UChristopher Tolkien, unyana ka-JRR Tolkien omncinci: i-biography

UChristopher Tolkien (isithombe esingezansi) nguye onyana omncinane kaJohn Ronald Ruel Tolkien, umbhali wenkolo enjalo usebenza njengeNkosi yeeRings, i-Hobbit, okanye i-Back and Back, kunye ne-Silmarillion. UChristopher wenza umsebenzi wokuhlela ophezulu kwiiprojekthi ezingapheliyo zikayise. Siyabulela kule nto, "iSilmarillion", "Imbali yoMhlaba ophakathi", iileta zeTolkien Sr. kunye neengcoko kunye nezinye zeemisebenzi zakhe zokubhala zanyatheliswa.

Biography

UTolkien Christopher Ruel wazalwa kwisixeko saseNgesi saseLeeds ngowe-1924. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-19, ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili, wangena kwiRoyal Air Force kwaye wachitha ixesha elithile enkonzweni ekhutheleyo. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwemikhosi ye-Allied idluliselwe kwindawo egcinwe kuyo.

Egqityiwe ngumqhubi wezempi, uChristopher Tolkien walandela ezinyathelweni zikayise. Ngomnyaka we-1949 waphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford ngegriki kwisiNgesi. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva wanikwa imfundo yesibini kwintsimi yeencwadi. Kwiminyaka yama-60 neye-70 wayephethe isikhundla esifanayo noyise, wayengumfundisi weNgesi kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford.

Umsebenzi wokuhlela kwimisebenzi kayise

Enyanisweni, ukusebenzela imisebenzi kaJohn Ronald Ruel Tolkien, unyana wakhe uChristopher waqala ukususela ebuntwaneni, xa wayeyindlebe yokuqala kunye nomfundi weengxelo zamabhongo zikaBilbo Baggins, owathi waba ngumdlalo wencwadi ethi "The Hobbit, okanye I-Back and Back". Ngethuba lomsebenzi weminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kwi-"Lord of the Rings", unyana omncinci wanikela uyise ngokugxeka ngakumbi kwaye wakunceda ukudala ibalazwe elipheleleyo loMhlaba ophakathi, osetyenziswa nanamhlanje.

Xa uChristopher efika ebudaleni - eNgilani iminyaka engama-21-uyise wammema ukuba abe khona kwiintlanganiso zeKlabhu yeNtshukumo e-Oxford. UChristopher osemncinci uthathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zengxoxo kwiintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neziqhwala ze "fantasy" uhlobo njengoClive Lewis, uCharles Williams noRoger Green. Iinjongo eziphezulu zokubhala zikayise kunye nabalingani bakhe beklabhu zenza ingqiqo kuChristopher kwaye zamnceda ukuba aqonde kakuhle umsebenzi wakhe, owamvumela ukuba aqokelele, ahlele (kunye kwezinye iimeko aze aphelise) aze akhululwe iiprojekthi ezingapheliyo zikaJohn Ronald Ruel Tolkien.

Umsebenzi oqhubekayo kaThristopher Tolkien abalandeli be "INkosi yeeNgxowa" ezinetyala ezinjalo zisebenza njenge "Silmarillion", "Abantwana baseHurin" kunye nokuqokelela obutyebi beendaba ezibonisa imbali yoMhlaba ophakathi. Ukongezelela kumsebenzi onzima kwibalazwe, uChristopher, esekelwe kwimibhalo yesandla kayise, waqokelela isichazi esinotyebi kakhulu kwiilwimi ezithethwa ngabemi beli zwekazi lemilingo.

ISilmarillion

Emva kokufa kukaJohn Ronald Ruel Tolkien kumagxa endodana yakhe, uChristopher wabeka umsebenzi onzima wokupapasha incwadi engagqitywanga, leyo umshicileli we-Hobbit neThe Lord ekuqaleni. UChristopher wasebenzisa umsebenzi wokuqala owawuthiwa nguyise ngokuthi "Incwadi yeMithetho eLahlekileyo", imiqulu ye "Silmarillion" kunye neminqweno yobawo malunga nokupapashwa kwakhe.

