Imbali ukuhlola Russian Arctic. Yesicwangciso sophuhliso Arctic

ubukho eRashiya kummandla Arctic kangangeenkulungwane. Ngophuhliso zothutho kunye nezinye izibonelelo zeziseko kwabangel ngokuthe ngcembe le Arctic. USSR ingqalelo imigudu yabo ikakhulu ekuphunyezweni kweeprojekthi zendawo uphuhliso kwamasimi ngamnye. Ngoku ngabasemagunyeni Russian benza imigudu esebenzayo ukwandisa ngokubonakalayo Dynamics inxaxheba izibonelelo ngingqi.

sizathu esihle. Phakathi kwabo iingcali zithi - ukuphucuka kweemeko zemozulu (xa baba imimandla ezininzi ezikhoyo), iinkqubo zehlabathi kwezoqoqosho ehlabathini, ezifuna ukudityaniswa kweendlela zothutho ezongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa umendo esemantla kunokuba. Iingxaki ze-Arctic kakhulu ngeentlobo - oko kwendalo, kunye ezopolitiko, kunye nemiba yezentlalo noqoqosho. Kodwa ithemba umsebenzi kweli cala, ngokutsho kwiingcali, Kuyinto ebalulekileyo.

nokwenziwa

Imbali wokuhlola Arctic kakhulu ibangel 'umdla. Ulwazi lokuqala malunga kummandla kule mithombo Russian asusela ngenkulungwane ye-10. Ingakumbi ngenkuthalo uphuhliso kwintsimi ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela kuLwandle Northern Route khona. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 unxweme-abahlali bakwazi ukufumana ukuya umlomo OB, uze emva koko - ukuba Yenisei, i Lena. Apho, kweli xesha, ulwazi lokuba uphuhliso umntu Arctic okunene uyemka emva kumaxesha amandulo, ekubeni Stone Age. Kwiinkulungwane 16-17th oomatiloshe Russian bakwazi ukufumana inxalenye engundoqo unxweme i-Arctic, evula indlela eya Pacific Ocean.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 kunxweme le Arctic ngumphandi we Enkulu Northern uhambo, ikhokelwa ngu Vitus wethu. Izazinzulu bakwazi ukwenza imaphu exabisekileyo kunye nezinto lokuhlola amanzi. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, abahloli Russian waqhubeka ukuhlola ngenkuthalo le Arctic. Amanye amaphulo aye inxaxheba kunye nabaphandi amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1873 Archipelago, uFranz Josef Land, wavula oomatiloshe yoBukhosi Austria-Hungarian. Kwiminyaka 1878-1879 ye iNorthern Sea Route ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni elidlulileyo, abaphandi ukusuka ngokudibeneyo kwiphulo Swedish-Russian aselwandle enqanaweni "Vega". i icebreaker edume "Ermak" yakhiwa ngo-1899, nto leyo ukuba ukumisela unxibelelwano phakathi kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo eRashiya. Arctic ukuhlola inyathelo ngenyathelo, wangena kwinkulungwane yama-20. Nangona kumaxesha anzima emva Oktobha Revolution, kwi-1920, oko wadalwa izakhiwo eziliqela umsebenzi ogama ukuhlola phambili mmandla. Kule minyaka 1923-1933 kwiindawo ezikufutshane kwi Arctic Ocean, abaphandi Russian uze Soviet wakha izikhululo zemozulu-19. Ukuthatha zula North Russian kunye 30.

Ukususela ekuqaleni IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, ekufundweni Arctic bayeka okwethutyana, kodwa izibonelelo mmandla, eyasekwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo, wenza igalelo elibonakalayo uloyiso. Kwiminyaka emva kwemfazwe, iNorthern Sea Route kwakhona watyelela abaphandi Soviet. Kwiindawo kufuphi Arctic, ukuba baxhatshazwe iidipozithi yeoli, igesi, negolide, iidayimani. Ukuphuhlisa izibonelelo emzini, ukwakhiwa zokuhlala ezintsha, kwakukho izakhiwo ezinkulu mveliso. Imbali Arctic wokuhlola kwixesha yiSoviet waphawulwa ngokuphunyezwa enjalo elikhulu-isikali kunye neeprojekthi ebaluleke, naseRashiya banamhlanje usasebenzisa kunye nezibonelelo, kunye nelifa ixesha zenzululwazi. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba ilizwe lethu zijongene nemingeni emitsha kuphuhliso mmandla.

Ukubaluleka jikelele

Inzala kwi Arctic ahlangabezana kuphela Russia. Isizathu sokuba le yinxalenye yehlabathi iye utsale ingqalelo kuzo zonke amazwekazi ezingqonge - ubutyebi amakhulu. Ubuncinane omnye kumazwe ezine, ngaphandle eRashiya, ibango uphuhliso Arctic - i-US, eKhanada, Norway kunye Denmark. Ilizwe ngalinye lineCandelo uphume ngandlela zaselwandle macro-mmandla.

