Inkqubo amakhoboka abalimi baseRashiya wathabatha kwiinkulungwane eziliqela. Ekubeni ubukumkani Ivan III, xa kwasekwa urhulumente esembindini , waya eMoscow, kwaye kukwenziwa amakhoboka epheleleyo wathabatha amakhulu amabini. Yonke le nto yaqala koSuku eSt George ke kule minyaka yokuqala ngoko Sudebnik esalelweyo, iminyaka amisiweyo. Links umxokelelwane omnye, yaye ngamnye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe kunye nezinye.
imini St. George kaThixo
Usuku St. George kaThixo - umbhiyozo St. George ekupheleni kukaNovemba. Ukusukela wokuqala Sudebnik 1497 nokutshintshwa abalimi nabanye abanini umda kwiveki ngaphambi kunye ngeveki emva ngaloo mini. Yaphela umjikelo umsebenzi wokulima, ahlawulwa imali yokusetyenziswa izakhiwo, kwaye micinga ye intsapho ushiye ukuya kufuna isonka lula ukusuka kwenye host. Isibakala sokuba ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi ubekhona eRashiya. I koMlawuli Wabanika eli lizwe ukuba nkonzo kwaye basebenze kuyo kwakungekho mntu. Ngoko votchinniki kunye abaqeshisi akhuphisane nabanye ukuba ukuyiqinisa abalimi ngokwabo, ukunika iimeko ezingcono kwabaphilileyo besebenza.
ihlobo ekhuselweyo
Ekupheleni kobukumkani Ivana Groznogo kwinkalo yezoqoqosho walawula umonakalo epheleleyo. Dlala War Livonian oprichnina nkqubo nokujongela phantsi mali lizwe, kwakukho abaqeshisi senkangala kunye namazwe patrimonial. Phantsi kwezi meko, yemfuduko eyandileyo abantu, abalimi asoloko efuduswa ukusuka kwindawo ngeendawo kufuna ubomi obubhetele. Ngoko Ivan kwi ekugugeni wobukumkani bakhe, basabela izicelo zabo ekukhonzeni abantu abangena ekuthiwa-iminyaka ekhuselweyo, nto leyo aphengela iminyaka amisiweyo. Ezi amaxesha zamafama yokuvalwa asebenzise ilungelo Day St. George kaThixo. Esi sigqibo senziwe nje okwethutyana, kodwa njengoko bathi, akukho nto esisigxina ngaphezu okwethutyana.
iminyaka fixed
Elinye inyathelo ukunciphisa inkululeko abalimi, waye ukuqaliswa komda ixesha iminyaka. Unyaka imbonakalo yazo ayixhomekekanga de kube sekupheleni. Pre - oku ubukumkani yokugqibela Ryurikovicha Fedora Ivanovicha, kodwa eneneni inxaxheba kulawulo lwe-mthetho karhulumente Tsar Boris Godunov. Igama elithi "Iminyaka esisigxina" awusebenzi kwimeko imimiselo kwexesha. 1597 Kodwa kwiincwadi ezininzi ngembali Russian uchazwa kumhla ukuqaliswa ixesha uphando abalimi awayeye ngeminyaka esalelweyo side ekhaya wakhe. Oko kukuthi, ngexesha xa zinakho ziye zavalwa. Yaba ndlela kuphela amafama ukutshintsha into ebomini babo. Ngoko ke wabalekela kwenye ngaphandle kwemvume mhlaba. Le host abafumana waba nomdla kuyo, kunjalo ukufihla bakwaEfrayim. iminyaka Taskmgr - ixesha apho umnini abalimi ebenako ukumbongoza igunya lolawulo oluphezulu, ingxelo malunga Ukufa kwamadoda akhe. Ukuba abalimi bafumana kwixesha elimiselweyo (isifundo), emva koko wabuyela kumnini wayo wangaphambili.
Dates abalimi uphando
Imimiselo lokuqala ukumkani zaqaliswa leminyaka emihlanu yophando lwe abalimi, ngoko eli xesha lanyuka ukuya iminyaka esixhenxe, elishumi elinesihlanu. Ngenkulungwane ye-17 ekuqaleni kwezinye iindawo ngenxa yindlala zaye irhoxisiwe iminyaka esalelweyo, yaye ngenxa yoko ke iminyaka amisiweyo. Oku, nangona kunjalo, oku akuthethi ukuba amakhoboka inkqubo sele uphelile, kunokuba wanqunyanyiswa kwiziganeko yawo the Time Iingxaki. Xa ookumkani zokuqala Romanov ubukhosi, umgaqo-nkqubo olawula phakathi komdla amacandelo ohlukileyo oluntu, kuqukwa abanini kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Abanye babefuna ukuba ukumkani ukunciphisa eli gama ukuhlola engalawulekiyo, abanye - ulwando. Xa umdla yokuhlalisa amazwe akumazantsi urhulumente wada waya ukurhoxisa iminyaka umda ixesha. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunjalo, ubomi iba ngcono, izilangazelelo kubanini esondela, indlela feudal kwimveliso wawufuna ulwalamano serf ngokomthetho.
Rhoxisa ixesha umda s
On ibhodi Alexei Mikhailovich waba noqhankqalazo ezininzi ezinkulu. Kokubona ethandwayo kunxibelelene kunye nokusekwa karhulumente kunye nebandla ezintsha odolo kunye nokuhla imigangatho yokuphila. Njengoko kudla ngokwenzeka, urhulumente waba esomelela ngakumbi, ngoxa abantu ahlwempuzekileyo. Ngo-1648 kwakukho Salt Riot, ngolokuqala Ukufa ezidubedube olulandelayo. uphakamo ethukile kumkani uselula wabiza Zemsky Sobor. Ityhileke eziphikisanayo ezininzi karhulumente feudal. Nakuba kunjalo, isiphumo yaba ukwamkela kwisethi entsha imithetho Russia ebizwa ngokuba "Conciliar I-Code". Njengoko kuba amahlwempu, babesithi ziyiprophathi izinduna kunye nempahla yabo. Bonke abo ayemzonda abalimi eyadala Babesoblwaya. Nabo ngokwabo abasabileyo ukurhoxisa nayiphi na imiqathango ixesha emva kokuba nethemba ukufumana inkululeko kumnikazi. Ngaloo ndlela, iminyaka umda ixesha ukurhoxiswa, kubhalwe 1649, kwathetha ekugqityweni of serfdom. Ngoku ubomi zonke umnini othathe umhlala esichengeni ukubanjwa waza wabuyela umniniyo, ngubani kumvelela yena ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu. Oku akuthethi ukuba amasebe bayekile, kodwa abalimi akusekho Ndabaleka ndaya kwesinye umniniyo, nakumzantsi, kumazwe Cossack. Nale meko kwakhona umiselwe ukuba akhokele umlo elide.