"U-Silmarillion" ibali likaArda - ihlabathi, apho iMbindi yoMhlaba iyingxenye. Le ncwadi inamalungu amahlanu:

• "Ingoma yeAinur, okanye i-Ainulindale" - echaza ngokudaliweyo kwehlabathi ngoncedo lwengoma ye-Iluvatar ne-Ainur. Ichaza malunga nokudalwa kwe-Ea - indawo yonke apho umxholo wokuqala womculo ophakanyiswa ngu-Iluvatar (umdali) kwaye uthathwa ngu-Ainur (amabutho) wadala i-Arda - ihlabathi elibonakalayo nelingqiqweni. Ingqungquthela yesibili yomculo yanikezela iziqulatho zeli hlabathi kwaye yafumana amandla e-Ainur nganye. Isihloko sesithathu saqalwa ngu-Iluvatar yedwa waza wanikela ubomi kubantwana base-Iluvatar, i-elves (owokuqala) kunye nabantu (abantu abafayo).
• "Valakventa, okanye iMbali yeValar" - ukuqokelela iimpawu kunye neenkcazo zeValar, iMeyar kunye noMelkor. Ngokwesiqendu sesibini se-Silmarillion, abo bavela e-Ainur, abanqwenela ukuya ku-Ardu ukuhlangabezana namazibulo, bakhululwa ngu-Iluvatar bavela e-EA baza bafumana iimpawu ezicacileyo. U-Elves wababiza ngokuthi i-Elements, okanye i-High Elvish-Valar. Bancedisi, abaphantsi kunamandla kunye namandla - iMeya. UMelkor ungowomnye u-Ainur onamandla kunabo bonke, abangazange bamthobele i-Iluvatar, owamisa ukuxhamla kumculo wakhe kwaye wahamba e-Ea. Ngomfanekiso weLififer waseBhayibhileni, waba nguArada ukhokho wobubi kunye notshaba olusenyakatho lweValar.
• "I-Quenta Silmarillion, okanye iNdaba ye-Silmarilles" - ingqungquthela yamatye axabisekileyo adalwe ngumkhandi we-elven uFeoror, apho ukukhanya kukaArda kwagcinwa khona. Le ngxenye ebalulekileyo kakhulu "yeSilmarillion", apho yonke i-Epoch yokuqala ichazwa.
• "I-Akallabeth, okanye ukuwa kweNombolo" yimbali, ekujoliswe kuzo okwesibini kwabantwana base-Iluvatar - abantu. Icandelo lesine lichazela ngokudalwa kobukumkani babo obukhulu, ukukhawuleza kwayo, ukubola kunye nokuwa, isiphumo sokufihlwa kweValin - ilizwe laseValar - ngaphandle kweArda.
• "Ngeengcambu zeMandla" - inxalenye yokugqibela yale ncwadi, echaza ngeemeko zoBudala obuDlulileyo, ezibonakaliswe ngokukodwa kwi "Hobbit" kunye ne "Nkosi yeeRings."

"Imbali yoMhlaba ophakathi"

Iprojekthi enomdla kakhulu yomsebenzi wokuhlela kaChristopher Tolkien phantsi kwesihloko esiqhelekileyo esithi "Imbali yoMhlaba ophakathi" ibandakanya imiqulu engama-12. Kule qoqo epapashwe ngokulandelelwano kuquka yonke imisebenzi yokuqala kaYohn Tolkien, kunye nemisebenzi yakhe, amanqaku, iincwadana kunye neencwadi, ezihlelwe nguChristopher Tolkien. Umfazi kaChristopher wayexakekile ukuhlela iileta zikayisezala.

Uchungechunge aluxhaswa ngumgca othile webali kunye nolunye uhlobo, kuquka imibongo, iingoma, iimbongo kunye neendaba. Imiqulu yokuqala yokuqala ethi "Imbali" yimisebenzi yokuqala kunye neyexesha elide likaTolkien umdala, eqokelelwa nguye "kwiNcwadi yeeNdaba ezilahlekileyo."

"Iingoma ezilahlekileyo"

Emva kokupapashwa kweSilmarillion, iiprogram kunye nemibhalo yesandla edibeneyo yongezwa kwizandla zikaChristopher, kunye nembali yamabali asele epapashwe kwincwadi. Ngokutsho kukaTolkien, Jr., ukuba le miqulu yayisetyenziswe ngenkathi isebenza kuSilmarillion, le ncwadi yayiza kuvela ngokuhlukileyo.

