Le amandla kusebenze

ekudibaneni kwemichiza ingaqhuba nanini ngezantya ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zazo igqitywe imizuzwana embalwa, ngoxa abanye unokuthatha iiyure, iintsuku okanye amashumi eminyaka. Ukuze kumiselwe ukusebenza kunye nobukhulu izixhobo eziyimfuneko, kwakunye isixa kwemveliso eveliswe, kubalulekile ukwazi umlinganiselo apho ekudibaneni kwemichiza zisenzeka. It unokuba amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke:
ukufumaneka kwe reactants;
kuba iqondo lobushushu nkqubo.

Isazinzulu Swedish S. Arrhenius kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha, oko yekhalenda equation ebonisa ukuxhomekeka kwemichiza izinga ukusabela kwi parameter ezifana amandla lusebenze. Lo mzobo ixabiso rhoqo emiselwe uhlobo imichiza impefumlelwano izinto.
Ngu hypothesis sesayensi awasabela ngayo kunye angangena kuphela ezo molekyuli enziwa oluqhelekileyo kwaye motion. amasuntswana ziye kuthiwa esebenzayo. I vuliwe energy - ungamandla efunekayo ukususa molekyuli eziqhelekileyo zikarhulumente apho intshukumo zabo baze babe impendulo ngokukhawuleza.

Xa inkqubo yentsebenziswano imichiza phakathi amasuntswana ukwimo utshabalale, kuvela abanye. Kulo mzekelo, ukutshintsha uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwabo, oko kukuthi, i-mninzi electron ukuba kuphindwe. bomyinge wamanzi sokungamelani kwemichiza apho intsebenziswano endala yayiza kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, ukuba ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu. Xa le mali amandla kufuneka singaneli kunabela phezulu. Izifundo Scientific aye abonisa ukuba le khosi yentsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto, nayiphi na inkqubo wakha ezintsonkothileyo iyasebenza, nto leyo urhulumente wayo yenguqu. Kulo mzekelo, ubuhlobo ezindala zenziwa buthathaka kwaye amatsha echazwe. Eli xesha lincinane kakhulu. Yena iqhezu owesibini. Isiphumo sale kutshabalala ukuyilwa izinto lokuqalisa esimbaxa, okanye imveliso yemichiza intsebenziswano.

Ukuze sishintshe candelo kwabakho imfuneko yokuba enze umsebenzi kwisixokelelwano. Nantso into amandla ukusebenza sokungamelani wemichiza. Imfundo yenguqu complex elichaziweyo amandla, leyo babe iimolekyuli. Inani amasuntswana nkqubo ixhomekeke lobushushu. Ukuba phezulu ngokwaneleyo, iqhezu kweemolekyuli esebenzayo inkulu. Ixabiso amandla ngokuzibandakanya kwabo iphezulu okanye ilingana Isalathisi, obizwa ngokuba "amandla kusebenze." Ngenxa yoko, kwiqondo lobushushu ngokwaneleyo ephakamileyo, inani molekyuli esikwaziyo wokusungula eliphezulu utshintsho ezintsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yoko, imichiza reaction rate ukunyuka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba amandla kusebenze kubaluleke kakhulu, umyinge amasuntswana ekwaziyo lokunxibelelana amancinci.
Ukuba umqobo amandla ephezulu ngumqobo ukuya ekudibaneni kwemichiza kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kodwa yindlela yabo ikhona. unxibelelwano Exothermic kunye endothermic abe neempawu ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala kuzo zenzeke amandla liphantsi kusebenze, kwaye eyesibini - kunye ngaphezulu.

Oku wasebenzisa olu lwazi physics. Amandla okanye ipoti ye-semiconductor na amandla isezantsi ekufuneka bazinike electron unikezelo ukungena Uhanjiso band. Xo ikhefu phakathi atom ngexesha lenkqubo. Ukongeza, i-electron sihambise ukusuka Valence band kwicandelo Uhanjiso. Ukwanda Amazinga unobangela amasuntswana ukubana yokukhulisa thermal. Kule nxalenye electron iya abathwali kwentlawulo free. Unxulumano yangaphakathi kwakhona kwaphulwa yi endle yombane, ukukhanya, njalo njalo Amandla kusebenze amaxabiso kakhulu ephakamileyo semiconductors analo kuthelekiswa ukungcola.