Impefumlelwano okufunwa ziimalike nonikezelo emarikeni. lizama market

ukhuphiswano Market ebizwa ifomu ukunxulumanisa amaqumrhu zoshishino. mechanism Market ithathwa indlela yonxulumano macala kunye nezenzo izinto eziphambili kwimarike, ezibandakanya ubonelelo, imfuno, ixabiso, ukhuphiswano, izinto ezidingekayo imithetho yemarike. mechanism market wanelisa kuphela neemfuno zoluntu, apho kubhalwe imfuno. Impefumlelwano okufunwa ziimalike kunye kwimarike alunikezelayo yingxam engundoqo yobudlelwane phakathi abathengi nabathengisi, ngokunjalo phakathi kwabathengi kunye nabavelisi.

Yintoni na imfuno?

Imfuno ibizwa imfuneko yokuhlawula amatyala ukuba imveliso okanye inkonzo ethile.

Ubungakanani imfuno kucingelwa ukuba inani iimveliso kunye neenkonzo agents bakulungele ukuthenga ngexesha elinikiweyo kwindawo elinikiweyo ngexabiso elithile.

Imfuneko nayiphi ntle kuthetha umnqweno ilifa impahla. Imfuno ithetha umnqweno nje kuphela, kodwa ithuba ukuthenga ngamaxabiso ezibunjwe emalikeni.

Iintlobo kwemfuneko kunye nobonelelo:

• market;
• ngabanye;
• lokuvelisa;
• umthengi.

Supply nemfuno kweempahla zigqitywa zizinto ezininzi, zombini ixabiso non-ixabiso. Cinga ngazo zonke.

Zinto zibe nefuthe kwi imfuno:

• iintengiso;
• Ubukho imveliso;
• ukubaluleka kwemveliso;
• fashion kunye nokudla ozikhethayo;
• okulindelwe kubathengi;
• yimalini na umvuzo;
• iimeko zendalo;
• imeko yezopolitiko kurhulumente;
• ukutshintsha ukhetho;
• ixabiso, nto leyo ukhwele imveliso interchangeable;
• inani labantu.

ixabiso imfuno - yeyona iphezulu inkoliso ixabiso ukuba umthengi nga okuhlawulela iimpahla okanye iinkonzo ezinikezelweyo.

Imfuno inokuba zithe zadala kwaye iqala. Eyokuqala olu hlobo imfuno, nto leyo iphenjelelwa yimiba yangaphandle ngoncedo kurhulumente. Iqala kwakhona ngokuba imfuno yangaphakathi, peculiarity wayo kwinto yokuba amiliswe ngaphakathi kuluntu.

Bafuna uphando ekuthiwa abathengi akhoyo okanye isakhono, kwakunye qela iimveliso labathengi ngokungqinelana imali imisebenzi yabo ukwenzela ukuthenga ethile. Imfuneko kwiimveliso ezithile kubonisa imfuno emarikeni.

Uhlobo umthetho ifuneka elula. Ngamanye amazwi, kungona ixabiso imveliso, kokukhona umboleki unako ukuhlawula, and vice versa (ngokwesiseko isixa esifanayo imali). Noko ke, xa kusenziwa isuntswana ngakumbi inzima: okokuqala, umthengi buyisela imveliso (oku kuthiwa iimveliso ababambeleyo), okwesibini, ungongeza imali yokuthenga inani elithile kweemveliso.

Umthetho lonikezelo

Umthetho kwaneliswe imfuno yi umthetho kwezoqoqosho egqiba indlela kuxhomekeke umthamo imfuno kunye nomthamo yonikezelo iimveliso kumaxabiso azo. Ekugqibeleni Alfred Marshall yaqulunqa umthetho ngo-1890.

Xa ixabiso imveliso ethile kwandisa, kodwa ezinye i parameters zihlala zifana njengoko ngaphambili, ngoko ke imfuno ziya kuqalisa kufundiswa inani elincinci kweemveliso.

Ukusebenzisana kwaneliswe nemfuno kwi kwimarike icwangcisa amaxabiso iimveliso.

Luthambe ebango - ntoni na?

Eli gama libhekisela koluphawu evakalisa ukuhla imfuno aggregate. Ezi nokunyuka zidla zibangelwa utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo namaxabiso ngokumalunga imveliso okanye inkonzo. Luthambe ebango - ngulowo elalisekwe nemeko ukuba utshintsho umthamo (njengepesenti) iphezulu kune ngamaxabiso aphantsi.

Xa kuthe kwisalathiso zokucutha ixabiso kunye nemfuno enyukileyo (njengepesenti) ayafana, ngamanye amazwi, umthamo ekukhuleni kwemfuneko kwizikolo zikarhulumente, kuphela ukubuyisela ukuwa kwamaxabiso, lo luthambe ilingana omnye.

