ emva ngamathontsi ezikhule umoya umxube ziqulathe H ₂ yaye bonke ukunyuka ukuya eluphahleni.

A ubunzima encinane kunye nobungakanani amasuntswana hydrogen ukuzithethelela ukukwazi layo ukungena ngokusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo ibhola efanayo kulo lula ukwenza iintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokuba deflates ngokwalo nje igesi uya kucanda ngerabha. Kwakhona, hydrogen nga inokuqokelelana isakhiwo ezithile zesinyithi (palladium okanye platinum), kwaye xa amaqondo obushushu bavuselwa ngumphunga kuyo.

hydrogen Property ngokonga asetyenziswe elebhu ukuba indlela kude kwaso bathabath ' amanzi. Iipropati Physical hydrogen (itheyibhile kuboniswe ngezantsi iqulethe engundoqo parameters) echaza yayo yesicelo kunye neendlela zamalungiselelo.

Ukubunjwa isotopic

Njengamanye amalungu amaninzi kwinkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo imichiza, hydrogen uye izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezininzi zendalo, athom ngamanye kunye nenani elifanayo protons kwi nucleus, kodwa amanani ezahlukeneyo neutron - amasuntswana ngeqanda kunye yeyunithi mass. Imizekelo athom ukuba ipropati efanayo - oxygen, ikharbon, chlorine, bromine kunye ezifana, kuquka ezinemitha.

Iipropati Physical hydrogen ¹ H, kunayo yonke abameli eli qela zahluke kakhulu kwezo iimpawu abafo yayo. Ngokukodwa, ezi mpawu ezahlukeneyo izinto apho banendawo. Ngoko ke, kukho amanzi rhoqo kwaye deuterated equlathe kumafa yayo endaweni atom hydrogen omnye kuphela Proton deuterium ² H - Isotope kunye amasuntswana ezimbini eziziziqalelo: HIV kunye uncharged. Le Isotope yi izihlandlo ezibini inzima kunesiqhelo hydrogen, ecacisa umahluko esisiseko kwi iimpawu imichiza leyo zakha. Indlela emi ngayo deuterium afumaneka ngamaxesha 3200 anqabe ngaphezu hydrogen. Representative sesiThathu - ntathu eziFihliweyo, ³ H, kwi core eye Proton ezimbini kunye neutron omnye.

Iindlela zokulungisa kwaye zibangelwe

Laboratory kunye neendlela zoshishino ukuvelisa hydrogen zahluke kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, izixa ezincinane yerhasi iveliswa ikakhulu reactions ebandakanya izimbiwa, nokuveliswa elikhulu-isikali ngakumbi usebenzisa yokuqaphela organic.

Le ekudibaneni kwemichiza alandelayo asetyenziswa elebhu;

1. Ukusabela zesinyithi kwealkali obrak umhlaba namanzi ukwenza kwealkali kunye negesi elifunekayo.
2. Le electrolysis ye isisombululo electrolyte zolwelo kwi anode akhululwayo H ₂ ↑, kwaye cathode - oksijini.
3. Yokubola hydrides zesinyithi kwealkali ngamanzi, kwealkali iimveliso, ngokulandelelanayo, H irhasi ₂ ↑.
4. Ukusabela yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano acid kunye nesinyithi ukwenza neetyuwa kunye H ₂ ↑.
5. Isenzo kwealkali kwi lesilicon, aluminiyam nezinki nayo inegalelo kokukhutshwa hydrogen ngaxeshanye ukwenza iityuwa ezintsonkothileyo.

Lwegesi inzuzo mveliso ezifunyenwe ubuchule ezifana:

1. yokubola Thermal methane xa kukho kulwandiso izinto enqila sabaqalayo (degrees 350 ifikelela ixabiso ezifana parameter njengoko lobushushu) - hydrogen H ₂ carbon C. ↑
2. Ukosuleleka umphunga wamanzi ngokusebenzisa coke ngo 1000 ° C ukwenza icarbon dioxide CO ₂ no H ₂ ↑ (indlela kakhulu).
3. Uguqulo gas methane kwi kuvala nickel kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya degrees 800.
4. Hydrogen eceleni ngexesha electrolysis kwezisombululo zolwelo of potassium chloride okanye sodium.

ukwenzela Chemical: amalungiselelo jikelele

Iipropati Physical hydrogen ubukhulu becala ungachaza ukuziphatha yayo kwiinkqubo impendulo nge inamehlo ethile. Valency of hydrogen 1, ekubeni ifumaneka kwi lwezakhi kwiqela lokuqala, kwaye ivelisa isimo igcwala eyahlukileyo. Kuzo zonke iikhompawundi, ngaphandle hydrides, hydrogen sd = (1+) e molecule uhlobo CNs, _CN-2, CN ₃ - (1).

