Oothixo zehlabathi lamandulo: uluhlu kunye nolwazi jikelele ngawo

Abaphandi wokugqibela bathi kwimbali yoluntu akazazi nayiphi na abantu, ukukhanyela ukuba kukho amandla ethile ephezulu lokukhokela emhlabeni wabo, yaye maxa wambi emva kokufa. Iimbono zazo ziye zatshintsha kunye nophuhliso impucuko, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwabo kuvele iinkonzo ezininzi zonqulo njengoko uphila, kwaye otshonileyo neenkungu kwexesha. Masikhumbule kuphela abanye oothixo behlabathi yamandulo, kba, ngokutsho inkcazelo eyamkelekileyo, kwisithuba kokubhalwa kwembali kunye limited ngenkulungwane V, xa ihlabathi bangena ixesha of the Ages Aphakathi ekuqaleni.

Drevneshumerskie unkulunkulu

Qala sithetha amaqhawe oothixo behlabathi lamandulo ukuba ibali malunga iinkolelo zonqulo Sumerians awayehlala eMesopotamiya (Iraq namhlanje) kunye obuyiyile ekuqaleni IV kwiwaka. BC. e. le mpucuko yokuqala ihlabathi. iinkolelo zabo kunye neentsomi wabo wenziwa ngayo ngokusekelwe ekunquleni oothixo abaninzi ─ bemeko- demiurge ihlabathi neento zonke ezikulo, kwakunye oomoya, kangcono abantu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ebomini babo.

Oku mhlawumbi oothixo kakhulu ehlabathini, apho wahlala inkcazelo ngokwanelisayo epheleleyo. indawo akhokelayo phakathi izigcine uthixo An (okanye Anu). Ngokutsho Kwiintsomi yaseSamariya, waba ngomnye demiurge wadala ihlabathi, yaye wayelapho kwanangaphambi kokuba umhlaba wahlukana ezulwini. Phakathi kwezinye celestials alonwabele njengegunya elingenakuphikiswa, ukuba Sumerians soloko ezotywe kuye owongamele amabhunga woothixo, leyo zicwangciswe ukusombulula imiba ebalulekileyo.

Phakathi nesi oothixo-ngabaxumi edumileyo Marduk, igama ezinxulumene isiseko kunye nophuhliso olungaphezulu kwesinye sezixeko likhulu ihlabathi lamandulo ─ eBhabheli. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba nguye isixeko unetyala andize yayo nempumelelo. Akumangalisi, njengoko sixeko mandulo zokukhula ngokwandileyo unqulo ngokubanzi wathabatha umxhasi wakhe. Xa yonk 'oothixo bamaSumeri Marduk wanikwa kwindawo enye oothixo zamaGrike amandulo Jupiter phakathi.

uwuthanda ukulahlile

Ngokomzekelo, neentsomi yaseSamariya kufanelekile ukucaphula enye amabali uIshtar, kangcono ngempumelelo izinto ezibonakala engahambelaniyo, ezifana nothando nemfazwe. ilejendi esekhona isixelela ngendlela imini enye intliziyo isithixokazi uthando Wavutha hero okhaliphileyo kaGilgamesh, aza abuya evela kwiphulo lomkhosi, apho waphumelela wabulela kwabakhweli yakhe.

Ukuze inkonzo uIshtar ayethanda ukuba abe ligorha indoda yakhe, kodwa wala ngenxa yokuba kaGilgamesh laviwa kuphela malunga nemicimbi yakhe ngothando ezininzi, kodwa malunga nendlela eya ukuguqula okukruqulayo inkunzi izigcawu, iingcuka, iigusha, kunye nezinye izidalwa engathethi. Kakade ke, oku ke kanye izandla beza phantsi, emva zonke, yintoni kube kubi ngaphezu ukuziphindezela ukulahlile amabhinqa?

inkunzi waseZulwini

Angry uIshtar wenyuka waya ezulwini ukuze abazali bakhe ─ uthixo ephakamileyo Anu kunye nomfazi wakhe Antu, owathi ngenxa yokuthotywa kwakhe. Ukuze Impindezelo yeyam, yamzama abadala ukudala ngenxa yakhe yenkomo eyoyikekayo wezulu, unako ukutshabalalisa kaGilgamesh. Kungenjalo, ntombi enemvukelo umnwe ukukhulisa engcwabeni kwabafileyo unike ukuba kudliwa uluntu.