Kwelinye icala, ukuba ixabiso ungaphezulu ukucuthwa umthamo imfuno - ifuneka inelastic.

Isigqibo sesokuba luthambe ebangayo - yinto komnotho ukuba ubonakalise uvakalelo umboleki ukuya utshintsho ixabiso imveliso. Le meko ixhomekeke kwingeniso yabemi. Ngenxa yoko luthambe yokuhlelwa: ekulawuleni amaxabiso nemivuzo.

umthengi asabela ngayo Ukwahluka intengo kuyinto womelele, cala yaye ubuthathaka, nganye kudala uluvo olunye yemfuno: a bhetyebhetye, non-elastic ngokugqibeleleyo inelastic.

Kukho iqela iimveliso elasticities ixabiso ezahlukeneyo. Zorhwebo ezifana isonka kunye netyuwa, i swikombiso iyimpumelelo imfuno inelastic. Apha, akukho ukwanda okanye ukuncipha kwamaxabiso le mveliso musa kuchaphazela inani labathengi.

Abathengisi kunye abavelisi basebenzisa bungqingqwa elithi iinjongo zabo. Ukuba izinga eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo, baya ukwehla okukhulu amaxabiso ukwenzela ukwandisa yokuthengisa. Ngako oko, ingeniso abakuzuza ngaphezu ukuba amanani aphezulu.

Kuba iimveliso apho amaqondo aphantsi luthambe, akunakwenzeka ukuba zehlise amaxabiso kunye nomthamo ekwandiseni imveliso. Kulo mzekelo, akukho inzuzo kwezoqoqosho.

Xa imarike kukho inani elikhulu lwabathengisi, imfuno nayiphi na imveliso elastic. Ngoko ke, kwimeko ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwezinye abathengi bathenge izimpahla kwabanye.

imfuno ijika

Kwigophe imfuno yenzelwe ukubonisa inani iimveliso ukuba bungathengiswa ixesha elinikiweyo ngexabiso elinikiweyo. I eliphezulu inqanaba kwemfuno luthambe, kokukhona isenokuba ixabiso.

Kwigophe abafunwayo igrafu ubonisa ubuhlobo phakathi inani labathengi abafuna ukuthenga impahla, kunye nexabiso ntsho kuye.

Kwigophe ibo imelwe abangama kubo bonke abathengi, kodwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngokwahlukileyo ngamnye. Ngamanye amaxesha, le grafu ayikho egopheni, kodwa, umzekelo, ngokohlobo imigca ethe ngqo. Oku kuxhomekeka kwimeko nemakethe.

Ngokufuthi, kwigophe imfuno ngazo kunye kwigophe yobonelelo, oko kunika umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo. Kwishedyuli ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo imeko emarikeni. Supply kunye amagophe imfuno ekuhlanganeni kweendlela zokunika ixabiso lizama imarike. Oku, ulawula kwaye omeleza ubudlelwane phakathi abathengi nabathengisi.

Yintoni isiphakamiso?

Ukusebenzisana kwaneliswe nemfuno - yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, leyo uphawu onke amazwe asakhulayo.

Akwenzeki ukuba ukuhlalutya cala indlela lemarike ngaphandle sipho. Ukuba ephawula imeko yezoqoqosho emarikeni evela abathengisi, hayi abathengi.

Isindululo iseti iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezikhoyo emarikeni, ezo zithengiswe ngexabiso elinikiweyo.

Uyababonelela ixabiso linani iimveliso kunye neenkonzo abathengisi uyibingelele lakutshona ngexesha elinikiweyo ngexabiso elinikiweyo, kodwa isindululo ixabiso alusoloko lilingane umthamo imveliso okanye ukuthengisa.

Offer ixabiso yi lentengo ngumzekelo apho umthengisi ukulungele ukunikela kude iimpahla zabo.

Imeko yezoqoqosho emarikeni ingachazwa umthamo kunye nesakhiwo. Kananjalo kuchaphazela-nkqubo imveliso kunye namaxabiso. Zonke iimveliso ezishelfini neyentengiso yabathengisi, nkqu ezo isesendleleni, ilungu ubonelelo yorhwebo.

Umthamo bonelelo inxulumene ngqo kwixabiso. Xa kunjalo, ukuba ixabiso iphantsi, inxalenye encinci iimpahla bathengisa (uninzi uhleli izitora), ukuba ixabiso efika kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kunye nemveliso ivela ezinkulu kakhulu. Kulo mzekelo, kwi izifundo bade iimveliso ezineziphene.

Kukho ezintathu, nto leyo wafunda isindululo. Ukuya unyaka - elifutshane, ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya emihlanu - eliphakathi-term, yaye kwiminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu - ixesha elide.

Umthamo bonelelo kuthiwa ixabiso lempahla leyo nabathengisi bazimisele ukuba athengise ngexesha.

