Fransua Mitteran: ibhayografi, umsebenzi, ekhaya kunye namazwe angaphandle

Fransua Mitteran - 21 th uMongameli eFransi, kwaye ngexesha elinye ngumongameli yesi-4 Fifth Republic, eyasekwa yi-Charles de Gaulle. ubunkokheli kwakhe lizwe yajika kuba mde kwimbali Fifth Republic, kwaye ngexesha elinye ixakayo, xa kuqala kwezopolitiko luyekile socialism ukuya umyalelo melo.

Ukuzalwa neminyaka yokufunda

Ngelo xesha xa Yurophu zisekhona kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngowe-1916, ngo-Oktobha 26, kwidolophu Jarnac yokuzalwa uMongameli French Fransua Mitteran. Ngokutsho kwakhe, yena wazalwa "kwi okholwayo yamaKatolika kakhulu 'usapho. Uyise Jacques Mitterand, kunye nomama wakhe - I. Lorraine. Kwidolophu yakowabo Jarnac, yena iminyaka ukuya ku-9 ubudala, yaye apha wafumana imfundo yamabanga, waza ke waya i "Saint Paul" - College sokubhoda Angumele. Le ndawo liziko yamaKatolika labucala wesuka, emva koko yaba Bachelor of Philosophy.

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-18 Fransua Mitteran waya Paris ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo. Apho ngokubhalisa kwi-Sorbonne, apho wayefunda inzululwazi phambi 1938. Emva kokugqitywa iya kuba ezintathu iidiploma: Ekupheleni kwalelo khono philological esemthethweni ye Sorbonne University, kwaye School of Sciences Political. Kule uqeqesho lugqityiwe kwaye iqala ubomi abadala, kodwa ke ubukeka nge isipho zokubonisana wokuyenza, kwaba sele ngumongameli kubonakala elizayo Mitteran Fransua. nkqubo layo ukuba endinomdla kuyo waza wahlala kulo shushu ngolangazelelo ngenxaso beza amandla Popular Front ngo-1936.

inkonzo Military and kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kubomi Fransua Mitterana

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1938, uFrancois wayilwa. Waqalisa ukukhonza 23 thanga elihamba butho. Emva ngamaJamani wabangela Second World War, waba safudukela kwisithili sedan. NgoJuni 1940, xa ngokuthinjwa Paris yi-Wehrmacht, Fransua Mitteran, yena kabi yimigodi eziyingozi. Ngokungummangaliso, wakwazi ukuba bathabathe sele yisiwe eParis, kodwa kungekudala Fransua Mitteran waba ekuthinjweni waseJamani. Kwenziwe amalinge amathathu ukubaleka, nokuba ebusika buka 1941 ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukungena endle yaye ngoko nangoko joyina lomzabalazo. Apho ke wafumana isiteketiso "uCaptain Morlan."

Ngowe-1942-1943, uFrancois yaba nani esebenzayo kwi POWs. Nokuba waseka kumbutho komhlaba kunye Union Patriotic. Ngasekupheleni 1943, intlanganiso yokuqala kunye Charles de Gaulle. Mhlawumbi uyenze phakathi Mabambeke umgca. Fransua Mitteran, kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo de Gaulle, yaba sezopolitiko oselula, yobusoshiyali, ndawonye intlanganiso yokuqala lowo wahamba naye ungquzulwano kunye ukungavumelani evulekileyo kunye iimbono zakhe. Ngo-1944, wawusebenza kwinkululeko France kunye nelungu le-Paris qhankqalazo.

ngenkqubo yezopolitiko kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe

Emva kokuwa lwamaNazi Germany Fransua Mitteran waqalisa ukuba angenelele inxaxheba izixhobo likarhulumente ye-French Republic. Uye waqhubeka izithuba zolungiselelo ngaphezu kweshumi waza waba yinkokeli YUDSR qela. Wenza i ikhosi anti-zwilakhe kwaye esidlangalaleni ningabagwebanga-nkqubo kunye namandla ngokugqithisileyo Charles de Gaulle, nkqu wabhala incwadi ngaye.

Umlo ukuba ngumongameli

Ingongoma yinguquko umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko waqala 1965. Ngeli xesha ke watshintsha ngobomi bakhe. Fransua Mitteran okwesihlandlo sokuqala wathabatha inxaxheba kulonyulo kamongameli. Nangona kunjalo, kumjikelo wesibini ke wavuthululwa nguSirayeli, kunye nomongameli ikota yesibini yaphinda yonyulwa de Gaulle. Waqhubekeka imisebenzi yakhe inkcaso kwi intloko umanyano yasekhohlo. Ngowe-1974, likhumbula bayahlelwa ka-1965 - waphulukana ku va Zhiskar d'Estaing kumjikelo wesibini. lalingekafiki ixesha lakhe.

