Imbali engange. Kanjani imali engange

Le imali engange ithathwa zembali unit Russian emali. Provenance engange iqala ngokusesikweni kunye Novgorod iincwadi ezinde amaxolo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII, kodwa mbali abaninzi bayavuma ukuba imali engange ligama mali ngaphambili, mhlawumbi ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi.

Imvelaphi kombono

Imbali elivela kuzo imali engange elidityaniswe ngqo kwimbali Novgorod Land. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ebhaliweyo imali engange libhalwe 1281-1299 gg. Nangona izilawuli ezininzi ngokwahluka-Russian bafumana Kiev hryvnia njengeyunithi wemali. Sinako ukucinga ukuba bali nokuqhubekeka engange okanye "sebe" imbali ye hryvnia.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIII kwi Novgorod kule khosi kwakukho-gram 200 zesilivere bullion ngohlobo iinkuni ezimbini, ukuba imilo yayo lume kunye ubunzima embhoxo hryvnia - iyunithi malini Kievan Rus. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa ku eKiev, Novgorod, ezi etshe babizwa "engange".

Imbali engange Russian odibanisa igama unit lawulo nge lyudom elula Russian. Njengoko lo gama zizakubalulwa ubulungu balo parlance yinto Kungenzeka ukuba imali engange yaziwa ngokuba etshe elide phambi kokuba ngokukhankanywa lokuqala amaxhwebhu, yiyo loo nto kunzima kakhulu ukuba elona xesha ngqo awazalelwa kuyo imali engange.

inani

Akukho kwimvumelwano malunga nexabiso engange yokuqala. In oozilawuli ngokwahluka bafumana bullion yesilivere - hryvnya okanye engange, kuba ukubala ezincinane kusetyenziswa zemali zangaphandle, leedenariyo kunye dirhams, ebizwa Russian "coon."

Ngamanye amaxesha 200 etshe gram kwafuneka poltinas my okanye ezincinane iindawo, kuba ukubala ngqo. Oku nzima ukumiselwa ixabiso ngqo imali engange, ngenxa yokuba ngokutsho engange enye i-analogue of hryvnia, kunye nezinye - "isiphunzi" yayo 100 grams.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba lawutyumza ubulawuli ayikho weni ngokupheleleyo imali kwi amagama, kwaye imali engange kwi Novgorod wayelingana ngokwenene ukuya hryvnia, kwaye imali engange eMoscow yaba ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba wabonakala kamva baba engange Lithuanian, zalishumi 100 g

Le etymology lo gama

Ruble Imbali ongenayo data kwi imvelaphi kanye kwikota. Kukho iindlela ezine eziphambili ngemvelaphi elithi "engange" ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Inguqulelo esisiseko - le engange yi yemvelaphi elithi "sisithethe", gama elo elithetha "joint". Ruble Novgorod usindwa iteknoloji ukuba kuqala obuthelwe sokubumbela isiqingatha zesilivere, ize ke inxalenye yesibini, le ingot kwasekwa embindini omhlophe. Ngenxa yoko igama bezicathulo le ingot - le engange.

Ngokutsho uguqulelo yesibini engcanjini ilizwi livela isenzi "ukusika." Kulo mzekelo, izazinzulu ezicinga iindlela ezimbini. Lokuqala - i engange ibe yinxalenye hryvnia, okanye ngaphezulu kanye, yesine yayo; okt poltina, chipped kwisiqingatha. ATHUNYIWEYO Second - Ruble Novgorod ezahlukeneyo ukusuka eKiev iinotshi hryvnia EBONAKALISA merit ixabiso yesilivere ingot.

Ezinye iinguqulelo ezimbini zibonisa amagama ngokuboleka kwezinye iilwimi. Mhlawumbi igama elithi "engange" liye lweengcambu kunye elithi "rupee", gama elo elithetha "isilivere ligqithile processing." Ngaphandle uxhulumaniso mhlawumbi negama Arabic "ikota", nto leyo iyalila "RR".

Imbali kwi engange ime phezu iinguqulelo ezimbini zokuqala, njengoko mbali ukwabelana uluvo ezimotweni yegama elithi "engange" kwi parlance eqhelekileyo, oko akuthethi idibane benethuba uboleka kota.

imali engange lokuqala

Ukusetyenziswa etshe zesilivere eqinile udidekile kakhulu, kodwa waqhubeka de ngenkulungwane XIV xa, ebudeni bolawulo nguDmitry Donskoy waqalisa zetyeleba iingqekembe ezincinane omtsha. ezinkozo ubunzima gram ngaphantsi kancinane enye waza wabizwa ngokuba "imali", njengoko ilifa Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe. Yeyona ibali 'imali engange "ezinkozo iqala kule ngongoma.