Ngokwenene, iincwadi ezimbini zokuqala zeMbali yoMbindi-mhlaba zixela ngeziganeko ezifanayo njengeSilmarillion, kodwa ngezinye izongezo ezibalulekileyo kunye nakwezinye iimeko nakwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. UJohn Tolkien wayedla ngokutshintsha amagama eendawo kunye nabantu baseMiddle-Earth no-Arda, ngoko ke, iiprogram ezipapashwe "kwiNcwadi yeMithetho eLahlekileyo" yenza ukudideka kwimeko yokulandelana kunye necebo lobuninzi bendalo. Kungenxa yoko uChristopher wenza umsebenzi omkhulu, wanikela ngokudala indalo kayise ngeenkcazo zakhe kunye nokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi kamva.

Abantwana baseHurin

Into efunwa ngumdlalo, apho uTolkien-uyise wayesebenza ebusheni bakhe, wahlala engagqibekanga. Ibali elibuhlungu likaTurin Turambar noNienor lugqityiwe nguChristopher Tolkien kumqulu webali kwaye wakhululwa ngo-2007. Ngokutsho kukaChristopher, kwafuneka adibanise ezinye izicwangciso zakhe.

Iinguqulelo ze-copyright kunye nekrini

Njengoko uChristopher kuphela umntwana kaJohn Tolkien, ungumphathi jikelele we-Tolkien Estates Foundation, enegunya lobunikazi kwimisebenzi yomlobi. Kule nkalo, iminyaka emininzi, kukho iingxaki kunye nokuhanjiswa, ngokukodwa malunga nokulungelelaniswa kweHobbit kunye neNkosi yeeNgqungquthela, okwenziwa nguTolkien Christopher ngokubanzi. Amalungelo okubonakalisa imbali kwizikrini, nangona kunjalo, athengiswa ngexesha lokuphila kukayise.

Ngokuqala ukuthetha malunga nokulungelelaniswa "INkosi" yahamba nangona umlobi ngokwakhe ephila, okukufanelekile ukuba akhangele, wayengathandeki ngokukhethekileyo ngombono wokudala ifilimu, kodwa akazange amelane nayo. UJohn Tolkien ixesha elithile wayenza inxaxheba kwiskripthi somboniso wefayile, kodwa wafa, kwaye akanakho ixesha lokugqiba loo nto ekupheleni.

Kodwa-ke, umbhali wakwazi ukuthengisa amalungelo kwi-film adaptation, kwaye emva kokufa kwakhe, le ngxowa yathengisa amagama kunye nabalinganiswa, ngoko ke uChristopher Tolkien akanakuchaphazela umxholo wefilimu kwimisebenzi emibini epapashwe ngexesha lobomi bukayise.

Isimo sengqondo yesikrini sikaPeter Jackson

Nangona inyaniso yokuba i-movie ye-movie ethi "INkosi yamaRandi" nguPeter Jackson iyabonwa njengezona zinto zilungele ukulungelelanisa, uTolkien Christopher, oonyana bakhe abambisana nabasebenzi befilimu, abagweba kakubi ukuchazwa komsebenzi. Ngendlebe nodliwano lwephephandaba leLeMonde, wakhankanya ukuba "INkosi" ayiyona nje into eyenziwa kwintlobo yesenzo, kungekhona ibhayisikobho yezenzo ezibhalwe kakuhle, kodwa intshaba enzima kakhulu engayichaphazela imbono yehlabathi. UPeter Jackson wasusa kwi-trilogy enzulu kwaye yinkimbinkimbi kwaye wayiphenduka ibe yimoya elula kubantu abatsha.

Esi simo sengqondo kumsebenzi womlawuli kunye nokungavumelani nenkampani yefilimu malunga nokuncitshiswa kwakhokelela kwiingxabano ezinokutshatyalaliswa kunye neenkqubo zomthetho, eziye zanciphisa kakhulu ukudubula kwe "Hobbit" kwaye zavelisa uhlobo lokulwa "uChristopher Tolkien noPeter Jackson".