Metal Unikezelo lombane njengoko

Akukho namhlanje umntu akumangalisi ukuba, ngokuthinta iswitshi iqhosha, sinako ukubona umlilo phezu ibhalbhu. Ngokufuthi asazi nokuba ucinga ukuba zonke ezi zenzo zisekelwe kuthotho ophathekayo. Enye into ukwazi kakhulu ezinjalo - ukuba Unikezelo lombane zesinyithi, enika ithombo yangoku yombane.

Okokuqala, mhlawumbi, uzakugqiba oko konke ngayo. Ngenxa yoko, conductivity kukukwazi wenkqu ukuba kudlule yangoku yombane. Ngaphezu koko, izinto ezahlukeneyo kufuneka obu buchule shiyana. Ngokutsho neqondo Unikezelo lombane kwi iziyobisi abaqhubi eyahlukileyo, semiconductors kunye insulators.

Ukuba ujonga iinkcukacha zovavanyo ezifunyenwe abaphandi ukuba isifundo umbane, kuye kucace ukuba conductivity zesinyithi lelona liphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, xa ukudluliselwa umbane kusetyenziswa iingcingo yesinyithi. Ukuba iintsimbi becala enze ukuhamba ngayo umbane. Kwaye ke ingcaciso yale ingafumaneka kwi theory electron zesinyithi.

Ngokutsho yokugqibela, umqhubi yi efestileni crystalline ogama iindawo abahlala atom. Bona bubanzi kakhulu kwaye yesondo athom carbon ezimelene ezifana, ngoko ahlale ngokuphawulekayo efestileni crystalline. Yintoni enokuthethwa elektroni, ibekwe kwi kweqokobhe zangaphandle athom. Ezi electron bakhululekile ukuya ngokwazo, akha ebizwa ngokuba "igesi electronic". Apha conductivity ngekhompyutha zesinyithi, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwezi electron.

Njengokuba ubungqina bokuba uhlobo yangoku yombane ngenxa elektroni, sinokukhumbula amava yamachiza German Rikke, eyibeka-1901. Wathabatha ubhedu ezimbini kunye nesilinda aluminiyam elinye kunye iziphelo ngononophelo olukhazimlisiweyo, wabeka omnye phezu komnye, ecanda kubo yangoku. Ngokutsho ingqiqo experimenter ukuba Unikezelo lombane zesinyithi kubangelwa athom, kuya kwenzeka ukudluliswa kweziyobisi. Noko ke, emva kokuphumelela yangoku yombane ukuba iisilinda, ubunzima akawatshintshi.

Le yoko kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba Unikezelo lombane zesinyithi kubangwa amanye amasuntswana lokuba bonke abaqhubi. Kule ndima bamba nje electron, leyo ngeli xesha yayisele ivuliwe. Kwixesha elizayo, sachitha amalinge eziliqela luli, nabo bonke baqinisekisa ukuba umsinga wombane ibangelwa ukuhamba electron.

Ngokuhambelana izinto zale mihla yikristale emkhusaneni metal kwiindawo zawo ion ibekwe kunye electron namhlanje bachukumiseka gqitha ngokukhululekileyo therebetween. Ukuba inani elikhulu elektroni kunye nokubonelela ophezulu zombane conductivity metal. Xa kukho encinane umahluko enokubakho emancamini umqhubi ezi electron ezamahala uqale ukususa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ombane.

Apha kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba conductivity ndivuma lobushushu zixhomekeke. Ngenxa yoko, ne lobushushu ukwandisa conductivity zesinyithi unciphisa, kwaye icala, kwandisa njengoko amaqondo obushushu liyancipha, kude le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa esebenzayo. Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba nangona conductivity zonke ngesinyithi, ixabiso layo nganye yayisebenzisa. conductivity Best of zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa ngobhedu zombane kunye nentsimbi kuye.

Ngoko ke, izinto kwanciphisa inika umqondo umele Unikezelo lombane zesinyithi, uchaza uhlobo umbane kwaye acacise yintoni eyabangela kuyo. Ngenxa inkcazelo ngembonakalo yikristale emkhusaneni lwesinyithi kunye nefuthe iimeko zangaphandle kwi conductivity.