Logic: sifundo. Ingqiqo: ingqiqo, ixabiso, into nangokuxhomekeke ekuqiqeni njenge kwesayensi

Ingqiqo - le yenye elinezinto ezininzi mandulo, emi ecaleni bulumko isosioloji kwaye buyinto yenkcubeko ngokubanzi kubalulekile ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni ukwenzeka kwayo. Indima nenzululwazi kweli hlabathi mihla kubalulekile yaye ezininzi. Abo banolwazi kule ndawo, unokuloyisa ihlabathi. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba inzululwazi kuphela ikwazi ukufumana isisombululo ezintweni nayiphi na imeko. izazinzulu ezininzi jonga ingqeqesho candelo-bulumko, ngoxa abanye, xa ithuba lazo, aphikise oku kungenzeka.

iindlela Kakade ke, ukuze akaguquguquki yoqhelwaniso ixesha izifundo okomqondo eziphuculweyo trends ezintsha ivelayo bazifezekisayo iimfuneko lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. Oku kuyimfuneko kuba uluntu ngonyaka ngamnye ujongene nemingeni emitsha ukuba ayikwazi ukuba kusonjululwe ngeendlela lixesha. izifundo logic Subject yokucinga yabantu ngakwicala loo mithetho, leyo ayisebenzisayo kwinkqubo wokwazi inyaniso. Enyanisweni ke, thina sicinga uqeqesho ubhetyebhetye kakhulu, olufundwa kusetyenziswa iindlela eziliqela. Makhe sijonge kuwo.

etymology logic

Etymology - nesebe Ezolimi, injongo ogama main phi ilizwi, ukufunda ukususela kwinqanaba ngenxa semantics (intsingiselo). "Logos" kusho Greek "igama", "ndacinga,", "ulwazi". Ngenxa yoko, nathi sithi logic - isifundo ukuba ufunda indlela yokucinga (nokuqiqa). Noko ke, ngezengqondo, ifilosofi amalungu yomsebenzi luvo, indlela enye okanye omnye, nazo ukufunda yokucinga, kodwa nina nithi ukuba ezi inzululwazi enye kwaye ziyafana? Ngaphandle kwezibakala - ngengqiqo ethile, ukuba abafani. Umahluko phakathi kwezi inzululwazi yindlela yokucinga. Zobulumko yamandulo babekholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu ngeendlela ezininzi, ngenxa yokuba bakwazi ukuhlalutya iimeko nokudala algorithm ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ukuphumeza injongo ethile. Ngokomzekelo, njengesifundo-bulumko - oko kunokuba intetho malunga ubomi, ngenjongo yobomi, lo gama ukongeza ekuqiqeni yokucinga bengasebenzi kukhokelela yoko ethile.

indlela reference

Masizame sibhenele isichazi-magama. Apha, ixabiso elithi thile ezahlukeneyo. Ukususela ngokombono nababhali iintyilalwazi, logic - isifundo ukuba ufunda imithetho kunye neendlela zokucinga zabantu ngenjongo kwingqiqo leyinene. Le inzululwazi unomdla indlela ulwazi "live" oyinyaniso, yaye ndifuna iimpendulo zemibuzo yabo, izazinzulu musa awusebenzi kwimeko nganye, kwaye zikhokelwa imithetho ezizodwa kunye nemithetho zeengcinga. Umsebenzi ophambili ekuqiqeni njengoko inzululwazi ingcamango kukuba inkqubo yolwazi ehlabathini ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo kuphela indlela yokufumana ulwazi olutsha, ngaphandle nokubophelela ukuba luhlobo oluthile lwe umxholo.

logic umgaqo ka

Ngokuxhomekeka yexabiso ekuqiqeni kubonwa kakuhle ngendlela umzekelo. Thatha iingxelo ezimbini ukusuka imingxilo ngemingxilo nenzululwazi.

1. "Zonke ziinkwenkwezi radiation zabo. Sun - yinkwenkwezi. It has ukukhanya yayo. "
2. Naliphi na ingqina ukuba sithethe inyaniso. umhlobo wam ulingqina. umhlobo wam unyanzelekile ukuba sithethe inyaniso.

Xa sihlalutya ezi zigwebo, ungabona ukuba ngasinye kwezi iimpikiswano ezimbini kungenxa wesithathu. Nangona nganye imizekelo bobabo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ubuchule, indlela kumacandelo zonxibelelwano ndanele ngamnye kubo okufanayo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba into unalo impahla ethile, ngoko yonke into ngale mfanelo, unalo impahla eyahlukileyo. Isiphumo: into ekuthethwa, oko unalo impahla yesibini. Ezi ubudlelwane kobude kwaye sibizwa logic. Le ubudlelwane kunokubonwa kwiimeko ezininzi.

