Quasar - oku ... Yintoni quasar?

Kumgama ezigidi 2 ukukhanya-kwiminyaka kude nekhaya lethu yeyona inamandla kwaye ebulalayo into yonke iphela. Quasar - umqadi ube mnye bebukeka lwamandla, ubude okumane leekhilomitha billion eziliqela. Izazinzulu abanalo de ekupheleni kwesifundo esi sifundo.

Yintoni a quasar

Namhlanje, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ehlabathini lonke uzama ukufunda quasars, imvelaphi yabo umsebenzi. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba quasar - enkulu, ezingenakuphela ezihambayo kwibhoyila igesi ebulalayo. I enamandla umthombo wamandla injongosenzi ngaphakathi, entliziyweni quasar. Oku imbobo enkulu emnyama. Quasar lulingana ubunzima izigidi sezigidi.

Quasar ngokubamba yonke into eza indlela yakhe. Umngxuma omnyama waphula iinkwenkwezi lonke kunye iminyele, ngokumungunya kubo ngaphakathi logama njengoko zicinywe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukunyibilika kuyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho quasar - yinto embi kunokuba kuphela kwindalo iphela.

izinto isibhakabhaka Deep

Quasars - izinto zikude nesikhazimlayo kwindalo iphela yaziwa uluntu. Xa 60s zenkulungwane lokugqibela, izazinzulu bakholwa iinkwenkwezi zabo irediyo, njengoko kwafunyanwa ngoncedo kwamaza enamandla erediyo. Igama elithi "quasar" livela ibinzana elithi "umthombo radio sasemthethweni esinelungelo lokuwisa ogcwele". Ungafumana kwakhona & igama QSOs kwimisebenzi emininzi izazinzulu ngokuphathelene nasemajukujukwini. Field njengoko amandla ngeeteleskopu ezamehlo okungakumbi, ngeenkwenkwezi wafumanisa ukuba quasar - asikuko inkwenkwezi, Nenkwenkwezi-ezimilise into engaziwayo kwinzululwazi.

Kuthathwa ukuba ukukhutshwa radio ivela hayi evela quasar, kwaye ukusuka imitha ngawo enxitywe. Quasars kusekho enye izinto kunazo zonke, ezo ibekwe kude ngaphaya Way. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bambalwa kakhulu abantu zisixelela ntoni quasars. Yintoni na nendlela ukwakha ezi imizimba yasezulwini uya kuba nako ukuphendula kuphela ngeenkwenkwezi kakhulu abanamava kunye izazinzulu. Inye kuphela ukungqina ukuba quasars ayikhuphi izixa kakhulu amandla. Nguye lowo ayikhuphi sezigidi 3 million! Ezinye quasars ihlaba amaxesha 100 amandla ngaphezu kwazo zonke iinkwenkwezi kumnyele wethu. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba yonke quasar phezulu kwindawo malunga elingana kwinkqubo elanga.

Yaye isixa-radiation of quasars

Nentwana andulela ziwe kwafunyanwa ngeenxa quasar. Ukuze ukuzibona njengezinto kunye redshift, ezo radiation magnetic ngamaza erediyo kwaye ukukhanya engabonakaliyo, kwaye kufuneka babe nemilinganiselo ezincinane kakhulu emboxo. Ezi zinto ke ukufunyanwa quasars akazange avunyelwe ukuba ukubaxelela iinkwenkwezi - imithombo ingongoma. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imithombo elongeziweyo kunokuba ne imilo beminyele. Thelekisa, ngumlingani kwexabiso umndilili quasar aqaqambe yi 12.6, Nenkwenkwezi aqaqambe - 1.45.

Ziphi na izinto angaqondakali yasezulwini

imingxunya Black, pulsars kunye quasars abasakwazi kude kuthi. Zezona imizimba yasezulwini zikude kwindalo iphela. Quasars aba yemisebe enkulu infrared. Ngu Uhlalutyo ngeenkwenkwezi bayakwazi ukumisela isantya intshukumo izinto ezahlukeneyo, umgama phakathi kwabo naphakathi kwabo kunye nehlabathi.