Coins of ifomu ezahlukeneyo, ekubeni kwakunzima ukuqamba isangqa egqibeleleyo, Noko ke, ubunzima kunye itywina embindini ingqekembe ziyafana. uyilo Shicilela zingahluka ngokuxhomekeke ulawulo, apho imali eSwitzerland.

Ngokudlulela izibalo ezincinane imali kuba lula kakhulu, beza ekugqibeleni etshe-gram 200 ukusuka kubomi bemihla ngabantu abaqhelekileyo kwaye ziye zasetyenziswa kuphela kurhwebo lehoseyile.

Phantsi yempembelelo imikhosi zezopolitiko Novgorod kunye eMoscow izilawuli, kwakunye ukusuka kwintshona Duchy of Lithuania ukuya engange ngenkulungwane XV andigweqe ngokupheleleyo hryvnia, kwaye iye yaba kungekuphela kwisihloko ingot, kodwa ingcamango emxinwa-nye yamkelwa ukuze kubalwe nokubala imali kuqoqosho.

Utshintsho guqula

Bandile ngokutsha engange currency lokuqala lwaqhutywa phakathi kwinkulungwane XVI. Ngowe-1534 eMoscow yaqalisa utshintsho lwemali elimanyeneyo, injongo kwawo ubunye iinkozo esetyenziselwa iintlawulo, kwakunye ukubatshabalalisa kurhwebo lwasekhaya imali angaphandle, kuphazamisa urhwebo.

Icandelo basic wokubolekisa le engange Moscow, olu sapho lwaluquka 200 okanye 100 imali Novgorod imali eMoscow. Kamva zemali Novgorod babizwa "nesenti", and eMoscow - "mechenkami". La magama zinxulunyaniswa yokushicilela kwicala elingemva lwemali. Kwi penny kubalwa igorha ngomkhonto ngehashe, naphezu mechenke - njengegorha ngekrele. Le ngqekembe incinane kucingwe kwezinambuzane, oko kukuthi, isiqingatha mechenki; ngokufuthi kwaba kanye ingqekembe, chipped okanye ezaphukileyo kwisiqingatha.

Ekubeni bullion yesilivere iimvaba engange ngexesha ngenkulungwane XVI waphuma ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa, ukuba imali engange, kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane XVI wahlala nto ngaphezu iyunithi yokulinganisa.

Ngowe-1654, oko kuqala kubalwa zemali iimvaba engange omnye. Enyanisweni, kwaba perechekanennye iingqekembe waseJamani, leyo kwelinye icala sele ishicilelwe ingubo lwesizwe (eagle kabini), yaye kwelinye icala ukumkani kuboniswe ihashe. Coin ebizwa "engange", kodwa ubunzima ngaphantsi kwe isidima sam - 64 grams.

Xa ibhodi uPetros I imali sentsimbi kubalwa ngokuzimeleyo, kwakunye inani lotshintsho yenziwe kwaye ubunzima penny zobhedu kwangena 28 g kunye iimvaba 1/100 share uxabiso. Ukongezelela eesenti zobhedu zaqaliswa, kwaye zegolide emahlelweni engange-3 nezinobunzima nje kwama-3 grams zegolide. Kamva, ekuyeni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, ubunzima zesilivere emahlelweni lwenani 1 engange yawa 18 grams.

assignations

I engange iphepha yokuqala ukuvela ebudeni bolawulo uCatherine II, ngo-1769. Ezi yamaphepha ukusasazwa kangangeminyaka engama-50; ngexesha lokuprinta alulawulwa ngurhulumente, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuwa ngqo kwezoqoqosho, kuba engange phepha ngaphezu ngokubonelela iintsimbi zabo ezixabisekileyo. Ngowe-1843, yamaphepha zaye kungarhoxiswa ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa.