A molecule ye hydrogen, eyakhiwe ngokubonelela electron isibini ngokubanzi, eyakhiwa-athom ezimbini nakakuhle oluzinzileyo ngenkuthalo, ngenxa yesi sizathu phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo egalelwe ngakumbi indlela aye kwi kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo utshintsho. Kuxhomekeka iqondo igcwala hydrogen njengoko kwezinye izinto, oko unako ukukhonza zombini njengento oxidant kunye reductant.

Ziimveliso osabela ukwenza hydrogen

intsebenziswano elemental ukwakha ezintsonkothileyo izinto (ngokufuthi kwiqondo eliphakamileyo):

1. I kwealkali ialakalin nomhlaba metal + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = hydrogen halide.
3. Isalfure + = emanzini.
4. Oksijini + _H2O = amanzi.
5. Carbon + H = methane.
6. Nitrogen + H ₂ = ammonia.

Ukusebenzisana izinto ezintsokothileyo:

1. Ukulungiswa kwegesi kudibaniso ukusuka carbon monoxide kunye hydrogen.
2. Ukufunyanwa zesinyithi ukusuka oxides zabo H _2.
3. Hydrogen Ukwanda hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo aliphatic.

hydrogen bond

Iipropati Physical hydrogen abanjalo ukuba usivumele, ukuba ngokunxulumene njengento electronegative, ukuba ibe uhlobo olulodwa ngokunxulumene atom elinye molekyuli ezikufutshane ukuba ngababini electron unshared (umz, ioksijini, inayitrojini kunye fluorine). Umzekelo zicacileyo ukuba ndibone kakuhle kule meko - kuba amanzi. Kunokuthiwa bonds lwaluthungwa hydrogen abanamandla ngaphezu covalent okanye ionic, kodwa ngenxa yokuba abaninzi kubo nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ngeempawu zezinto. Enyanisweni, hydrogen bond - lo intsebenziswano electrostatic, elibophayo iimolekyuli amanzi dimers neepholimazi, ebonakalalisa ebila indawo yayo ephezulu.

Hydrogen ukubunjwa iikhompawundi kwezimbiwa

Ukubunjwa asidi ezingaphiliyo ziquka Proton - zesiqinisekiso atom ezifana hydrogen. Ukusetyenziswa acid intsalela leyo unezinga elithile igcwala ngaphezu (-1) kuthiwa compound polybasic. Okwangoku kukho athom hydrogen eziliqela, nto leyo eyenza dissociation multistage kwi izisombululo zolwelo. Proton acid abaze nganye ezilandelayo okuhlukana nzima. Ukuze ubungakanani umxholo hydrogen okusingqongileyo kuxhomekeke iasidi yayo.

Hydrogen ziqulathe amaqela hydroxyl kunye neziseko. Bona udityanisiwe kwi hydrogen atom oksijini, oko kukhokelele iqondo igcwala le kwealkali intsalela kusoloko ulingana (-1). Ngomhla umxholo amaqela hydroxyl kwindawo echazwe yi basicity yayo.

Ukusetyenziswa zezinto ezenziwa luluntu

Iisilinda kunye into, ngokunjalo izikhongozeli kunye nezinye iigesi yangamanzi ezifana ioksijini, sibe inkangeleko ethile. Bona apeyintwe ngombala litshanda-oluhlaza esiqaqambileyo ebomvu "Iperoksayidi" boonobumba. Igesi lesitofu ibhaloni noxinzelelo of umoya 150. Iipropati Physical hydrogen, ekonwabeni ethile karhulumente sukube aggregate yaye usetyenziswa kuzale ngomxube iibhaloni helium, uThandeka iibhaluni, njl

Hydrogen, iimpawu zomzimba imichiza apho abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, ngomzuzu ababandakanyekayo amashishini amaninzi. main ubunzima yayo iya imveliso ammonia. Kwakhona hydrogen libandakanyeka ekuvelisweni zesinyithi (ചിഹ്നം uphawu, germanium, kaLayishe waseGalim, lesilicon, molybdenum, Tungsten, zirconium, kunye nabanye) loMthetho oxides, ethetha indlela njenge arhente ukunciphisa kunye ityiwa hydrocyanic acid, imethyl utywala, kunye yesibaso solwelo nazo zokwenziwa. Ishishini ukutya uthi ukuguqula oli yemifuno ibe amafutha okuqinileyo.

iipropati chemical ecacisiwe kunye nokusetyenziswa hydrogen kwiinkqubo hydrogenation ezahlukeneyo kunye hydrogenation kwamafutha, amalahle, hydrocarbon, iioyile kunye neoli amafutha enzima. Naye ukuvelisa GEMS, igqengezelayo, chitha nasekuqiniseni iintsimbi lweemveliso yentsimbi phantsi kwempembelelo amadangatye ioksijini-hydrogen.