Isakhiwo mlilo. Iintlobo neendidi kuqhume. Yintoni mlilo?

AmaRoma amandulo, bekhangele encotsheni yentaba esibhakabhakeni ubona umsi omnyama nomlilo, wayekholelwa ukuba phambi kwabo komnyango esihogweni, okanye ilifa Vulcan - uthixo smithing nomlilo. Imbeko entabeni yakhe emlilweni-ukuphefumla ebizwa nangoku mlilo.

Kweli nqaku siya khona, yintoni na isakhiwo mlilo, uze ujonge wentaba wayo.

mlilo ezisebenzayo and extinct

On Earth, mlilo ezininzi, zombini ahlala kunye esebenzayo. Mlilo ngamnye kubo ingathatha iintsuku, iinyanga, kwaye iminyaka (umzekelo, ibekwe kwi Ncebakazi Hawaiian IKilauea mlilo uvuke emva ngo 1983 kwaye usenalo umsebenzi yakhe ayeke). Emva koko, yimingxuma mlilo freeze amashumi eminyaka, ukuba kwakhona sizikhumbuze ukukhululwa entsha.

Nangona, Kakade, kukho zolwakhiwo mhlaba, umsebenzi wakhe neziphumo elidlulileyo kude. Abaninzi kubo ngelo xesha nangoku ezithanda imilo cone, kodwa njani na mlilo wabo, akukho lwazi. Ezi mlilo zithathwa ukuba ziphele. Njengoko Umzekelo Mount Elbrus kunye Kazbek, kangangexesha elide wambu ezihambayo ezibengezelayo. Yaye eCrimea nommandla Trans-izimvu ukuba layitshabalalisa kakhulu wabatshabalalisa mlilo, bonke baphulukana imilo yabo yokuqala.

Zeziphi mlilo

Kuxhomekeka isakhiwo, umsebenzi kunye nendawo, xa kubume (njalo-ebizwa isayensi izifundo ezichazwe zolwakhiwo mhlaba) yabelwa iintlobo ngabanye mlilo.

Ngamanye amazwi acacileyo ke, yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini eziphambili: yomgama kunye central. Nangona, Kakade ke, eli candelo kalukhuni kakhulu, njengoko uninzi lwazo yomgama iimpazamo ezingu ziitectonic plates.

Ukongeza, umahluko iye lengqula kunye nesakhiwo eyakhiwe lo mlilo, kwakunye ekuthiwa-cone kwento kunye stratovolcanoes. Ngokomsebenzi wabo luchazwa esebenzayo, aleleyo okanye icinyiwe, kwaye kwindawo - njengoko ezisentlabathini, ngwenya kunye subglacial.

Yintoni umahluko ukusuka mlilo esembindini yomgama

Linear (iintanda) mlilo, njengokuba umthetho, abaze bavuke phezulu phezu komhlaba - babe uhlobo neentanda. Ubume bale mlilo olu hlobo ziquka amajelo amanzi elide ezinxulumene yokwahlulahlula olunzulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, Wayiphalazela lolu daka engamanzi, nto leyo eye sisincoko basaltic kuzo. It luvula kuzo zonke iindlela kwaye ziqine, ukwakha udaka, isusa ehlathini, ngokuzalisa lweHo-, wayonakalisayo umlambo kunye ilali.

Ngaphezu koko, ngexesha kwantinga ukujaduka yomgama kumphezulu koMhlaba ezinokwenzeka pits edubulayo ukuba ubude kwamashumi eziliqela yeekhilomitha. Ukongeza, iqhuma isakhiwo kunye iintanda bahombise emigodini tyaba, amasimi mlilo, iikhowuni zokutshiza ibanzi kwaye iflethi, ngokupheleleyo ukutshintsha landscape. Hi ndlela leyi, icandelo engundoqo mphandle Iceland kaThixo - kuba udaka Amathafa yabangela ngale ndlela.

Ukuba magma yokuqamba asidi ngakumbi (umxholo omkhulu dust), ngoko emlonyeni zokukhula extrusive mlilo (ngamanye amazwi, ndazikhamela) emigodini ukuba isakhiwo evakalala.

Ubume bale engundoqo-uhlobo mlilo

Vulcan central udidi - nto tapered ukubunjwa zejoloji apho eziphezulu izithsaba mngxuma - elitywinwe ukuba imilo ifanele okanye ikomityi. Ngoko ke, ngokuzenzekelayo, xa kwayeka phezulu, njengoko ikhula zokwakha mlilo ngokwawo, kunye nobungakanani bayo inokuba nomahluko ngokupheleleyo umlinganiselo ngeemitha okanye ngeekhilomitha.

imigodi mlilo kwakheka ngethuba dubulo kwaye zinokude phezu kwamaxandeka iintaba-mlilo, meko leyo ke kuthiwa olwaye lwamfimfitha okanye ecaleni.