I engamaphepha yokuqala nokuphela zatshintshwa kulo nyaka, imali, Noko ke, ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo iibhanki kungekudala bayeke unaniselane igolide nesilivere - imali iphepha yaba ngaphezu methane ndilibalule software.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-1897 ukhuphe imali engange elitsha iphepha exhaswa yi ngegolide. Shicilela engange lwaqhutywa yi ubuchwepheshe obutsha, ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa imibala eziliqela kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo yokuzikhusela. Orel yoshicilelo multicolour (ngoko ogama lakhe behlonipha Ivana Orlova) kuvunyelwa ukuba siphephe mbumbulu kunye nokwandisa ulawulo karhulumente phezu ukukhululwa inani engamaphepha.

Ukuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kunye nenkqubo royal emali

Ixesha ekuweni yoBukhosi baseRashiya kunye nokusekwa Soviet Russia, ngokuba 'ixesha iimbandezelo. " Akumangalisi ke, imbali engange Russian kweli xesha kucingwa kakhulu zinzima kwaye inani lotshintsho kwemali ezisemthethweni unofficial kunzima ukubala.

Kwanasebudeni bemfazwe, uBukhosi waseJapan waqalisa yokunqongophala kwemali; ukunganeliseki ethandwayo, lika lokuzama, kwakunye eRashiya Ukuvuma kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I okunene kwakhokelela uBukhosi yokunqongophala kakhulu imali. It shwaka kubomi bemihla ngemihla yonke imali, nokuba zincinane.

Ukuziqhelisa, yonke into ebizwa ukuba ingxelo engange yaye kusetyenziswa kurhwebo, akazange abe nkqu ixabiso elincinane, kuba bekungekamiswa exhaswa ngu oovimba amatye anqabileyo. Engange babebizwa yamaphepha self-yashicilelwa, iilebhile iwayini, kwaye nkqu wazoba imali. Xa kwimbali yophuhliso engange, kwakunye kwimbali yelo lizwe, eli xesha ingaqatshelwa kakhulu aziphethe ngayo.

I engange zokuqala Soviet

Imbali engange eRashiya zexesha ekuqaleni yiSoviet iqala ngo-1923, xa kubalwa yokuqala fundole ngegolide, kubalwe engange-10 zabalawuli. Ngomhla ukutshintshiselana ducats zakhutshwa iingqekembe ezenziwe ngesiliva - zesilivere. Le yenye iinkozo ezinqabileyo Soviet njengoko iinkozo zemali igolide besilivere ezisetyenziselwa ikakhulu imicimbi phesheya kweli lizwe phantse akukho ukhetho.

Kunye imi--30. Le kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaqala ukubonakala engange iphepha kunye iingqekembe ezincinane aluminiyamu metal enexabiso. imizamo karhulumente ukwenza ukuba kubekho imali ibekwindlela olunye kwaqhubeka de phakathi kwenkulungwane, kunye ukubonakala engange kunye kopecks zatshintsha rhoqo.

Reform ka 1961

Ukuhlaziywa inkulu lwemali kwimbali yiSoviet Union, yaye mhlawumbi naseRussia njengohlobo liphela ilungisiwe kwisithuba seminyaka eli-10. Ngaba izinto kunye ixabiso elitsha le engange ekhethiweyo, kwenziwa ifomathi efanayo kwaye ukhethe uyilo olulodwa. Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo Union sele iwupasisile ukutshintshwa ngokupheleleyo yonke imali entsha.

Omnye wesampula entsha miri wayelingana engange-10 (isampuli kuqala eSoviet) ubudala yaye elingana segolide 1 g yegolide. Ngemihla zemali zesinyithi anqabileyo bangabi kubalwa ngaphezulu ngaphandle umba iinkozo ukuphawula iziganeko ezibalulekileyo okanye nobu.

Ruble Modern Russian

Imbali kwi engange bayo omnye kwentlekele 90 ekuqaleni. Emva kokuwa eSoviet Union le engange endala yiSoviet baba ukusetyenziswa de-1993, xa kwamaxabiso kunye ntlekele kwezoqoqosho bekhubazekile ngokupheleleyo lwemali kazwelonke akasivumeli inguqu kwamagingxi imali entsha format.

Ukunqanda ukwanda kwamaxabiso, utshintsho emali kwamkele engamaphepha ezitsha zethala a lot of zeros yaqhutywa 1993. Ngo-1998, urhulumente waseRashiya yabamba uthotho iinguqu emali, leyo zalandelwa yi ihlelo kunye nokukhutshwa amanqaku amatsha ukuze ejikeleza namhlanje.