Impembelelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba amalungelo oluntu kwi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Igama elithi "semvelo" yaziswa okokuqala paleontologist Austria kunye komhlaba Eduard Eossom ngo 1875. Ngokoqobo yaguqulelwa, oko kwakuthetha kwinqanaba lobomi. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba lo xesha biosphere enezibizo. Waye obizwa ngokuba 'umfanekiso ngemvelo, "" isithuba ophilileyo "," ukhuseleko live "njalo njalo. N. Umxholo kolu luvo kuye kwaqwalaselwa yi zemvelo ezininzi.

Imbali isifundo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi 'umfanekiso nemvelo' ezifana kwakuthetha ingqokelela kwabo izinto eziphilayo waphila emhlabeni. Kodwa eziphilayo JB Lamarck (1744-1829 gg.) Uluvo Revolutionary wavalelwa phambili. Wabonisa ukuba eziphilayo kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekubunjweni kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Lamarck wagxininisa ukuba ezo izinto ezifakwe kuyo, kuye kwasekwa ngenxa umsebenzi eziphilayo.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ingcamango yokuba phakathi ziyaphila kunye nohlobo engaphiliyo, kukho nolwalamano olusondeleyo kunye yokuba zonke izinto ukuvelisa iziphumo imichiza ezingqongileyo, neeminerali, yaye izinto eziphathekayo, ngokuya wathabatha ilifa iingqondo izazinzulu. It nempembelelo iinguqu ezenzekileyo kwindlela ngokubanzi isifundo wendalo. izazinzulu Natural Ziyanda waqiniseka ukuba iinkqubo kunye ngezenzeko ezenzeka kwindawo yabantu, kubalulekile ukufunda kubemi ngokubanzi.

Malunga amathandathu eminyaka eyadlulayo, Academician V. I. Vernadskim yaphuhliswa imfundiso ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba iqokobhe koMhlaba, apho kwakuhlala eziphilayo. Oku ngandlel zatshintsha intsingiselo kwikota. Ke kaloku ingqikelelo "Reserves" asisebenzi kuphela umzimba, kodwa kwakhona kwindawo yazo.

isakhiwo

Kukholelwa ukuba ukwakhiwa ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ziquka:

• into biogenic evela kwinkqubo eziphilayo ebalulekileyo (lekalika, amalahle, igesi esesibhakabhakeni, etc ...);
• mbandela, nto leyo iseti eziphilayo;
• into bone, owayebonakele ngaphandle inxaxheba naziphi na izinto eziphilayo (udaka mlilo, iintlobo eziphambili, etc ...);
• biokostnoe into babe iinkqubo japan odityanisiweyo umhlaba abiogenous kunye nomsebenzi eziphilayo.

Uphuhliso umphakathi wabantu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Abantu ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo kuba nefuthe ngqo kwindawo yazo. Eli thuba ithatha iminyaka malunga 30-40 million. okubangelwa abantu semvelo soMhlaba na into anthropogenic.

Ukuqala obubonakala wakhonza ubudala yamatye, ehambelana ixesha icing. Ukuze usinde, abantu kwafuneka ukuzingela izilwanyana ezikhulu ezifana emntla nexhama ebomvu, lomkhombe ezinoboya, ukhenketho omkhulu, njl Ubungqina oku - .. Amathambo ezilwanyana zasendle eziye ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu kumaziko yamandulo. ifuthe Human phezu kwemvelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kwi Stone Age kubonisiwe kwanokupheliswa ngobuninzi ezidla ezinkulu. zokuzingela ngenxa ukuhla kwamanani abantu abantu abaninzi, kwakunye yokuduka kwezinye iintlobo.

10-13 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, le Ice Age kungena amanye Ukufudumala elibukhali. Lonke elaseYurophu, bezandlala amahlathi, waye kukutshabalala kwezilwanyana ezinkulu. Ngeli xesha, impembelelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila umntu ngamnye akubalulekanga kakhulu. Ukutshintsha iimeko zokusingqongileyo watshintsha ubomi babantu. Xa oku inciphisiwe sele lusekiwe isiseko kwezoqoqosho ekuhlaleni. Abantu baye bafudukela ixesha ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso, eshiya ngasemva a zengqondo nje kwabathengi malunga nokusingqongileyo.