Ukwazi kumava ukuba ngokuxambulisana intombi yakhe ngamampunge, An kunye Antu lizaliseke isicelo sakhe. Emhlabeni yothixokazi wabuya yenkomo, nto leyo ukuqala ukusela onke amanzi oMlambo umEfrate, waqalisa ukuba zilidle Sumerians shwa. Kwaye kuya kufika ekupheleni kwalo impucuko yamandulo, kodwa, ngethamsanqa, wafika zonke kaGilgamesh mnye, owathi, kunye nomhlobo wakhe Enkidu oyisa ndiyingwenya na, wazisa isidumbu sakhe ukuze babingelele abanye oothixo, enesidima kakhulu.

Igcina nebali uIshtar, bemi iindonga zesixeko samandulo Uruk, kaGilgamesh damn esigwenxa Wahlanganisa ke bonke amahenyukazi bamaSumeri, ngokukrakra iyalila nabo ngenkunzi bawonakalisile. Isizathu sokuba ezifunekayo kule ummeli komsebenzi endala ─ imbali uthi cwaka.

Impucuko Lost

Kuhleli kuphela ukongeza ukuba yonk 'oothixo behlabathi yamandulo, iziqu yi-Sumerians, kumba. Ukuze kakade igama emva kokuba add kuphela kakhulu kakuhle yaziwa: i Anunnaki, Adad, Bel, Dumuzi, Inanna, Tiamat, uTamuz, Sumukan, Sina kunye Tsarpanitu.

Phakathi II amawaka. BC. e. Schumer State wanika ndlela yokufumana amandla yoMbuso waseBhabhiloni, kwaye ulwimi yaseSamariya njenge andithethanga ukusetyenziswa. Ukanti omnye phantse 2 amawaka. Iminyaka kuwo zabhalwa imisebenzi yoncwadi, ezinye ezo bufunyenwe ngethuba ngabembi bezinto.

oothixo baseYiputa

Imbali yehlabathi lamandulo yi alohlukaniswa umnqweno abantu ukwazi ihlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye, maxa wambi eloyikekayo kunye ngokupheleleyo imfihlelo nezangaphakathi kubo. Ubungqina amaYiputa yamandulo abazama ukuqonda isakhiwo yayo kukudala oothixo abaninzi oothixo ibe yimveliso ngqondweni yabo elenziwe kubo ngamandla emvelo.

A phawu uphawu le unqulo yamandulo amaYiputa yaba inkolelo waphezulu koFaro, leyo yayisekelwe amandla abo epheleleyo. Yeenkosi zasezulwini kunye neerhuluneli zehlabathi ayisoloko enobuntu ebantwini, nangenxa yabo kunye nabanye kwafuneka Ukuhlawulela kuphela imithandazo nendumiso, kodwa mbingelelo, uhlobo leyo kuyahlukana nedlela umntu lowo yona.

Oothixo zehlabathi lamandulo kunye iintsomi ezithetha kubo, zazisoloko iphepha eliqaqambileyo inkcubeko yehlabathi. Ngaba Akukho ngaphandle kunye oothixo abaninzi oothixo, owazalwa ngomhla kwiindonga zeNayile. Ababhali-mbali baye 2 amawaka. Abameli balo, kodwa kukunqulwa ngabantu bonke asikho ngaphezu kwe-100 kubo, lo gama abanye unqulo-mthetho ekuhlaleni.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, kunye notshintsho ulungelelwaniso zezepolitiki itshintshile kunye nendawo oluneqela kweli lizwe bazibandakanya kwezi okanye abanye oothixo. History of the World Ancient, neYiputa ingakumbi, lizele ezidubedube kunye nobunzi-, isiphumo kuzo utshintsho rhoqo wezilawuli, oko kwatshintsha ngokwesiseko ubume koothixo ingakumbi iziqu. Ngelo xesha, oothixo jikelele uyakwazi ukuchonga inani loonobumba ogama "rating" kwaba ophakamileyo kuyo yonke imbali impucuko yamandulo zaseYiputa.