Umthetho ecetywayo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umthamo kweempahla kwanda ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye lincitshiswe ukuba ixabiso kunciphisa.

kwaneliswe nenguqu imfuno kungenxa yezinto ezininzi. Okokuqala - oku utshintsho amaxabiso ezi mveliso okanye enye uyakwazi endaweni yayo. Kwakhona kuchatshazelwa yi umthamo kunye leendleko zokuzivelisa.

Sinikezela, kwakunye kwi imfuno, kukho izinto non-ixabiso. Ezi ziquka:

• ukungena mveliso ezintsha;
• iintlekele zemvelo;
• imfazwe okanye ezinye izenzo ezopolitiko;
• iindleko zemveliso;
• balindele zoqoqosho kwako;
• kutshintsha ixabiso lemakethi;
• yotshintsho kwimveliso.

Esona kuchatshazelwa phambili zobugcisa. Oku kwehlisa iindleko zokuvelisa, ukukhawulezisa kwaye lula umsebenzi.

Isiphakamiso ebizwa ngumkhuba kwezoqoqosho, apho umthengisi ukulungele ukuphumeza iimveliso zawo kwimarike ngamaxabiso ezisisigxina. Kuyo, kwakunye nemfuno iphenjelelwa yimiba ezininzi ixabiso and non-ixabiso. Phakathi kwabo:

• phambi kwimarike kweemveliso ababambeleyo;
• Products-womyeni (kugcwalisa);
• zobuchwepheshe ezintsha;
• iirhafu kunye nezibonelelo;
• isixa izibonelelo ezisetyenzisiweyo;
• ukufumaneka kweencwadi nezinto ezilungiselelwe ekrwada;
• iimeko zendalo;
• yesayizi yemakethi;
• elinde ukuba iimpahla / iinkonzo.

umthetho supply

Umthamo lonikezelo kwandisa kunye namaxabiso imveliso. Lo mthetho isebenza kuphela ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto lomthengisi (ngokwemilinganiselo yakowayo) oluqalayo ukufumana ingeniso engakumbi. Lo mfanekiso real kwezoqoqosho inzima kakhulu, kodwa ke ezi ibenza azalwa.

Isindululo umisela imfuno, kunye nemfuneko igqiba unikezelo. UKarl Marx wacinga njalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inkolelo yakhe nayo efanelekileyo. Hambisa iyakwazi zokubumba imfuno ngenxa uluhlu iimveliso kunye namaxabiso, leyo efakwe kuyo. Kwelinye icala, imfuno yona iya kumiselwa umthamo kunye nolwakhiwo nomnikelo imveliso. Oku kungenxa kule khosi ngabo iimveliso kakhulu ziphele.

Le yinkqubo apho le mveliso ifakiwe ngexabiso yokuba kunokwanelisa zombini umthengi nomthengisi, - impefumlelwano yonikezelo kunye nemfuno.

luthambe supply

Eli nani, leyo izalana izindululo utshintsho kunye, zisenzeka ngokunxulumene kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Xa kunjalo, ukuba ubonelelo baba phezu nokunyuka kwamaxabiso, oko kwachazwa ngokuthi elastic (luthambe lonikezelo mkhulu ngaphezu kwesinye). Ukuba ukukhula unikezelo kukunyuka kwamaxabiso, isindululo kuthiwa yunithi, ngokulandelelana, izikhombisi efanayo. Kananjalo ukuba inzuzo ingaphantsi kwe ngesiphakamiso amaxabiso ezandayo, ngoko kule meko uhlelo inelastic (luthambe of supply ngaphantsi kwesinye).

It uya kunikela inkunzi isininzi bhetyebhetye, okanye vice, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi:

• ingakumbi imveliso imveliso;
• ubude yokugcina;
• ixesha elichithwa kwimveliso;
• factor ngeyure.

ubonelelo kunye nemfuno intsebenziswano kunceda ukuseta ixabiso elifanelekileyo iimveliso, ichaza ulwalamano phakathi kwabathengi kunye nomakhi.

Hambisa lisenokuthi litshintshwe:

• Amaxabiso market (ingakumbi imveliso nobambeleyo);
• iirhafu;
• iindleko zokuvelisa;
• simnandi umthengi;
• kwezesayensi zobugcisa;
• inani abavelisi;
• ozilindele ebekwa abenzi.

Impefumlelwano okufunwa ziimalike kunye nonikezelo yentengiso - i inkqubo apho ixabiso lizama ukuba uyazanelisa zombini abathengi nabathengisi.

supply ijika

Kwigophe unikezelo imela isixa sempahla athengiswa ngamaxabiso ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngeli thuba.