Makhe ukuvula ukuba imbali

Ukuze uqonde eyona ntsingiselo yalo inzululwazi, kufuneka sazi ukuba kwenzeka njani naphantsi kwaziphi na iimeko. Kubonakala ukuba mba ekuqiqeni njenge inzululwazi kwavela kumazwe aliqela phantse ngaxeshanye: Mandulo India, China Ancient kunye Ancient Greece. Ukuba sithethe eGrisi, ngoko eli inzululwazi kwaqalisa ixesha yokubola nkqubo yesizwe kunye ukuyilwa macandelo oluntu, njengoko abarhwebi, abanini beeplani. Abo walawula Greece zinyhasha phezu nezilangazelelo phantse onke amacandelo oluntu, yaye amaGrike baqalisa ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuchaza ukuma kwabo. Ukuze zokusombulula ingxabano ngoxolo, kwicala ngalinye uye wasebenzisa izizathu zayo kwaye iingxoxo. Oku umfutho kuphuhliso Sciences ezifana logic. Isihloko wasebenzisa ixakeke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuwina kwiingxoxo ukuphembelela izigqibo ezizizo.

E China yamandulo, kwakukho logic kwi age segolide bulumko yaseTshayina okanye, njengoko yayibizwa ebudeni 'ithi aphikisanayo ". Ngokufanayo imeko Greece yamandulo, kukho kwakhona iqela umzabalazo phakathi inxalenye abatyebileyo labemi kunye nabasemagunyeni. Eyokuqala ufuna ukutshintsha imeko Lungelelanisa lize liphelise transfer ilifa lithetha amandla. Ngexesha le mpi, ukuba siphumelele, kwakudingeka ukuba bangahlangana kuye nabaxhasi ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba eGrisi yamandulo, yaba inkuthazo eyongezelelweyo kuphuhliso ekuqiqeni e China yamandulo - gqitha koko. Emva ubukumkani qin usaqhubeka sazaliseka, yaye kwakukho revolution zenkcubeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-, uphuhliso ekuqiqeni kwesi sigaba

e wayeka.

Ucinga ukuba kumazwe amaninzi kule inzululwazi kwenzeka kanye ngexesha lomzabalazo, isihloko kunye nexabiso logic ingachazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kukufunda ngokulandelelana iingcinga zabantu, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo nefuthe isisombululo lweemfazwe neempikiswano.

Eyona isihloko ekuqiqeni

Kunzima ngokukodwa ixabiso othile ukuba wayeza kuba yonke into kwesi isayensi yamandulo. Umzekelo, isihloko ekuqiqeni, ingqalelo ekufundweni imithetho kususwa oluchanekileyo izigwebo ezithile kunye neengxelo kwezinye iimeko oyinyaniso. Mna ke luphawulwa le inzululwazi mandulo Gottlob Frege. Ingqiqo kunye kwisifundo wafunda ekuqiqeni Shuman Andrey Nikolaevich - eyaziwa logic modernity. Wayekholelwa ukuba inzululwazi ngokucamngca ukuphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga models yabo. Ukongeza, injongosenzi kunye nomxholo ekuqiqeni - ". Ngokwam 'oku, ke, thina, ngokuba logic ikhutshwa phandle kuphela ngokusebenzisa kwincoko okanye ingxoxo, kwaye ngokupheleleyo Akukhathaliseki, nokuba ngokuvakalayo okanye

UNomaMpondomise ngasentla zibonisa ukuba lo mbandela inzululwazi lwesakhiwo logic zokucinga kunye neempawu zayo ezahlukeneyo kwisigaba eyahlukileyo abstract ubhalo futhi enengqondo yokucinga - iintlobo ze okucinga imithetho ubudlelwane kuyimfuneko phakathi isakhiwo kunye ukuchaneka yokucinga abafikayo kwi inyaniso.

Inkqubo lokufumana inyaniso

Ngamagama alula, i-logic - yinkqubo ingcinga ekufuneni inyaniso, kuba ngenxa yokuba imigaqo yayo lwakhokela inkqubo yokufumana ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo neendlela usebenzisa logic zonke simanyene ulwazi thiyori ekupheliseni kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Le logic ekuthiwa yemveli, apho kukho iindlela ngaphezu kwe-10 ezahlukeneyo, kodwa lo nto ifundiswayo kukuba kuseyinto ukuba ingqiqo kwalo Descartes kunye Bacon kaThixo logic ezenza.

logic aqale

Sonke siyazi ukuba indlela kutsalwe. ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngendlela enye okanye omnye ezinxulumene isayensi logic. Descartes ndaba ekuqiqeni - iyindlela ulwazi lwenzululwazi, eli edulusele kwi kufuywe ngqongqo amalungiselelo athile ngaphambili bafunda nezingqinekayo ezintsha. Wakwazi ukuba bachaze ukuba kutheni, xa iingxelo zokuqala ayinyaniso, ngoko kungarhoxiswa, kuyinyaniso kakhulu.