Umphezulu sabaphathi waphezulu

Oku ikakhulu ngumdali zonke izinto ezisemhlabeni ─ uthixo Amon-Ra, okwabizwa phantsi amagama Amun okanye njengoAtum. Yaba nguye lowo ingqalelo nguyise wabo bonke baseYiputa. Maxa wambi, oko ekuyileni amaYiputa Amon-Ra wathabatha ifomu ababhinqileyo, uze emva koko ngokuba Amunet uthixokazi. Le Ukunxiba uthixo ingakumbi ziyanqulwa uAmoni, ixesha elide inhloko lo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, liveza indoda ingubo yobukumkani, sithsaba sam, ihonjiswe kunye nento ephakathi, ubuncinane ─ kwi ngohlobo irhanisi okanye yemvu.

Kancinane obuphantsi kuye ukuthandwa uthixo wenzala kunye kokufa, uOsiris, uludwe isizalwane leyo eyabangela ukuba intlonipho zinzulu. Ukuba unyana ka uthixo komhlaba Geb kunye Nut isibhakabhaka uthixokazi, wathabatha umfazi wakhe ekhaya Isis udade ─ patroness wenzala, ngumama, ezempilo kunye zokuhamba ulwandle (imitshato consanguineous hayi azivumelekanga ngelo xesha). Ifa ukususela kwixesha isihloko umlawuli ophakamileyo, wafundisa amaYiputa ukuba balime ilizwe, bagcine imithetho ukuhlonela izithixo.

Ubuqili Uthando kwiintsomi zaseYiputa

Noko ke, njengokuba abaninzi oothixo yamandulo ziintlanga zehlabathi, uOsiris endleleni yakhe bobukhulu bakhe unenzondelelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezinzima. Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba uthixo uSete entlango Liquka tyekelo ububi, iyelenqe ukuba simbulale, ukuze athathe indawo soMhlekazi. icebo lakhe obufihlakeleyo, waqonda kakhulu yokuqala.

Elwenzile kwesifuba segolide ubungakanani ezifanelekileyo umeme undwendwe, phakathi kwabo kwakukho uOsiris, umguvela ubhengeze ukuba ndiya kuyinika eli njengelitye ukuba nabani na kuhlale kakuhle kuyo. Bonke kufuneka azame, yaye xa beza uOsiris, uSete embakraza isiciko esifubeni, wambopha ngeentsontelo, yaliphosa emlanjeni iNayile, apho ke kuThixo amaza wadada uyazi apho.

Ekubeni yayisazi yokuduka indoda yakhe, Isis wahamba efuna waza wamfumana esifubeni bahanahanisi wakhe kunxweme zaseFenike. Kodwa uvuyo yakhe kwexesha. Emva phezu ezithendeni uSete ngaphambi Isis kwaye phambi komzimba umyeni wakhe meyili alityatye, Abachithachithe lonke elaseJiputa.

Kodwa obangela embi sizicingela, kunye kubani ke usebenza ─ isithixokazi abayiqokeleleyo uninzi izidumbu Osiris Ma eyenziwe kubo, kangangokuba yimpumelelo kangangokuba kungekudala zimithiswe unyana wakhe Horus, owathi kamva waba uthixo ngokuzingela uchazwa njengomntu intloko nesangxa. Esithendeni, Gore wamoyisa uSete nekamama wakhe nayo yamnceda kumvusa la Mama kayise.

Ezinye abemi oothixo yamandulo umYiputa

Masikhumbule amanye amagama ngaphezu koothixo kwihlabathi lamandulo, wahlala phezu kweendonga zeNayile. Kuba ngaphezu kwabo bonke uthixo Shu. Yena nenkosikazi yakhe Tefnut bebengabemi zokuqala ezulwini, wadala yi uthixo ophakamileyo njengoAtum, iphawulwe ekuqaleni kokwahlulwa kwezini. Shu ingqalelo uthixo ilanga kunye nomoya. Yena ngokuchazwa indoda isigqubuthelo enesihlwele, lo gama umfazi wakhe waba inkangeleko yengonyama.

