Loo "Ndiwise umthetho phezu iminyaka umda ixesha," yaye ngubani na ke umbhali lokwenyaniso?

Kukho hypothesis yembali ukuba, nobumnyama serfdom ekugqibeleni kulenze Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, akuba ipapashe uxwebhu othi "Ndiwise umthetho phezu kwiminyaka umda ixesha." Yena iyasuswa phantse ngokupheleleyo kubalimi ilungelo khululo, ajike abantu amakhoboka izidenge, ezinye Togu iinkomo zokusebenza. Noko ke, umbhalo "imithetho" ngokwayo elahlekileyo, kunye neenkcukacha isiqulatho yalo eliso libi kakhulu. Kwinguqulelo kakhulu lililo-mbali iziganeko lavumela kangangeenkulungwane.

Ngokusemthethweni zamkela imfundiso

Ngokutsho iincwadi zembali, i "Ndiwise umthetho phezu iminyaka umda ixesha" esayinwe 1597, ngoDisemba 4 kwikhalenda Julian. Oku kubangelwa inkangeleko ulawulo lomthetho imeko ezibalulekileyo wadala kweli lizwe. Ngaphambi koko, kanye nekhulu leminyaka yaba umthetho ekuthe, phakathi evekini ukuya kuNovemba 26 (iholide zonqulo St .. George) kunye iintsuku ezisixhenxe emva kokuba ilizwe ngalinye nako ukuphuma ngemeko yabo, echaza umnqweno wakhe nokuhlawula umnini ukuhlawula le mali ( "abadala ") kule engange zesilivere. Ixabiso waba eninzi ngelo xesha, kodwa ufuna ukuba abalimi ezamahala wazama ukusindisa kuye. Le nto ke iye yafumana ngezinga elikhulu. Ukongeza, ngokufuthi emva kokungaphumeleli ukwenza imali, ezinye ngamakhoboka babaleka nje. Ngokutsho kwinguqulelo yamkelwe ngokusesikweni, i "Ndiwise umthetho phezu iminyaka umda ixesha" wabalela nabalimi kude benani. Kodwa lo umongo zinkuni aziphelelanga. Akuzange kwanele nje ukubaleka baphume kumnini ezithiyekileyo. "Ndiwise umthetho phezu iminyaka umda ixesha" ukuseta ixesha elithile search, apho inkosi ukuba abuye ikhoboka lakhe - kweminyaka emihlanu.

"Ukaznoy" uguqulelo ezahlukeneyo

Ukungabikho amaxwebhu abubungqina le mbali - malunga efanayo naleyo ukuze physics - ukungangqinelani phakathi iziphumo zovavanyo ze ingcamango yakhe theoretical component. Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini eziyintloko inkcazelo inkqubo amakhoboka zaba balimi Russian. Ngokutsho lokuqala (ebizwa ngokuba "ukaznoy"), ukuba ngqongqo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yomthetho kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Ityikitywe "Ndiwise umthetho phezu iminyaka umda ixesha", yaye ukususela ngaloo mzuzu ... Kodwa lo mbono uye ramifications yayo. Ngokutsho V. N. Tatischeva olu xwebhu ikhona ukususela 1592, yaye akuzange umbhali Fyodor Ivanovich, kunye Boris Godunov. Iphepha ubelahlekile, ukufumana engenakukwazi. Kodwa yena.

Njenge "version ukaznoy" Ngokuqinisekileyo zincomeka, kodwa unale onesiphene eqhelekileyo, uphawu iingcamango ezininzi zembali. Oku kusekelwe kuphela kulandelelwano izithembiso, yaye akukho nto ngaphandle kwabo, ayixhaswanga. Kufuneka kubekho umthetho, nabo bonke. Uphi na yena - ngomnye umbuzo. Awazi ukuba yintoni na le iphepha ngaphezu kwenkulungwane ezine kwenzeka ...

Ngaba kukho umthetho?

Ngomhla yempembelelo "ummiselo" ukutshintsha uluntu kwilizwe a nga kugwetywa ngenxa yokuba kwisihloko loxwebhu phantse sekeriweke izicelo abanini ukubuya kwabo "propati." Bekuya kubonakala kusengqiqweni, efuna ukufumana nakuzisiza ikhoboka mbaleki, thelekisa kwi basebukhosini "Ndiwise umthetho phezu kwiminyaka umda ixesha." Ingaba akunjalo? Ngenxa yokuba ke lwezikhalazo kuthatha phezu umlinganiswa nje kuphela izicelo zobuqu, kunye nezicelo ukuthotyelwa komthetho. Kodwa abanini kwi tsar ayibekisanga, wakhetha ukwenza imixube ezingabonakaliyo.

Thabatha, ugogo, noSuku eSt George xa

Okwangoku, uxwebhu kuphela ebhaliweyo engqina ubukho imizi- ephepheni ukuthanda yobukumkani, unako ukukhonza njengendawo iimonki Novgorod, apho zibhekisela ummiselo njengako kuyo, abalimi kunye abadinga umhlaba, "akukho kusinda." Ngaxeshanye kunye nomhla, kunye nombhali isenzo mthetho azaziwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo Ndimnike nzima indalo yayo Tsar Fedor. Okokuqala, kule minyaka wobukumkani bakhe okunene wakhokela lizwe "ibamba grey" Godunov, nokuba kungenza eli phulo mthetho. Okwesibini, kukho imihlaba wokwenene ukukholelwa ukuba uxwebhu kwavela kwiminyaka emihlanu engaphambili, yaye kamva wabatshabalalisa (mhlawumbi ngabom) yi "Boriska" (okanye umyalelo). Okwesithathu, kusenokwenzeka, "umthetho wendalo" samkelwa Ivan Vasilyevich, kodwa sele iqalile ukusebenza kamva. Nangona zonke ezi nguqulelo, inyani: Usuku St George bukaThixo yatshatyalaliswa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI kunye nabalimi zabandezwa amalungelo abo ngaphambili gqitha.