Imizekelo basabela encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. catalysis eyohlobo olulodwa kunye owahlukeneyo

Chemistry - inzululwazi kwezinto kunye utshintshwano zazo, kwakunye neenkqubo lokulungiselela lwabo. Nkqu kwiprogram yesikolo rhoqo kugqalwa umba onjalo ebalulekileyo, zombini iindidi ngayo. Classification, ngalo abafundi bafumana kwinqanaba elisisiseko, sithabathela ingqalelo utshintsho igcwala kwisigaba flow, kwaye ngokunjalo indlela inkqubo. D. Ngapha koko, zonke iinkqubo yemichiza zahlulwe reactions zokuphosa and non-encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Imizekelo utshintshwano ezithe zenzeka kunye kuvala edibana umntu kubomi bemihla ngemihla: ibile, ukubola. ukuguqulwa Non-zokuphosa, siya azixhaphakanga na.

Yintoni kuvala

Le acid, uyakwazi ukutshintsha umyinge wokuphelelwa reaction, kodwa akazibandakanyi ngokwayo kuyo. Kwimeko apho iza kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa inkqubo kukukhawuleziswa, kubhekisele catalysis ezintle. Xa kunjalo, ukuba arhente ongezwe kwinkqubo kunciphisa umyinge reaction, ibizwa ngokuba ngumqobo.

iintlobo catalysis

catalysis eyohlobo olulodwa kunye owahlukeneyo zahluke kwisigaba, apho kukho ukuqala izinto. Ukuba udweliso ukuqala, wasiwa unxibelelwano, kuquka kuvala, zibe kwakulo mo aggregate, yhuu catalysis eyohlobo olulodwa. Kwimeko apho indlela akuzi linqanaba ezahlukeneyo mba, na catalysis owahlukeneyo.

Le selectivity yezenzo

Catalysis ayikho nje njengendlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo, oko kunempembelelo entle umgangatho mveliso. A meko efanayo kungachazwa kukuba ngenxa inyathelo uyakhetha (uyakhetha) of ehlanganisa ezininzi kwandiswa iinkqubo ngqo kwicala reaction lifinyele. Ekugqibeleni, imveliso ifunyenwe ni ntumbuluko aphezulu akuyomfuneko ukuba azihlambulule phambili kweziyobisi. Le selectivity ye yintshukumo iza kunika ukuncitshiswa ngempumelelo iindleko non-elinemveliso izinto, iinzuzo ezilungileyo kwezoqoqosho.

Izinto eziluncedo isicelo imveliso ye kuvala

Yintoni enye luphawulwa asabela encedisa ukuqalisa? Imizekelo kujongwa kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eqhelekileyo, zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa iza kuvumela inkqubo kwiqondo lobushushu ezisezantsi. Amalinge zibonisa ukuba inokusetyenziswa ukubala ekucutheni kakhulu iindleko zamandla. Oku kubaluleke ngokukodwa kule meko, xa kukho ukunqongophala kwezixhobo zamandla ehlabathini.

Imizekelo encedisa ukuqalisa iveza

Liliphi icandelo ukusebenzisa indlela encedisa ukuqalisa? Imizekelo izityalo ezifana: imveliso nitric kunye acids sulphuric, hydrogen, ammonia, iipholima kunye neoli processing. Zazisetyenziswa catalysis ekulungiseleleni asidi organic, monohydric kunye alkoholi polyhydric, nentlaka phenol, idayi, amayeza.

Yintoni kuvala

Le ehlanganisa unako ukukhonza izinto ezininzi ezikhoyo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha of imichiza Dmitriya Ivanovicha Mendeleeva, kunye nemixube zabo. Phakathi accelerators ixhaphakileyo bodwa: oxides nickel, intsimbi, platinum, ayibe, alumosilicates, manganese.

iimpawu ehlanganisa

Ukongeza ehlanganisa amanyathelo uyakhetha namandla kakhulu ngomatshini, ingakwazi ukumelana iityhefu zokuphosa, ngokulula neenkcukacha zeposi (yabuyiselwa).

Isigaba of zokuphosa reactions yohlobo olunye zahlulwe zibe kwisigaba igesi kunye nesigaba engamanzi.

Uqwalaselo olubukhali kwezi ntlobo ngayo. Xa izisombululo of chemical conversion namafutha ezivelileyo hydrogen ukuse- H +, isiseko hayidroksayidi ion OH-, iyatshi- zesinyithi, M +, yaye izinto ekhuthaza ukuyilwa radicals simahla.

Eli catalysis

Indlela Catalysis ngokuhlanganisa asidi kunye neziseko kukuba kukho kutshintshiselwano phakathi izinto ekunxityelelwana nalo kunye kuvala ion HIV (protons). Ngoko utshintshwano intramolecular uthathe indawo. Le ndlela yokusabela zezi:

• emzimbeni (uncoupling amanzi);
• ukuxovwa (kuthinjwe iimolekyuli zamanzi);
• esterification (ekumisweni Ester evela alkoholi kunye acids carboxylic);
• polycondensation (Polymer benazo ngu cleavage ngamanzi).

Imfundiso catalysis licacisa kuphela inkqubo kodwa inguqu kwicala kunokwenzeka. Kwimeko apho inkqubo catalysis owahlukeneyo iyinxalenye kwisigaba namafutha eyahlukileyo, kufuneka ezithile iipropati zokuphosa phezu amanqaku phezu reactants okanye lonke umphezulu ubani enokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Kukho inkqubo microheterogeneous leyo ibandakanya ukufumana kuvala sikwimo colloidal. Olu khetho yimeko lenguqu ukusuka yohlobo olunye ukuya owahlukeneyo catalysis engqondweni. Uninzi lwezi nkqubo kwenzeka phakathi kwezinto sukube usebenzisa ehlanganisa okuqinileyo. Basenokuba ngohlobo iingqalutye, amacwecwe, iinkozo.