Enye uthixo ihlabathi lamandulo, uthathwa ungumthombo kwelanga, inganga omkhulu Ra. umfanekiso kwakhe indoda intloko nesangxa, ethwele ukusitha ilanga, ngokufuthi afumaneka kwi ezindongeni iitempile zaseYiputa kwexesha endala. A feature of RA kukuba layo ukuba kwenziwa yonke imihla yi imazi Nut engcwele waza wavula indlela yakhe izulu, ukuba singene kummandla lwabafileyo, ukuba awaphinde onke phezu kwakhona ngentsasa elandelayo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uOsiris, esixoxe ngasentla, ngaphandle umfazi wakhe Isis, enye udade ogama Nephthys. Waye uthixokazi kunokuba mnyama ukufa kunye nendima wahliwa yobukumkani kwabafileyo kwiintsomi zaseYiputa. Ukususela impahla yabo komhlaba yena wabonakala kuphela kwelanga kunye nesibhakabhaka ebusuku endleleni eya ukulawula xa isikhephe sakhe ezimnyama. umfanekiso wakhe zingaqondwa ukubonwa kwi esicikweni sarcophagus, apho livela ngohlobo umfazi ezinamaphiko.

Asinto uluhlu olupheleleyo oothixo baseYiputa uya ngamagama afana Sekhmet, Bastet, Nepid, omnye Mönch, Ptah, Hathor, Shesemu, Honshu, Heket kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngamnye kubo imbali yayo kunye nomfanekiso walo eyayikrolwe iindonga kwiitempile kunye ingaphakathi iiphiramidi.

Ihlabathi koothixo Greece yamandulo

Indawo yakade intsomi-wokwenza iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso lonke inkcubeko yaseYurophu, indawo yayo ephezulu befikelelwe kwisithuba esiphakathi ko zebhola ye Hellas yamandulo. Imvelaphi ihlabathi kunye noothixo eGrisi yamandulo, kwakunye eYiputa, kubonakala akukho ngengozi. Ukudalwa zonke izinto kuthiwa umakhi njengowongamileyo, ogama indima kule meko yenziwa kuZeyus. Waba ngukumkani bonke abanye oothixo, inkosi yelo imibane kunye ngumfuziselo kwesibhakabhaka enkumbulweni. Kwiintsomi ongumRoma, elisuke laba sisihlomelo isiGrike, lo mfanekiso kunxibelelana Jupiter, eyaziyo, iimpawu ezifanayo neempawu ngaphandle ilifa ukhokho wakhe. umfazi Zeus ka-zekhompyutha yaba isithixokazi ngumama ─ patroness, ukukhusela abasetyhini ngexesha lokubeleka.

A phawu uphawu oothixo yesiGrike woothixo elitism wayo. Ngokungafaniyo abalinganiswa yeentsomi zaseYiputa e Hellas yamandulo, kwakukho abangama loothixo 12 ababehlala encotsheni yentaba Olympus wehle emhlabeni kuphela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ubume ezinye izithixo engaphantsi kakhulu, kwaye badlala indima yesibini.

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye phawu enye ngaphezulu uphawu oothixo bamaGrike namaRoma ─ bethathwa ukuba ukumela kuphela ngokobuntu, enika alikukugqibelela iimpawu nganye. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje woothixo yamandulo Greece baziwa kakuhle, njengoko nemifanekiso yabo marble imodeli yokufundisa abantwana ubuciko yamandulo.

Elite oothixo Greek

Konke oko ngandlel 'ezinxulumene imfazwe sakhatshwa igazi, wathi, nokumelwa yamaGrike amandulo, izithixo ezimbini. Omnye wabo Ares, ngubani waba nomsindo ongalawulekiyo, babephala yena zamehlo imilo ezishushu. Zeus wayengathandi ngokuba igazi kakhulu kwaye nje kuphela kwi Olympus ngenxa yokuba unyana wakhe. Uvelwano kwezulu ababephesheya kwakhe intombi yakhe Athena ─ isithixokazi imfazwe enobulungisa, ubulumko nokwazi. Evela entsimini yokulwa, oko tames umzalwana wayo mahluko ngokugqithiseleyo. Kwiintsomi ongumRoma, siyafana uMinerva.