Ngalo lonke eli xesha, akazange achithe ixesha akulambathanga; wasebenza phezu kwakhe, owayebulindile ezinye iindlela ze udale ubuhlobo amatsha kwezopolitiko, Sasizabalaza njengoko efihlakeleyo nevulelekileyo. Ngokubanzi, sele ukwaluphala ayizange njengomqobo. Ngapha koko, ngelo xesha (1974) wayesele engama-60 ubudala, yaye nje liqala ukonwabela uloyiso kwezopolitiko, kodwa ke ukoyiswa ikakhulukazi nomsindo. Ngoko ke, emva konyulo ka-1981, waqalisa ukulungiselela kunanini na ngaphambili.

4 uMongameli Fifth Republic

Ngowe-1981, ngoJanuwari, xa i-Congress of saf (French Socialist Party), waba ngamxhelo wachongwa abe ngumgqatswa kaMongameli kulonyulo oluzayo. Yaba ilixa lakhe esihle. 4 uMongameli wesihlanu Republic i Fransua Mitteran, umgaqo basekhaya angaphandle ukuba wada wenza igama elikhethekileyo - "mitteranizm". msebenzi Honours uFrancois ezinye oomongameli yayikukuba, ukuba azinikele anti-yobukomanisi, kumgaqo-nkqubo wakhe, yena wayama kuzo zonke iindlela, yaye hayi kanye wenza namahlakani akhe.

nkqubo yasekhaya

Kweziphumo kurhulumente Fransua Mitteran waqalisa ukuqhuba uhlaziyo lwentlalo. umsebenzi wakhe lwaqhutywa ngu Rhulumente ukunciphisa iveki yokusebenza, ukuncipha ubudala pension, ukuba lunatyiswe ngamandla. Xa abasemagunyeni bendawo Mitterrand zinamagunya ngakumbi, yaye ngaloo ndlela 'isandla' xa kuqwalaselwa imiba emininzi. Lo ngumbuzo wamnika akukho uxolo ebudeni bolawulo Charles de Gaulle kunye Mitterrand wayesoloko begxeka amandla ngokugqithisileyo ezandleni umntu omnye. Ukongeza, isohlwayo sokufa kwayekwa. France kulo mba yaba wokugqibela onke amazwe Western aseYurophu. Noko ke, ukususela 1984 urhulumente kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele awufeze "angqongqo" anciphise iinguqulelo zentlalo.

Ukususela ngo-1986 yaqala isithuba ebizwa ngokuba. "Bahlalisane" zashiya umongameli wenza kunye nentloko lasekunene urhulumente, lowo yaba Zhak Shirak.

Ngowe-1988, zekota yesibini ukuba baphinde bonyulwa-Fransua Mitteran. nkqubo yayo yangaphakathi wahlala ayitshintshanga: kuyo yaxhasa ndawonye, waya thethana kunye nemikhosi ekunene-iphiko kwaye ngexesha elinye ntoni lokukhathalela ekhohlo, leyo kuluphawu oko wezopolitiko njengokuba yokuluka nenemibono anolwazi kule nkalo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle of Fransua Mitterana

Phantse yonke iminyaka gameli kwakhe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwabelana amandla nge ekunene-iphiko iinkulumbuso. nkqubo Mitterrand kaThixo lasemzini ingcamango ukujika phakathi ekhohlo nasekunene-iphiko imikhosi. Ingakumbi, wakhuthaza ekomelezeni ubudlelwane ne-United States, eJamani, emva koko i-united eJamani kwaye, kakade, ne-Russia. Fransua Mitteran wayengomnye bokuqala ukuxhasa Boris Yeltsin ngexesha mdibi. Kodwa phambi kokuba iziganeko ka-Agasti 1991, yena inxaxheba ibiba eSoviet Union. Ukongeza, uFrancois wadlalela ukwanda ngentsebenziswano kunye namazwe aseAfrika.

Ngowe-1981, Fransua Mitteran waphumelela uloyiso ezinkulu - waba ngumongameli waseFransi, kodwa nyaka mnye, wamnika omnye "isimanga" - kwafunyaniswa Oncology. Yonke iminyaka wobukumkani bakhe, waya kunye somdlavuza wendlala. Mitterrand balwa ukuya wokugqibela. Ngo-1995 yaphela kwikota yesibini kaMongameli ofisi, kwaye ngeKrismesi yena nentsapho yakhe kwafuneka ukuba aye eYiputa. Kodwa ke ngoJanuwari 8, 1996-th, 79 th nyaka, i-th uMongameli 21 of France Fransua Mitteran wangena kwenye ehlabathini. Inzala kwezopolitiko, kunye nokuthanda ilizwe, yamsusa ngalo ubomi bakhe bonke akukho mfutshane.