Kuba logic kwalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba akukho kuphikisana kwiingxelo umthombo, ngenxa yokuba andlale kwisigqibo ezingachanekanga. logic aqale ngqo kakhulu kwaye uluthiyile okucingelwayo ntoni. Zonke postulates athi asetyenziswe, njengoko umthetho, zisekelwe kwidatha iqinisekisiwe. Le ndlela ubhalo unawo iinkolelo amandla ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zenzululwazi ngqo ezifana nemathematika. Ngaphezu koko, le indlela kwalo akukho imibuzo, waza wafunda kanye indlela yokufumana inyaniso. Umzekelo, zonke ezaziwayo theorem kaPythagoras. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubiza kumbuzo wihi wayo? Kunokuba okwahlukileyo - kufuneka ufunde le ngcamango bafunde ukubonisa njani. Umbandela 'Logic "lihlolisisa lo lwalathiso. Ngoncedo yayo, kunye nolwazi yemithetho ethile kunye neempawu into, kunokwenzeka baphethe abantu abatsha.

logic ezenza

Sinokuthi logic ezenza ekuthiwa-Bacon kaThixo phantse iyangqubana nemigaqo engundoqo aqale. Ukuba indlela odlulileyo lisetyenziswa iinzululwazi ngqo, into - zemvelo, efuna logic. Into ekuqiqeni inzululwazi: ulwazi kufunxwa ngokubona kunye nokuhlola. Akukho data ngqo kunye izibalo. Zonke ubalo zenziwa kwakubekwe kuphela, ukuze bafunde into okanye isenzeko. Undoqo ekuqiqeni ezenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukwenza esweni rhoqo kwesi into yokuba ihlolwe, ukudala imeko ngumntu, leyo kuthiwa kungavela. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukufunda iimpawu izinto ezithile ezinokuthi akufunekanga lufundiswe nje isicwangciso yendalo. Oku efunekayo ngpahmbi isifundo ekuqiqeni ezenza.
2. Ngokusekelwe imigqaliselo ukuba ukuqokelela izinto ezininzi malunga into phantsi isifundo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukususela iimeko ziye esidalwe ngumntu, izibakala igqwethekile, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba zibubuxoki.
3. Ukuze iimeko kunye nokumisa i-lwazi ezithathwe ngexesha experiments. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhlola le meko. Ukuba data akwanelanga, lo mkhuba into kufuneka kwakhona ibekwe kwenye imeko ngumntu.
4. Ukuphuhlisa ithiyori ukuchaza iziphumo ukuqikelela uphuhliso lwabo ngakumbi. Esi isigaba sokugqibela, nto leyo esebenza ukushwankathela. Ithiyori ingenziwa ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo idata ngqo ifunyenwe, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba kuhle.

Umzekelo, ngokusekelwe izifundo enokwehla ezintweni zendalo intlokoma isandi, amaza ukukhanya, njalo njalo. D. Physics ukwakhiwa kwisikhundla nasiphi na isenzeko ekwisimo ngamaxesha athile, lingalinganiswa. Kakade ke, iimeko ngamnye ngamnye isenzeko kunye wayesenza izibalo kwenziwa. Kuxhomekeka ukuntsonkotha imeko ngumntu, kwakubhalwe eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Kuvumelekile ukuba ukungqina ukuba amaza oscillations lingalinganiswa. yoqheliso Scientific Bacon wamchazela njengendlela ulwazi lwenzululwazi ubudlelwane unobangela-isiphumo kunye nendlela izinto zesayensi.

ubuhlobo kobude

Zisuka nje, uphuhliso inzululwazi ekuqiqeni ingqalelo kakhulu ihlawulwe le ekwenza yonke inkqubo yophando. ikhonkco kobude - lo ngumba obaluleke kakhulu kolu phando ekuqiqeni. Isizathu - yinto isiganeko esithile okanye into (1), ochaphazela ngokwemvelo imbonakalo kwenye into okanye isenzeko (2). Isifundo se-logic inzululwazi, ngokusesikweni ukuthetha, kukuba ukufumana phandle i izizathu zale kulandelelwano. Emva ngasentla kubonakala ukuba (1) unobangela (2).