Ukuba imitha le quasar ibomvu, oko kuthetha ukuba ihamba ngakwicala kobasemhlabeni. Kububomvu nobuhlungu ngaphezulu - i kude le quasar kunye nokunyuka yayo isantya. Zonke iintlobo quasars lihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo batshintsha ngonaphakade. Oku kubonakaliswa ukuba uqina of quasars oza kwinqanaba 240 lamawaka. Km / umzuzwana., Ngowuphi phantse 80% ye isantya yokukhanya!

Siza kubona quasars mihla

Ekubeni lo zikude kuthi izinto, kodwa namhlanje sibona iintshukumo zabo ezenzeka ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ekubeni ukukhanya kuphela ukufika Earth wethu. Kungenzeka, ke, ngoko ke quasars zikude kakhulu yamandulo nje oko. Space yenza sikwazi ukubona ukuba njengoko babenjalo kuphela malunga 10 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Simele sicinge ukuba abanye babo sele wayeka ukuba khona.

Zintoni quasar

Nangona le meko olufundwa kwaye ayikho ngokwaneleyo, kodwa, ngokolwazi lokuqala, quasar - umngxuma enkulu emnyama. Umama wakhe ibalekisa nentshukumo yayo xa umngxuma ifanele wayelibele lo mba, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubushushu amasuntswana, kuzonwaya abo bobabini kunye nentshukumo esingenasiphelo kunobukhulu jikelele mba. iimolekyuli isantya ne quasar ngalinye kuba ngokuya yesibini kunye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. zochuku enamandla amasuntswana kugqiba ulwabiwo-mali esikhulu wokukhanya kunye nezinye iintlobo radiation, ezifana umzekelo X-reyi. Ngonyaka mingxuma abamnyama ukuze ukufunxa kubunzima elinye ilanga lethu. Xa some ibe omtsha mass esibulalayo ako, i-eneji sakhulula Ndowutwabulula radiation ngeendlela ezimbini: ecaleni ngasezantsi kunye entla izibonda ezo quasar. Izazi basibiza engaqhelekanga "moya isithuba".

kokuma zakutshanje ngeenkwenkwezi zibonisa ukuba uninzi lwezi zinto esibhakabhakeni kwiziko leminyele okweqanda. Ngokutsho kwenye ingcamango imvelaphi quasar, ukuba kumnyele uselula apho emngxunyeni omkhulu emnyama ibizela kweziyobisi abayingqongileyo. Wabaseki ngcamango bathi umthombo radiation izenzo nokwanda disk bhuqe. Le ise embindini kumnyele, yaye oko ukuba shift ecacicleyo elibomvu quasars phezu khozimologi.Sonke ncam ixabiso shift omxhuzulane. ngaphambili oko kwangaphambili Einstein ngokwenkcazo yakhe jikelele ka.

Quasars badla kuthelekiswa kunye Nezinto ze-Universe. Bangakwazi kubonakala kumgama ndiniphuthume, wabulela kubo bafunde izinto zazivelela yayo kunye nesakhiwo. Ukusebenzisa i "CTLI yasezulwini" ukufunda ukuhanjiswa nayiphi na into kumgca emehlweni. Oko kukuthi, i imigca kakhulu ukufakwa hydrogen ecacicleyo senziwa similise imigca shift elibomvu le ukufunxeka.

Iinzululwazi inguqulo quasars

Kukho elinye icebo. Quasar, ngokutsho kwabanye abaphengululi - into asakhulayo galaxy abaselula. Evolution of iminyele ayiqondakali ngaye, ngenxa yokuba abantu bazalwa oselula kunaso. Mhlawumbi quasars - le meko yokuqala ukuyilwa beminyele. Sinako ukucinga ukuba ukukhululwa yamandla livela eziba mncinane esebenzayo nyele ezintsha.