Resources kwi Russian Arctic

iindawo ezinkulu inxalenye zwekazi Arctic bobabo eRussia. Kukho unique iidipozithi ze oyile negesi, kwaye amanqanaba zokuqala kuphuhliso lwabo, ilizwe lethu sele ekuqaleni ukuphumeza. Oku kunokubonwa, ingakumbi, umzekelo ngesantya ofanelekileyo ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kwimimandla ukuba kufuphi Arctic kwithala - ukuze abaphandi elizayo kunye namaqela macro-abasebenzi bakwazi ukuhlala kufuphi sites abazoba. Kuphela omnye Yamalo-Nenets Ukuzilawula District ngoku kwakhiwa amakhulu amawaka yesikwere seemitha kwiindawo zokuhlala. Eziphuculweyo kunye nezibonelelo zothutho.

iinjongo zangoku

Ngawaphi amanyathelo alandelayo kwi-sikhokelo apho kuya kubakho uphuhliso Russian Arctic? abaphandi kakhulu esebenzayo kunye noosomashishini beli lizwe lethu kucingelwa kwicala lophuhliso le-oyile negesi intsimi Bovanenkovo imi kummandla Yamalo-Nenets. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, oko becala uya kumisela amathuba ophuhliso loqoqosho kweli yingxenye Russia.

Kucetywa ukuba kuphuhliswe i-Arctic de-2020 urhulumente yase Russia uya kuchitha malunga 630 billion engange. 50 billion kulindeleke ukuba ukutsala ukususela mali engingqi. La manani zinika inkqubo karhulumente yophuhliso ye-Arctic, ngexesha elifanayo isixa zihlaziywe. Injongo yale nkqubo echaphazelekayo - uphuhliso oluphangaleleyo yonke mmandla Arctic.

Indawo ukuya Russian Arctic wagqiba ekubeni bakuzibalela kwimimandla yonxweme kunye nonxweme ezikhoyo ezifana Murmansk kunye Arkhangelsk iingingqi, i-Yamalo-Nenets Ukuzilawula District, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yakutia, Chukotka Ukuzilawula District. Isakhono resource kummandla, ngokutsho abasemagunyeni, omkhulu. Kodwa nokwenziwa layo kufuna iinzame ezibalulekileyo ezinxulumene isisombululo imiba yokusingqongileyo, umgaqo angaphandle. Uphuhliso izithuthi, amandla, izibonelelo, ukhenketho, iindawo ezithembisayo, ezifana, umzekelo, uphuhliso Arctic kwithala - imisebenzi inzima kakhulu.

imithombo yendalo Yamal

Sele ummandla Yamal - enye engundoqo kwishishini igesi Russian. Emasimini yangoku zavelisa ngaphezu kwe-80% ye gas yethu. Loovimba zizonke yerhasi yendalo kwi Yamal Peninsula - zizigidi cubic metres. Kukho kwakhona ioli - koovimba yawo liqikelelwa kwi-200 ezigidi tonnes. Isicwangciso bukarhulumente nabezoshishino labucala ngophuhliso olusebenzayo lwezibonelelo ekwaziyo yokubonelela lothutho irhasi kwi Yamal.

iziseko igesi

Phakathi eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwi ukwakhiwa kweziseko kwi Yamal - imveliso LNG. Okokuqala, le sityalo kufuphi yokuhlala Sabetta, eyakhela "Novatek". I kulindeleke amandla kwishishini - 15 million tons. Kufutshane sityalo bekumele ukuba ukwakhiwa moya, a ethekwini enkulu. Njengoko kulindelekile, intsimi engundoqo, ngokusekelwe leyo nkampani iya kusebenza, - South Tambeyskoye, egqalwa nje enkulu Yamal Peninsula. ziyimfihlo yayo - 1.3 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi cubic metres yerhasi. Kukho iimpawu ezibonisa ukuba le projekthi iza ligxile kwiimarike zangaphandle. umhla olucwangcisiweyo zokugunyaziswa - kunyaka 2016.

Northern latitudinal

Uphuhliso Arctic Russia, Kakade ke, ayiphelelanga imisebenzi kwishishini esisi. Phakathi lweentsingiselo langutana - ukwakha indlela elwandle ixesha elide - indlela Northern latitudinal. Ubume bale emendweni emanzini ibimele ukuba ukungena kumazibuko ezifana Salekhard, Nadym, Mbovy Urengoi. Nokufezekisa kwenkqubo yokwakhiwa kwale ndlela ulwandle lu dityanisiwe imfuneko ukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo Arctic macro-mmandla.

nololiwe

Uphuhliso Arctic siphelekwa ulwakhiwo kothungelwano ezintsha kaloliwe kule ngingqi. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi, ingakumbi uphuhliso kwimihlaba oyile kunye condensate negesi, kwakunye ngokwemigaqo yophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho kummandla Yamal-Nenets. It Kucetywa ukwakha indawo kwisikhululo sikaloliwe OB-2, ngokubekwa iindlela, leyo xhuma Salekhard kunye iinxalenye Northern Railway. ukwakhiwa olucwangcisiweyo ibhulorho ngaphesheya OB koMlambo. Kulindeleke ezi zinto ukuba ukusebenza ngo-2015.