Ukusasazwa catalysis endalweni

catalysis enzyme zisasazwa kwindalo. Apho nge biocatalysts Yindibanisela iimolekyuli protein, ukutya lwenziwa eziphilayo. Akukho iinkqubo zebhayoloji ebandakanya izinto eziphilayo, abawaphephi basabela encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Imizekelo yeenkqubo ebalulekileyo: Yindibanisela acid evela kwiiproteni ezithile eziphilayo; ucalulo amafutha, iiprotheni, carbohydrate.

catalysis algorithm

Cinga indlela catalysis. Le nkqubo ezenzeka misindo accelerators eziqinileyo iikhemikhali intsebenziswano, oko kuquka amanyathelo ezininzi ezingundoqo:

• Kunikwa i reactants kumphezulu beenkozo ngumnxibelelanisi ukusuka kumsinga kernel;
• Kunikwa reactants kungena pores kuvala;
• chemisorption (adsorption yasebenza) phezu komhlaba namafutha kwemichiza zakudibana nokufika kwindawo eziyimichiza - izakhiwo iyasebenza "wezenzi kuvala";
• ngokutsha athom lubandakanywe lwendibaniso kumphezulu "yempela-mveliso";
• nokuhanjiswa kwi pores ze namafutha lemveliso reaction;
• nokuhanjiswa imveliso evela kumphezulu ukuhamba iinkozo core reaction namafutha.

zibaluleke kangaka reactions zokuphosa and non-zokuphosa ukuba izazinzulu kule minyaka kuqhubeka uphando kule ndawo.

Xa catalysis eyohlobo akukho mfuneko ukwakha loyilo ezizodwa. catalysis enzyme lobeko owahlukeneyo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezithile. Kuba flow yayo kuphuhliswa izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezizodwa, yahlulwa phezu komhlaba zoqhagamshelwano (e kwimibhobho, ngomhla iindonga kuvala gauze); lilele lokucoca; umandlalo oluludaka; ungacolwanga nge kuvala ehambayo.

transfer Tshisa kwi izixhobo iphunyezwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• ngokusebenzisa ekude (lwangaphandle) kubananisi ubushushu;
• nge kubananisi ubushushu, elungiselwe izixhobo zoqhagamshelwano.

Ukuhlalutya formula chemistry, inokufumaneka ngayo loo apho kuvala lisebenza njengenye imveliso yokugqibela, oluthi luqokelelane ngexesha umchiza impefumlelwano amacandelo ekuqaleni.

nkqubo ibizwa autocatalytic, isenzeko chemistry ekuthiwa autocatalysis.

Isantya ukwenzela ezininzi ngenxa yobukho kwi abasabela umxube izinto ezithile. ifomula yabo chemistry bedla ngokungasiwa, kufakwe igama elithi "kuvala" okanye isishunqulelo ayo ale. Abayi ziquka stereochemistry lokugqibela lenxaki, ekubeni, emva kokugqitywa yokusabela ayitshintshi ukusuka kwindawo oluninzi ngayo. Kwezinye iimeko, ngokwaneleyo izixa ezincinane lunezinto kakhulu ezichaphazela isantya inkqubo eqhubekayo. Kuvumeleke kunye neemeko ezifana xa namafutha yemichiza intsebenziswano ngokwayo isitya reaction.

Kakuhle eli ngumnxibelelanisi azinampembelelo izinga ukutshintsha inkqubo kwemichiza kukuba osisiqu ifakiwe ukwakhiwa entsonkothileyo esebenzayo, ngoko litshintsha amandla ukusebenza ukuhlangana kwemichiza.

Xa ekonakaleni kwe kuvala ngokutsha oluntsonkothileyo uyabonakala. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba akayi wachitha, iya kuhlala injalo emva kokuba imali yentsebenziswano. Kungenxa yesi sizathu kukuba ubuninzi ngokwaneleyo encinane into esebenzayo azithethelele le zeendawana (reaction reagent). Enyanisweni, imali kancane kuvala kwiinkqubo imichiza kunjalo bagqitywe, njengoko ingaziinkqubo eziziisekondari ezahlukeneyo: ukuba ityhefu inkqubo ilahleko, kutshintshwe umphezulu imo kuvala eqinileyo. Formula of chemistry asilubandakanyi accounting kuvala.

isiphelo

Reaction, nto leyo yathetha ukuba esisebenza (kuvala) zingqonge umntu, ngaphandle Ihamba emzimbeni wayo. reactions eyohlobo azixhaphakanga kakhulu intsebenziswano owahlukeneyo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kuqala ukuyilwa izakhiwo eziphakathi, leyo ukutshabalala, ngokuthe ngcembe ndiludilize kwaye kukho ngokutsha (ngokubuyiselwa) loMthetho namafutha yenkqubo kwemichiza. Umzekelo, impefumlelwano metaphosphoric acid kunye potassium persulfate njengomkhawulezisi enze hydriodic acid. Xa zongezwe reactants baseka isisombululo etyheli. Njengoko sisiya ekupheleni kwenkqubo kombala iyabuna. Njengoko yimveliso eliphakathi kulo mzekelo i-ayodini, kwaye inkqubo ithatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezibini. Kodwa kamsinya ngumnxibelelanisi njengoko metaphosphoric iasidi kuhlelwe ibuyiselwe endaweni yaso. Zokuthundeza ezibalulekileyo kushishino, zinceda ukuba ukukhawulezisa inguqu ukufumana iimveliso ophezulu umgangatho basabela njani. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ngaphandle nxaxheba lwabo kunye neenkqubo kwemichiza emzimbeni hayi.