Unako ukunika umzekelo: ". Emngxunyeni emnyama" neengcaphephe ukuhlola isithuba kwaye izinto abawafumana khona, wafumanisa lo mkhuba It umzimba yesiqalo, intsimi omxhuzulane mkhulu kangangokuba ukubamba nayiphi na enye into esithubeni. Ngoku sifumanisa unobangela nefuthe le nto: Ukuba intsimi omxhuzulane nawuphi sezijikelezi likhulu kakhulu (1), ukuba unako ukufunxa na ngakumbi (2).

Iindlela eziphambili ekuqiqeni

logic Subject ngokufutshane uphonononga kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi, kodwa kumaxesha amaninzi ulwazi efunyenwe kuxhomekeke indlela enengqondo. Umzekelo, uhlalutyo ngokwahlukana ekubhekiselwe enziwe uvavanyo into kwi iinxalenye ezithile ngenjongo ukufunda iipropati yayo. Uhlalutyo idla mfuneko lo ehlaziya. Ukuba indlela yokuqala sabela phenomenon, owesibini, phezu koko, idibanisa isahlulo efunyenweyo ukuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo.

Esinye isifundo umdla logic indlela yokukhupha amanzi. Yinkqubo yokuzahlula yengqondo kwiipropati ezithile into okanye isenzeko ngenjongo ndifunda. Zonke ezi ndlela hlulwa zibe kumacandelo abonisa ngeendlela kwingqiqo.

Kukho kwakhona indlela ukuchazwa, yona ulwazi kwinkqubo lwezandla izinto ezithile. Ngoko ke, izinto ezinzulu zinganikwa intsingiselo yokomfuziselo, nto leyo eza lula ukuqonda kakuhle eli into ngokwayo.

logic lwangoku

logic Modern - ayikho imfundiso, kunye nemephu yehlabathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le science xesha ababini bokwakha. Siqala yokuqala yeHlabathi Intshabalalo yaMandulo (yaMandulo Greece, India Ancient, China yaMandulo) kwaye iphela ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ithuba lesibini iqala kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 kwaye lusaqhubeka. Iingcali zefilosofi kunye izazinzulu ixesha lethu musa ukuyeka ukufunda eli isayensi yamandulo. Kubonakala ngathi zonke iindlela kunye nemigaqo yayo kudala zifundwa Aristotle kunye nabalandeli bakhe, kodwa nyaka ngamnye-logic inzululwazi, umbandela ekuqiqeni, kwakunye neempawu zawo kuqhubeka ukuba zihlolwe.

Enye yezona zinto ekuqiqeni mihla nokusasazwa isifundo uphando, nto leyo ngenxa izimbo ezintsha kunye neendlela yokucinga. Oku kwakhokelela ukuvela iindidi ezintsha ekuqiqeni modal, njengoko utshintsho logic kunye logic kobude. Kuye singqiniwe ukuba imifuziselo ezinjalo zahluke kakhulu kwezo sele efunda.

logic Modern njengokuba yesayensi isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi, ezifana ubunjineli neteknoloji ulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, xa sicinga isebenza njani ikhompyutha kwaye ufumanise ukuba zonke iinkqubo kuwo yenziwa yi algorithm, oluphumayo ngandlela amandla logic. Ngamanye amazwi, singatsho ukuba inkqubo yenzululwazi efikelele kwinqanaba elifanayo zophuhliso, apho wadala ngempumelelo kwaye baziswa umsebenzi izixhobo kunye neendlela zokusebenza nemigaqo ubhalo.

Omnye umzekelo ukusetyenziswa ekuqiqeni kwinzululwazi mihla elawula ucwangciso koomatshini CNC kunye nofakelo. Kukho kwakhona kubonakala ukuba abe robot intsimbi wenza isenzo ngokwengqiqo-kwakhiwa. Noko ke, le mizekelo kuphela ngokusesikweni asibonise uphuhliso ekuqiqeni mihla, kuba ngale ndlela yokucinga kunokuba nje ophilayo, ezifana njengomntu. Ngaphezu koko, izazinzulu ezininzi bebangisana ngawo ingaba izilwanyana banazo izakhono ubhalo. Zonke izifundo kule ndawo bancipha into yokuba izenzo siseko yezilwanyana isekelwe ukuhamba kuphela. Ukufumana ulwazi, inkqubo kwaye ikhuphe umntu leswikulu.

Uphando kwicandelo lenzululwazi ezifana logic, ukuze uqhubeke kangangamawaka eminyaka, kuba ingqondo yomntu alukhange kufundwe ngokupheleleyo. Rhoqo ngonyaka abantu bazalwa ngakumbi kwaye ziphuhliswe ngakumbi, ebonisa izinto zazivelela okuqhubekayo yomntu.