Deep ezintabeni mlilo ngumlomo apho unyuka kuloo mngxuma, daka. Daka - ubunzima etyhidiweyo umlilo ukuba kukhethwa sisincoko silicate. It nizalwa kuqweqwe lomhlaba, apho ujoliso wayo intokazi, yemka mntanam, ngokohlobo mlilo kuphalazelwa phezu kumphezulu womhlaba.

Dubulo, ngokuqhelekileyo sikhatshwe ukukhululwa daka ukutshiza ocoliweyo fomu ash kunye neegesi leyo, Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, 98% amanzi. Bona kunye yi ezahlukeneyo ubumdaka ngohlobo Imihlubulo mlilo kunye nothuli.

Yintoni ebonisa ukuma mlilo

Imilo ye-mlilo ixhomekeke ngoobani kunye viscosity ngayo daka. Amanzi abangelwe magma Iifomu ikhaka (okanye tabular) mlilo. Zikholisa ukuba ngokumila caba isangqa esikhulu. Imizekelo emele la iindidi mlilo, unako ukukhonza njenge ukuyilwa yedeskthopi, ibekwe kwi zeHawaii Islands yaye yaziwa ngokuba Loa.

Scoria iikhowuni - uhlobo oqhelekileyo mlilo. Bona wabumba ngexesha kuqhambuko ngamaqhekeza amakhulu zeBlack aneentunja, leyo, zanda, ukwakha ngeenxa zonke komgodi kwecone, kwaye baza kuba yinxalenye encinane ezintabeni kophahla. Olu dubulo mlilo yonke iba ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, anokuthi aphephethwe ukuya ku Disemba 2012 ngo-eKamchatka mlilo Flat Tolbachik.

iimpawu noshowo kwawo kunye stratovolcanoes

Kwaye ke yayingeyiyo iNtaba iEtna, iNtaba iFuji neNtaba iVesuvius - ngumzekelo stratovolcanoes. Bona ngokuba laminates, njengoko abhalwe rhoqo regurgitates mlilo (viscous kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisa) kunye nezinto pyroclastic, nto leyo umxube igesi eshushu kunye namatye nothuthu eshushu.

Ngenxa yoko, ezi ntlobo ezikhutshwayo kwentaba ezinjalo cone elibukhali emathambekeni phakathi, yaye apho data isimemezelo enye. A udaka lulandelayo kubo kuphela umngxuma zaseprayimari, kodwa iintanda ziyahlala ngelixa Amathambeka ngokwakha iipaseji exabe endleleni leyo bakhonze inkxaso enikwa kumiswa neznye.

Dome mlilo akhiwa esebenzisa granitic daka viscous loo nto zizamazame nasemaxandekeni, kwaye Ukuguqulwa kolwelo phezulu, ekusekeni amajukujuku leyo, efana nale, migodi ucingo kunye bouncers ekugqibeleni Skopje ngaphantsi neegesi. Umzekelo le nto isenokuba uThixo amajukujuku, oluthi luqokelelane phezu mlilo St. Helens ukuba US ntshona (oko kwasekwa 1980).

Yintoni na lo mgodi

I-mlilo esembindini echazwe-ngasentla ngokuqhelekileyo etsobhileyo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ngexesha mlilo kweendonga izakhiwo zehla, yaye kwasekwa lo mgodi - yaphambana omkhulu unako ukufikelela iinzulu amawaka kweemitha kanye ububanzi of km ukuya ku-16.

Of owandixelelayo ngaphambili, khumbula ukuba isakhiwo kuloo mngxuma mlilo ukuba inxalenye enkulu apho liphuma ngexesha kuqhambuko daka otyhidiweyo. Xa zonke daka na phezulu, kukho into engento enkulu ngaphakathi mlilo. Yiloo nto kanye oko yaye nakanjani incam neendonga zonke iintaba-mlilo, ukwakha kwi umphezulu erhangqwe izidumbu ngozi olunzulu kotloobraznye kwisisu kunye ngezantsi tyaba.

Le inkulu ukuya kumhla lo mlilo Toba, ibekwe kwi kwisiqithi iSumatra (Indonesia) kunye sigqunywa ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi. Senziwe ngale ndlela chibi a ubungakanani omhle kunene: 100/30 km kunye nobunzulu m 500.

Yintoni le fumarole

imigodi mlilo, nelamaxandeka zabo, unyawo udiliza i udaka zipholile rhoqo wayifulela amathanda okanye emingxunyeni, apho abo basuka kwi lolu daka onyibilikisiweyo iigesi ezishushu. Aba babizwa fumaroles.

Ngokuqhelekileyo phezu imingxunya ezinkulu amafu zomphunga obumhlophe, ngokuba lolu daka, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, iqulathe amanzi amaninzi. Kodwa ngaphandle fumaroles yayo ngumthombo kwekhabhoni carbon dioxide, oxides ezahlukeneyo isalfure, emanzini, halides hydrogen kunye neminye imichiza kunokuba yingozi kakhulu abantu.

Hi ndlela leyi, mlilo zikholelwa ukuba engena ubume fumaroles mlilo kwenza kube ikhuseleke njengoko iigesi ukufumana indlela yokuphuma kwaye musa inokuqokelelana izibilini ntaba, ukuba ibe sinomoya ukuba ekugqibeleni u- mlilo ukuya kumphezulu.