World of amaqhawe kunye noothixo eGrisi yamandulo, kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle uthixo Apollo ─ kwelanga, egqirheni abanezakhono abakhusela ngayo yena. igama lakhe laba igama indlu enkosi imifanekiso oqingqiweyo Ziqulethe umgangatho ubuhle eyindoda. kwiinkulungwane eziliqela kamva amaRoma Apollo eziqulathwe ngokomfanekiselo uFibhi.

Umgangatho Ubuhle basetyhini, ngokweembono zakhe yamaGrike amandulo, nguye isithixokazi uthando Aphrodite, nto leyo kwase waseRoma Venus. Ozelwe alephuze amagwebu elwandle, ubuhle uye phantsi iphiko uthando lwakhe, umtshato, ukuchuma nasentlakohlaza. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba, nangona yobuninzi amasoka kakhulu abafanelekileyo, wanikela intliziyo neziqhwala Hephaestus (amaRoma kwathiwa Vulcan) ─ uthixo blacksmithing, wakhetha nzima-abasebenza kunye nomyeni noqoqosho amadoda uyinzwana ukusuka encotsheni yentaba Olympus.

Ukuze ukuba ndone na oothixo behlabathi yamandulo, funda kanye kunxweme Greece, masikhumbule patroness kwenyanga, ukuchuma, ezingela nobunyulu nemazi, uArtemis (Roma Diana), umlawuli zobukumkani kwabafileyo, Hadesi, uthixo yolwandle Poseidon (eyaziwa ngokuba kwabanye) kunye onxilileyo ngokungakhathali, uthixo iwayini kunye ─ fun yayinguDionysus, eyaziwa ngegama lakhe lesiRoma Bacchus.

Njengoko kwinkulungwane edluleyo, inani abanquli uThixo sehle nje kuphela, kodwa iyanda rhoqo ngonyaka ngamnye, lanikezela imigca embalwa. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yayinguDionysus wazalwa ngenxa yothando ofihlakeleyo kuZeyus inkosazana Theban Semele. umfazi nomona neendudumo, uthixokazi zekhompyutha, ngobuqhophololo, wabulala uthando lwakhe eburheletyweni indoda yakhe, kodwa akazange akwazi kutshabalalisa umntwana ndamthiya.

Ekubeni wabhenela Ngoncedo uthixo nguHermes ─ umhambi kunye Connoisseur imiphefumlo yabantu, ─ Zeus emfihlekweni nomfazi wakhe wamnika unyana wakhe imfundo Oophunguphungu ─ patronesses ubomi onika amandla endalo. Xa yayinguDionysus wakhula kunye nomntwana rozovoschokogo ibuye ibe umfana omhle, bamnika ngumdiliya waza wafunda ukupheka ukusuka isiselo sakhe iziqhamo odlisa ubomi. Ukususela ngoko, i-niyimigqakhwe unyana kaZeyus wayenguthixo iwayini, wena nqaba. abahlali Greece waqubuda kuye, Ukuhomba ngokwabo kunye izidanga yamagqabi komdiliya bevuma elokudumisa njengentlonipho yokumbulela.

Isiqalo sexesha elitsha

Abemi 12 bamazulu ayiphelelanga uluhlu bonke oothixo behlabathi yamandulo, kuculwa kanye wembongi yamaGrike, esekhona nomoya wethu unique yeentsomi yamandulo. Kodwa emva kokuba babe abemi Olympus, ngokukhuthazwa nemifanekiso yabo yonke abakroli ababekekileyo ngabapeyinti asemaphakadeni kamva, okunyusileyo udumo ehlabathini lonke oku iinkulungwane kuthi olulingana oothixo ifihliwe.

Imbali yamandulo, njengoko wakholwa ngokuqhelekileyo, laphela kokuwa baseRoma 476, yaye shela kwakhe umlawuli wokugqibela Romulus Augustus. Ukususela ngoko ihlabathi wafudukela kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso ─ zamaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Labuya zisabonakala kuphela indlela yobomi omdala, kodwa oothixo ukuba wadala yaye emkhusela.

Xa indawo nenqwaba abaninzi beza ─ uThixo omnye uMdali kunye nguMdali wezinto zonke. Ukunqulwa koothixo omdala zavakaliswa yobuhedeni emnyama, kunye nabalandeli bakhe baba ngaphantsi kakhulu intshutshiso, ngaphezu kwabo eziququzelelwe kakhulu kutshanje namaKristu.