It kwangenisa yobudala entsha ilitye, xa ngaxeshanye kunye amakhowa ukuzingela, ukuloba, nokuhlanganiselwa kunye amaqunube khula ukubaluleka inkqubo yemveliso yokutya. Impembelelo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba babantu ngokuthe sehle. amalinge Previous ezizalayo izityalo kunye ukufuywa kwezilwanyana. Ukuxhasa oku kwafunyaniswa ngosoonzululwazi zokuhlala zabantu kwexesha, apho kwafunyanwa ingqolowa, nerhasi kunye neelentile. Kwakukho amathambo izilwanyana zasekhaya - iihagu neegusha.

Kunye nophuhliso loluntu abantu baqalisa ukuya kuvela kuqoqosho yasemaphandleni kunye nezolimo. Kamva, abantu baqala ukuphuhlisa imithombo yezimbiwa. Kwathi ukuvela yokunyibilikisa isinyithi.

Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini zokugqibela yokuchatshazelwa ngabantu kwi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ngayo iye yaqatsela. Oku lula yi ephala ubunjani kuphuhliso yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa. Kule mihla, okubangelwa abantu umhlaba onokuphila uthabathe isikali-langa. Ngelo xesha ke iba nefuthe ngqo ngqo kwi ngendaleko ngakumbi imeko esingqongileyo.

Ukuphikisana phakathi kwabantu umhlaba onokuphila

Ithuba zembali lonke co-kubukho endalo kunye noluntu ingavezwa umanyano iintsingiselo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, ifuthe lwemisebenzi zabantu ngobume ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba ngokukhawuleza narhoqo nokwandisa ngenxa yokonganyelwa kwalo ngakumbi phezu indalo. Ukongeza, kukho kukuqiniswa rhoqo nokungavisisani phakathi uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo

okubangelwa abantu umhlaba onokuphila kubonakaliswa kakhulu into yokuba utsaleleke iimfuno zoluntu kweendawo ezinkulu Umhlaba, ukufumana inani ngakumbi nangakumbi ekuphononongeni izimbiwa, ezithi zahlulwe yigolide kunye exhaustible. Lokuqala kwezi kubhekisela umoya, amaza elwandle radiation elanga. Le sezulu, amanzi kunye nendawo resources. Pholisa ingqalelo njengoko amanzi kunye nomoya. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi yabantu iye yenze loo isihlobo nokuzimisela. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yokuba babangela ungcoliseko iimfuno zoqoqosho, amanzi kwezinye iindawo emhlabeni Agqitha aya wokwehla.

Okwangoku, Page kuphela izibonelelo pholisa ekunokuthiwa mpilo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba amanzi ukubuyisela isidima sangaphambili kunye emoyeni kufuneka yaba nempembelelo entle biosphere yabantu. Ukuphunyezwa kwawo kunokwenzeka ngendlela yophuhliso kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo omkhulu.

Impembelelo yezenzo zesintu umhlaba onokuphila kwaye sibonakaliswa ekusetyenzisweni kwezibonelelo exhaustible. Ezi ziquka: ukuchuma komhlaba, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, kwakunye kwezimbiwa. Sebenzisa ngenxa iimfuno ezabo abantu baqala kwixesha Neolithic. Ekuqaleni, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ubhedu negolide, zamani. Kamva, baqala ngabam lengca ore ezahlukeneyo. Kwezi izimbiwa walungisa nebhekile, nelothe, nangesilivere nangobhedu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imveliso umntu yabo mveliso isebenzisa ezininzi sisimbiwa eyaziwa izimbiwa, kwakunye oyile, amalahle negesi. Uphuhliso inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa ivula kuluntu lonke omtsha iintsimbi izicelo-ayoni kwaye ayoni, kwakunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zalo. Ngaloo nokwandisa uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa ores ezisezantsi-grade, nokwandisa umthamo oyile akhutshwa emithombo komile.

Exchange kwezoqoqosho uluntu iindawo ezinkulu iplanethi yethu. Noko ke, nangona oku, indawo yabo luyanda unyaka nonyaka. Ukukhulisa nokusetyenziswa nezilwanyana zasendle, izibonelelo intlanzi kunye nemithi.

ungcoliseko lomoya

Rhoqo ngonyaka kule planethi kuyanda nokuxinana kwabantu. Oku kwandisa kunye nefuthe ngabantu kokusingqongileyo. Njengoko umthetho, iziphumo ezibi wonke lo msebenzi kuqala eqala biosphere. ifuthe Human kwindalo esingqongileyo akwazi ukutshintsha ngethuba leminyaka iye iinkqubo elide-kusekwa biogenic.