Loo mlilo ziquka edumileyo avachinsky, nto leyo kude Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Ziqhume, olephuzayo phezu kwayo, kunokubonwa ngosuku ecacileyo amashumi leekhilomitha.

Ziyaqhubeka mlilo nazo zibandakanyiwe isakhiwo mlilo komhlaba

Ukuba edubulayo elide aleleyo mlilo, ngoko kuqhambuko migodi zawo fly ekuthiwa-iziqhushumbisi mlilo. Ziqulethe liqoqa edidekile, okanye nobutyobo emoyeni yaye eqina anokuyisebenzisa iitoni eziliqela. imilo yabo ixhomekeke kuhlobo udaka kuqamba.

Umzekelo, ukuba ulwelo kunye udaka uye xesha laneleyo liphole emoyeni - leyo wawa emhlabeni iibhombu mlilo iba ikeyiki. A eliphantsi viscosity abangelwe mlilo ukujikeleza emoyeni, ngaloo ndlela ukuthatha imilo, ephothiweyo, okanye ube ngathi osimelela ngentonga okanye emibhaka. andesite - - efanayo Viscous amaqhosha mlilo emva ukuwa isonka uqweqwe efana (ukuba ngeenxa okanye polyhedral wayifulela kunye nothungelwano neentanda).

Ubungakanani ubukhulu be iziqhushumbisi mlilo unako ukufikelela mitha ezisixhenxe, yaye kukho kwe- kumathambeka phantse zonke mlilo.

Types of mlilo

Njengoko kuchaziwe kwincwadi "Principles of Geology", ethetha ukuba isakhiwo kunye neendidi iqhuma mlilo, Koronovskii NV, zonke iintlobo zezakhiwo mlilo akhiwa kuqhume ezahlukeneyo. iintlobo 6 eme phakathi kwabo.

1. Hawaiian udidi kuqhuma - amadlozi, udaka fluid kakhulu kwaye mobile, nto leyo elenza mlilo ikhaka elikhulu ukuba imilo flat.
2. uhlobo Stramboliansky - kukhululwe udaka viscous ngakumbi Lowo ugqithayo ezahlukeneyo kuqhuma amandla, ebangela unogumbe ifomu emfutshane.
3. uhlobo Plinian sibonise udubulo enamandla yequbuliso leyo zikhatshwa ukukhutshwa isixa esikhulu tephra (material evakalala) kunye ukubonakala nezingenayo.
4. Peleysky uhlobo dubulo sikhatshwe ukuyilwa zekhephu amafu ngembalela ashushu, kunye nokukhula uphahla extrusive udaka viscous.
5. uhlobo Gas - kuyinto nje kukujaduka amaqhekeza zeengxondorha abadala, nto leyo ehambisana kunye iigesi ixutywe lolu daka, okanye nobushushu ngaphakathi isakhiwo omhlaba mlilo.
6. Dubulo ubushushu ukubhobhoza. Iyafana i-lobushushu eliphezulu ukukhutshwa le kutshizwe equka amaqhosha elirhabaxa, izimbiwa kunye oblomochkov negilasi mlilo, engqongwe yi esingxotyeni salo kukona gas. Lo mlilo kwakuxhaphakile ngaphambili, kodwa kudala baphawulwa abantu kule mihla.

Xa kwakukho mlilo edume

Iminyaka mlilo nga mhlawumbi ingabalelwa zadibana ebalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu, ngenxa yokuba ixesha ukutshintsha imozulu, batshabalala inani elikhulu labantu, nkqu ongekho yonke impucuko koMhlaba (kuba, ngenxa kuqhambuko lo mlilo omkhulu ezilahlekileyo Minoan ngempucuko 15 okanye 16 c. BC. OE).

Ngowe-79 g n. e. kufuphi Naples ntshava dubulo yenzekile, ibangcwaba imitha-ezisixhenxe inwebu ash sePompeii, neHerculaneum, Stabia kunye Oplonti, kukhokelele ekuswelekeni amawaka abantu.

Ngowe-1669, iqhuma ezininzi neNtaba iEtna, kwaye ngo-1766 - lo mlilo Mayon (Philippines) kwakhokelela intshabalalo eyoyikekayo kwangena ke ukufa ngaso mlilo kwemali amawaka abantu.

Ngo-1783 i-mlilo Laki, liqhuma Iceland kuye kwabangela ukuncipha amaqondo obushushu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ngo-1784 ukuya isilimo kunye nendlala eYurophu.

A mlilo Tambora on Sumbawa siqithi, uvuka ngo 1815 wemka kunyaka olandelayo Umhlaba lonke ngaphandle ehlotyeni, ukuthoba iqondo lobushushu kwihlabathi 2.5 ° C.

Ngowe-1991, i-mlilo kunye Philippine isiqithi weLuzon dubulo yabo kunjalo Bazithule okwethutyana kuyo,, sele kwi-0,5 ° C.