IShedyuli isindululo imele umlinganiselo ixabiso lemarike nenani iimveliso abenzi anikele. Ngaphezu nantoni na, le igophe uchaphazela iindleko zokuvelisa. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuvelisa iimveliso ngaphezulu ukwandisa iingeniso. Enye into echaphazela ishedyuli kwezindululo - inkqubela zeteknoloji nezesayensi. kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa olubhekisa phambili likuvumela ukuba asebenze ngokukhawuleza kwaye usebenzise imali engaphantsi izinto ekrwada kunye nezibonelelo zabantu.

kwaneliswe nemfuno ishedyuli efunekayo ukuze ngendlela ngokupheleleyo imeko emarikeni. Kuyanceda ukuba uqonde umgaqo-nkqubo kwamaxabiso, wabeka kwisiqhamo esinqwenelekayo kunye nokudala isicwangciso inzuzo kubavelisi kunye nabathengisi.

Ukuze ezibonisa ubonelelo kunye nemfuno lenxaki, imisebenzi yomgama ziyafuneka. Kufuneka wazi iingongoma ezimbini, ukwakha kubo. Ukuze ufumane ukuba amelwe egopheni yemfuno kunye nonikezelo, ukuxhomekeka yabo ngexabiso kunye nobungakanani kwimveliso. Ingongoma kwi ekudibaneni kwe-iigrafu kunye nesisombululo. Ibizwa indawo lizama.

Impefumlelwano okufunwa ziimalike kunye nonikezelo kwemarike - yinto yinkqubo loqoqosho ekuchithekeni ekumisweni ixabiso lemarike, ukwanelisa umthengi nomthengisi.

imiba afunwa kunye nonikezelo zezo ezichaphazela ixabiso labo. Isiseko beempawu zombini - ixabiso kwempahla. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izinto non-ixabiso.

lizama Market ibizwa isenzeko apho kwinqanaba elifanayo zizalathisi ezifana imfuno / ubonelelo. Ixabiso lizama - ixabiso apho ixabiso kwezi zalathisi iyafana. Ngamanye amazwi, ixabiso apho umenzi inika umlinganiselo othile impahla, kunye abathengi yonke yokuthengwa kwakhe. Lo mkhwa kuqoqosho kunqabile kakhulu, kwaye ngeli xesha unikezelo ilingana ukuba sifuna.

Kwaqondwa umthetho?

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala umxholo intsebenziswano yonikezelo kunye nemfuno bavuka kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. mbali Muslim kunye bulumko futhi sazi bentlalo Arab weza isibakala sokuba iimpahla kuphela, nto leyo nayo zifunwa kakhulu, ayanda ixabiso yona. Igama le sobulumko Ibn Khaldun, waba umseki yomthetho yonikezelo kunye nemfuno.

Ngaphezu koko, ingcamango yakhe yaphuhliswa kwinkulungwane yeshumi bebhala Economist Spanish uJuan de Matenso. Wachaza imfundiso ixabiso zesimo iimpahla, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba umahluko phakathi kwala magama yonikezelo kunye nemfuno. Wabuye wasungula ingcamango "ukhuphiswano" ukuchaza ilizwi kunye nokhuphiswano kwiimarike. Xa izifundo zayo ezininzi ezichongiweyo izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela amaxabiso.

Indlela yokufumana unikezelo kunye nemfuno amazinga

Okokuqala, kufuneka ufake ixabiso yangoku. Amanqanaba isidingo eziphezu ekuhleni leri amanani, kunye neqondo izivakalisi, phezu koko, xa lisanyuka kuyo. Okulandelayo kufuneka sokuqaphela iintshukumo olomeleleyo ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso. Kuba imfuno - ukukhula okukhawulezayo izindululo - lisibekele. Ukulandela umthombo intshukumo. Sifuna ukuba ukusuka ezantsi, ekuqaleni linikeza phezulu. Ekupheleni kwinqanaba ibiyelwe imigca kwi phezulu nasezantsi yetshathi.

Xa amanqanaba zibekiwe, umenzi ukhululekile ukuba ukungena kwiimarike kwaye ukuboyika ngxaki kontanga okanye ukutshabalalisa.

Impefumlelwano okufunwa ziimalike kunye nonikezelo imarike kunceda ukucwangcisa amaxabiso, ukulawula imeko kwimarike kwaye kuchaphazela imeko uqoqosho kweli lizwe.

Kuqoqosho namhlanje, abathengi ekuthengeni impahla ezininzi ngamaxabiso aphantsi. Yaye kwelinye icala thango ngumvelisi naye ufuna ngexabiso elihle ukuze bathengise impahla yabo. Ngenxa abaphandi kunye noqoqosho abafunda ubonelelo kunye nemfuneko, imarike uyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Ukuze ukufumana ukulingana, behlaziya ezininzi kakhulu ukuba kusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo, kuchaphazela ezi nkqubo.