Enye ngenxa uphuhliso le industry ungcoliseko lomoya. Oku oqaphelekayo ingakumbi komzi, ngokunjalo phakathi mveliso kunye nezithili mveliso. Apha, kwi ukunyuka umoya kakhulu iqondo lwee- greenhouse eziyingozi. Ngenxa yoko, kukho isiphumo umva ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba abantu. Okokuqala, lubonakaliswa ingozi yokuba umoya ongcolileyo ukuba empilweni yethu. Ukongeza, iigesi eziyingozi edibene ukufuma emoyeni ziwe emhlabeni imvula eneasidi. iidipozithi ezinjalo angafundisi umgangatho womhlaba, ukunciphisa izivuno zezityalo.

Eyona engundoqo imithombo yongcoliseko lomoya - zentsimbi kunye nemveliso intsimbi, kunye namaziko abaqhumisela namafutha enziwe ngeefosili anqongophele. izinto ezinobungozi emoyeni evela ende yamaziko, imibhobho zeemoto kweemoto wakwaMowabhi. Eyona esiyingozi element sulphur dioxide. Le igesi enetyhefu, ehamba lula emanzini. Betha oku kunye nezinye ezingcolisa indalo amalungu nokuphefumla zabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa ukutya kukhokelela kukuba umhlaba onokuphila ifuthe emzimbeni womntu ngokungalunganga.

Ubukho a xi aphezulu sulphur dioxide elifana neli kufuphi smelters. Le nto ibangela izityalo hypoplasia utshabalalisa yiklorofili kwaye kunegalelo yome kwaye ziyawa amagqabi ziinaliti. Inxalenye yale igesi oxidized ngakumbi. Ngenxa yale yokusabela zezi anhydrite sulphuric, nto leyo ebangela ukuba nje kuphela umonakalo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, kodwa utshabalalisa isakhiwo. Ukongeza, ukuba ungene emhlabeni, olu phawu kokuhlanjwa sokubumbela ukusuka apho izityalo zifumana zonke izondlo abazifunayo.

Ngenxa ukutshiswa rhoqo isixa esikhulu zepetroli kwakhona lwenzeka ezinokosulela biosphere. Ifuthe longcoliseko kwi zabantu kunokuba embi. Inyaniso ukuba iikhompawundi eziyityhefu emoyeni. Le carbon nitrogen oxides, iikhompawundi abaphambili kunye carbohydrate ezahlukeneyo ezifana ethylene kunye iasithilini. La macandelo eziyingozi, edibanisa emoyeni kunye amathontsi amanzi, abe inkungu enetyhefu - edibene nomsi. Yena utshabalalisa izihluma ezixeko. Ukongeza, i ibonakale kunye nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabantu ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Ityhefu inkungu kunegalelo ngokubonakala nezifo ezininzi, kuquka umhlaza.

ukungcola angenawo

Ukukhula yokusebenzisa le ncwadi ebalulekileyo yendalo lu dityanisiwe nokwanda kwenani labantu ehlabathini, ukuphucula iimeko zabo yococeko kunye nophuhliso lwe kunkcenkceshelo kwezolimo kunye namashishini. Konke oku kunokukhokelela okuba "ndlala yamanzi". Kwaye apha kufuneka yaba nefuthe elakhayo abantu umhlaba onokuphila. Enye amanyathelo ukujongana nale ngxaki kukuphuhlisa imibuzo malunga nokusebenzisa ubengo kwemithombo yamanzi. Ukongeza, amanyathelo ekufuneka ukuba makathathwe ukuze ukuphelisa inkunkuma khupha mveliso emilanjeni. Ngemva kokuba zonke izinto eziyityhefu ukunyathela amachibi.

ukungcoliswa kweelwandle

Kunye imisele yamanzi emlanjeni elwandle kuza yepetroleum inkunkuma ebangela isifo, iintlobo ityhefu ze-oganikhi khompawundi, iityuwa zesinyithi ezininzi enzima.

Ngenxa yoko, le ungcoliseko ufikelela ezinjalo ibathwana ukuba wambamba saselwandle esineqokobhe nentlanzi akaphilanga ukutyiwa ngabantu.