iziseko oyile

Oil zothutho ukusuka Yamal amasimi kunye nezinye macro-ndawo ifuna uphuhliso lwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo. Phakathi iiprojekthi eziphambili - oyile "iPuri-Pe" - "Samotlor". Ukohluka kwayo - kwi indawo okuyo. Yena - kakhulu lasemantla main amafutha Russian. Injongo yokwakha yawo - ukwanda umthamo yeoli ihanjiswa ukusuka kwindawo Arctic kunye eSiberia ukuba inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya kunye namathemba kumazwe angaphandle.

infrastructure yombane

Development of the Arctic kufuna nokuqaliswa kwezibonelelo infrastructure yombane. Phakathi isitshixo - Amandla "Polar". ekwakhiweni kwayo lwagqitywa ngo-2011. umthamo efakiweyo Le izityalo - 268 MW. "Polar" kubangelwe ikakhulu nokusekwa unikezelo olungenasiphazamiso of ukuveliswa kombane , buzinze Yamal Peninsula, kwakunye ngabahlali imizi kule ngingqi, lwenza kube lula ukubuyisela boilers akudala ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezihlala abantu. Oku ithatha ukuncitshiswa ezilandelayo lweerhafu ombane kunye nobushushu ukuze abahlali Yamal.

processing igesi

Kulindeleke ukuba imveliso kunye nothutho izinto zokwenza imveliso kwi Yamal Peninsula kufuneka zincediswe mveliso nabo phambili. Ngokukodwa, apha naphaya ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa igesi ekuthiwa enxulumene. Isibakala sokuba olu hlobo eziphathekayo kuba sisiseko ukufunyanwa hydrocarbon ukukhanya. Nabo ke, ungasebenzisa icandelo yemichiza ye ekuveliseni irabha, izicoci, njl Phakathi kweziseko ezingundoqo industrial kwingingqi Arctic - .. processing igesi Complex Noyabrsk kunye namashishini ezifanayo Gubkinsky.

amandla omoya

Developed ngurhulumente Russian kunye neqhinga yequmrhu lophuhliso Arctic kwakhona kuquka uphuhliso iindlela ezizezinye okuvelisa umbane. Le ndlela yeyona umsebenzi wokwakha izityalo amandla omoya. Ngokutsho komnye yeeprojekthi ngoku le ngingqi izibonelelo zezulu kangangoko ukuba ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo bobuqili iiprojekthi eziphathelele kuphuhliso eminye imithombo yamandla. Kulo mzekelo, isityalo amandla omoya ukuba yakhiwe musa ukuba imveliso izisombululo ngokwesiseko ezintsha zeteknoloji abathile - yonke into efunekayo sele emarikeni. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezifanelekileyo kunokwenzeka - kwaba nokwenzeka yoqoqosho ukuphunyezwa kwazo. NguRhulumente Yamalo-Nenets Ukuzilawula District uyichazile ukuzinikela kwawo ukuba umtyali-mali kwi projekthi kwicala elingqinelanayo.

ukhenketho

Uphuhliso Russian Arctic kulindeleke nje kuphela nomba we kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini, kodwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kancinci - by abakhenkethi. Ke inani abathanda ngubani bagqiba ukutyelela Yamal ngaphakathi ukuhamba, hayi kangako. Noko ke, amandla uphuhliso kushishino olululo mmandla kakhulu. Oku kuchazwe ezahlukahlukeneyo iinkalo. Okokuqala, phezu Yamal Peninsula uhlobo ezintle. Okwesibini, nabantu apha bomthonyama abahlala eRashiya, inkcubeko yakhe, indlela yobomi iindwendwe kummandla inika incasa okhethekileyo. Okwesithathu, i Yamal - indawo enkulu abathandi yaphandle.

Nalapha, siphawula ukuba umdla yalo kuphuhliso loshishino lokhenketho, urhulumente wathi Yamal. Amacebo abasemagunyeni - ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lweziseko eziyimfuneko ukuze abahambi kwakunye nenkxaso koosomashishini abazibandakanya ekutsaleni abakhenkethi le ngingqi. Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba Yamal, kwakunye neminye imimandla Arctic, mbiso ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso yokuhamba cruise.

Sibonakaliso esingqongileyo

Ziziphi iingxaki eziphambili, ngaphandle apho uphuhliso ngempumelelo Russian Arctic kusenokuba nzima? Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, sibonile ukuba phakathi iindawo ezifuna ingqwalasela eyodwa, - nokusingqongileyo. Phakathi kwiindawo zomsebenzi ekufuneka ukuba kusetyenziswa kwilixa elizayo, - ukucoca mimandla Arctic apho kwiingozi zezendalo kakhulu ezibonakalayo.

kwamaxabiso eoli factor

Komnye version yoqoqosho lwehlabathi baqalwa yokwanda amaxabiso oyile iphantsi kakhulu. Ngaba le nyaniso kuba yinto embi kulo mba wophuhliso le Arctic? Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iindleko kwimveliso ye-oyile negesi kule ngingqi kangangokuba xa yangoku ayikho amaxabiso ihlabathi aphezulu kakhulu ioli ehambelana ukuya kuhlobo lomsebenzi yezoqoqosho iya kuhlala nenzuzo.