Ezinye izazi yaye abazange bakholwe quasars amanqaku kwi indawo apho umcimbi omtsha Yonke aphuma. hypothesis kwabo kubonakala ukuba malunga ngqo emngxunyeni omnyama. Uluntu kuya kufuneka ixesha elininzi ixesha lokuphicotha i stigmata of quasars.

quasars eyaziwa

Lowo quasar yokuqala yafunyanwa yafunyanwa ngama Matthews kunye Sandage ngo-1960. Yayikumgama kwi umlaza Virgo. Kungenzeka, elidityaniswe kunye nkwenkwezi 16 yale umlaza. Emva kweminyaka emithathu, Mathews wathi ukuba le nto umntu ecacicleyo enkulu ebomvu neyalo. Izinto kuphela ebonakalalisa ukuba akukho inkwenkwezi, kwaba nokukhululwa oluninzi amandla kummandla elincinane ngokwentelekiso isithuba.

kokuma abantu

Imbali yaqala nasekufundweni quasars kunye umlinganiselo kunye nenkqubo ekhethekileyo ubukhulu emboxo ze-Radioactive Imithombo.

Ngowe-1963 quasars ziye kwababaliweyo malunga 5. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le ngeenkwenkwezi Dutch babonakalise imigca ecacicleyo kwishifti ebomvu spectrum. Wazibonakalisa ukuba kungenxa ukubana khozimologi.Sonke ngenxa ukususwa wabo, ngoko umgama kungabalelwa ngumthetho Hubble. Phantse nangoko, oosonzululwazi ezimbini ngaphezulu uYuri Efremov kunye A. Sharov bafumanisa Ukwahluka ukukhanya elibhaqiweyo quasars. Ngenxa imifanekiso photometric, bafumana ukuba Ukwahluka yobuninzi kuye kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa.

Enye quasar closest (3C, 273) abe isilungiseleli seglosi ebomvu kwaye lisisiqalo ehambelana umgama omalunga 3 mldr. iminyaka elula. Izinto ezikude esibhakabhakeni amakhulu amaxesha ngokukhawuleza iminyele eziqhelekileyo evutha. Kulula ukuba babhalise ngokusebenzisa ngeeteleskopu mihla kumgama ezigidi 12 ukukhanya-iminyaka okanye ngaphezulu. Oko kwabhalwa kutshanje a quasar elitsha kumgama 13.5 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka ukukhanya Earth.

Kunzima ukubala ngqo indlela quasar lufumane ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukufunyanwa rhoqo izinto ezintsha, yaye ngenxa yokusilela umda ocacileyo phakathi iminyele esebenzayo kunye quasars. Ngowe-1987 wapapasha uludwe quasars ezibhaliswe mali ka-3594, ngowe-2005 kwakukho ezingaphezu kwe-195 lamawaka., Kodwa namhlanje inani labo ngaphaya amawaka 200.

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "quasar" libhekisela iklasi yezinto ezibonakalayo (optical) Uluhlu ziyafana kakhulu nkwenkwezi. Kodwa ke ezinye iiyantlukwano: ukukhutshwa olomeleleyo koonomathotholo kunye nemilinganiselo emboxo amancinci (<10 ^0).

Le mbono yokuqala kula maqumrhu iye yaphuhliswa ngexesha ifunyanwe. Kwaye oko kunjalo namhlanje, kodwa oosonzululwazi baye bayiphawula kunye quasars radiospokoynye. Ayenze imitha aqatha kangaka. Njengoko ka-2015, loo maziko ingxelo malunga ne-90% yabo bonke ezaziwayo.

Namhlanje, lo stigmata of quasars ixhomekeke intshukumo spectrum ebomvu. Ukuba yonke bafumana umzimba kokuba ukubana efanayo ibukhuphe eyayinethombo enamandla amandla, ngoko ke yonke ithuba lokuba kuthiwe "quasar".

isiphelo

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazi abanalo aba imizimba yasezulwini mabini amawaka. Isixhobo esingundoqo isifundo quasars i Hubble Space Telescope. Ekubeni inkqubela yobugcisa abantu abuna- ukukholisa ngempumelelo yabo, loo nto ixela ukuba kwixesha elizayo siya ukusombulula iqhina oko kukuthi quasar kunye emngxunyeni omnyama. Mhlawumbi i uhlobo "eyinkunkuma drawer" elenza zonke izinto ezingeyomfuneko, mhlawumbi ke amaziko kunye namandla ngayo indalo.