Utshintsho kumhlaba

Nyaka ngamnye, abantu babutha kwimihlaba yokunciphisa. Kunye nalo lamanqanaba zomhlaba otyebileyo lurhoxisiwe izixa ezikhulu potassium, iphosphate kunye nitrogen, ngamanye izinto ezifunekayo ukuze kwesityalo. Ukuba azondle la macandelo ebalulekileyo endle ukuba linikeze qho ngonyaka izichumiso organic nezimbiwa. imihlaba yabo kufuneka kwanele ukuba bavelise isivuno enkulu kunye nokususwa ongaphezulu luya. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo ekugcineni umgangatho amasimi kunye nokusetyenziswa kujikelezo efanelekileyo lwezityalo.

Ukuba umntu engalunganga kwi ukulima ukhukuliseko lomhlaba komhlaba kwenzeka. Le ukutshatyalaliswa umaleko ongaphezulu, kuxhokonxwa umoya okanye amanzi imilambo. Xa ukutya kakhulu kwezilwanyana kwi semi-koozintlango emaqeleni kunokubangela ukhukuliseko ngumoya.

Ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu usongela umhlala-phantsi ingeniso yezolimo kwiindawo ezinkulu. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba indlela open kwemigodi. Iimfumba zomhlaba kunye nomsebenzi enzulu batshabalalisa iindawo ezinkulu imimandla abakufutshane. Ngenxa yoko kukho kukwaphula ulawulo ezinamanzi ze-ndawo, ungcoliseko lwamanzi, umoya kunye nomhlaba. Kwangaxeshanye zehla izivuno zezityalo.

Ifuthe kwizityalo nezilwanyana

Ngenxa yokuba negalelo ngqo oluntu kwindalo kwenzeka utshintsho ngqo kokusingqongileyo. Enye indlela impembelelo loo ukusika ngokucacileyo amahlathi. Kulo mzekelo, izityalo eziseleyo enamanqanaba asezantsi phantsi kwempembelelo ebuhlungu nakwimitha yelanga. In umthunzi-flora ibhuqiwe yiklorofili kunye nokukhula ukuncokola. Ngenxa yoko yokuduka kweentlobo ezithile. utshintsho ivavanywa kunye nehlabathi izilwanyana. Abo iintlobo bayo kungenxa nenqwelo umthi, aya kwezinye iindawo okanye shwaka.

Le nefuthe elibi kwizityalo yehlathi babe abakhenkethi abatyelela kunye abakhenkethi. Baya yayilahla kunye ukugangatheka komhlaba kwakunye ukungcolisa indalo.
A nefuthe elibi zasendle iye ngokuloba izilwanyana, izinto ezo ukuba ixabiso lesondlo yabantu okanye okwaziyo ukuzisa inzuzo eziphathekayo. Le nto ikhokelela ezinye iintlobo elunxwemeni yokutshabalala. Kwaye oku, nayo, ebangela ukwehla kwi nozinzo biocenoses.

radiocontamination

Ngowe-1945, iplanethi yethu lijongene-mngeni omkhulu. Kwathi emveni kwezo zixeko Japanese ka Nagasaki kunye Hiroshima, amaMelika wawisa iziqhushumbisi atomic. Kwabantu wafunda kungcoliseko zenyukliya ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Okuninzi wonke lo mba yamkelwa emva iimvavanyo zenyukliya olwenziwe ukuya ku-1963

Kwakusitsho iziqhushumbisi atomic imitha enamandla ionizing. Kulo mzekelo, amasuntswana radioactive zenziwa imigama emide, eyonakalisayo eziphilayo, amanzi kunye nomhlaba. Yaye nantsi iqalisa ukuba nempembelelo engentle kummandla ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila yabantu. izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo Radioactive abangena umzimba, iyingozi kuchaphazela inyama nogwali iiseli. Ngenxa yoko indoda ihlala sesichengeni iintlobo zezifo, kuquka ezibulalayo.

izixhobo zenyukliya uvavanyo, kwaye aphathe enye ingozi. Ngexesha ukuyilwa kwento dubulo iibhombu isixa esikhulu lothuli entle. amasuntswana yayo bazondelele ngokusisigxina emoyeni kwaye kudlula emhlabeni isixa esikhulu radiation elanga. Oku kungakhokelela kokuqala i "Ukupholisa yenyukliya 'ezikhokelela ngokufa zonke izinto eziphilayo.