Uhlaziyo yephondo ngo-1775. ngokutsha lephondo Catherine 2

Ukuthintela yombhodamo umlimi, uCatherine II ngo-1775 wagqiba wokuhlaziya ephathelele kulawulo lendawo. Eli nyathelo kwakhokelela icandelo ecace yonke kummandla yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Lube yahlulwe iiyunithi yezolawulo, nto leyo zigqitywa inani ebizwa ngokuba (nabantu abahlawula irhafu) irhafu ohlawula sabantu. I inkulu la kwiphondo.

Reform ka-1708

Ngokutsho kummiselo Peter I we-18 kuDisemba, bonke obo bukhosi yahlulwa amaphondo asi-8: Moscow, ESmolensk, Azov, Arkhangelogorodskaya, Kazan, eSiberia, Kiev ne Ingermanland ukuba emva kokuba uqambe kweminyaka 2 St Petersburg. Baye aqhutywa iirhuluneli abaqeshwe yi kukumkani. Xa kwizikhundla eziphezulu zazisithi ngokuqhelekileyo izidwangube ezinkulu. Bafumana amandla omkhulu wamajoni, yolawulo, kunye eyenkundla. Ngaphezu koko, baye banikwa ithuba lokuba ukulawula iimali kwiphondo lakhe.

Kwiminyaka ezayo elandelayo, kukho iiyunithi zolawulo ezinkulu 3: Riga, Astrakhan kunye Nizhny Novgorod. YePhondo ngokutsha uPetros I Wasolula iminyaka embalwa. Ngowe-1715, amanye utshintsho kwenziwa kurhulumente wengingqi. Baya kukugcina kwicandelo iqhezu amaphondo, leyo yayisekelwe kwi siseko zamanani, okt. E. Inani lamakhaya. Ngowe-1719, le iiyunithi yolawulo waqala kwahlulwa ibe amaphondo. Kamva, ahlukana. Umphumo waba counties-250, nto leyo ilawulwa neyamabamba.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isiqalo esitsha kulawulo ubukhosi omkhulu ngentsimbi njengoko ummiselo uPetros mna, waza unyaka 1708. Le yotshintsho yephondo ejoliswe lula iphezulu indlela yolawulo kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha kubhekwe phantse nguvulindlela.

nokuguqulwa injongo Catherine

Iphepha iphambili, leyo uzimisele ukubamba kubuyiselo elilandelayo eRashiya, yaba uxwebhu othi "Amaziko ulawulo amaphondo yoBukhosi baseRashiya." Ndimele ndithi ukuba olwandulela olwaqalwa uCatherine II, ummandla elizweni, xa kuthelekiswa nexesha uPetros, wayesele inani elikhulu kwiindawo zolawulo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba bukhosi ukongeza rhoqo umhlaba omtsha.

Uhlaziyo yePhondo eRashiya, yaqalwa uCatherine II, waba yokuguqula amaphondo 23, 66 amaphondo nezithili malunga 180. Injongo yawo kukunyusa inani lamaziko amakhulu zolawulo. Ngenxa yoko, inani phantse kabini.

division

yonke Ubukumkani yahlulwe amaphondo, uze emva koko counties. Le nkqubo lwenzeka kuphela qho yezolawulo, ngaphandle malunga nayo nayiphi na imiba yezoqoqosho, geographical nakuzwelonke. YePhondo ngokutsha of UCatherine 2 yamsukela injongo efanayo - aziqhelanise izixhobo lolawulo elitsha emapoliseni kunye noxanduva mali.

Ukwahlulwa yenzeke phezu khrayitheriya ubuninzi, okt. E. Inani labantu. Ngoko ke, kummandla kwiphondo ngalinye kwaba ilikhaya kubantu abamalunga ne-400 lamawaka, yaye okwilizwe -. 30 amawaka. Emva uthotho utshintshwano olwenzeke ukususela 1728 ukuya 1760, ulawulo ezindala basuswe. Kwakhona kubhangise Yephondo Yokuhlaziywa Komhlaba kunye neeyunithi indawo ezifana amaphondo.

ulawulo

Xa intloko iiyunithi inkulu ndawo baba iirhuluneli, leyo zabelwe okanye lungasuswa kuphela ngu umlawuli. Wandinceda ukulawula urhulumente wephondo, equka umtshutshisi kunye ipere yekhulu. imicimbi yezemali kunye zemali benza i-Exchequer. Imfundo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo ilawulwa imiyalelo abenaso yoluntu. Ukuba semthethweni kwakhona Zenziwe amagqwetha amabini wommeli.

ngokutsha lephondo Catherine 2 yachukumisa kunye namaziko olawulo zezithili. Apho, emi emantloko ipolisa Zemsky ngubani wakhetha iindwalutho zasekuhlaleni. Kwakukho imizimba ezihlangeneyo, ebizwa zemstvo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi. Ukongeza kumthetheli emapoliseni, yaye kwakukho abavavanyi ezimbini. Iinkundla kuqala yaba amapolisa Zemsky. Kwakhona imbopheleleko yabo esweni ukuphunyezwa kwe-odolo kwaye kummandla ophantsi kolawulo lwabo izigqibo kunye nemithetho iibhodi zamaphondo ezohlukeneyo. Kodwa emizini kukho isithuba esitsha - intloko yamapolisa.

Ulawulo iiyunithi ezininzi ezinkulu indawo kuthwalelwa irhuluneli-jikelele. Baba babengabathetheli oyintloko kule mimandla, ukuba kwakungekho umlawuli ngokwakhe, yaye unelungelo lokungena kuphela manyathelo enkulu, kodwa ufikelelo ngqo iingxelo nokumkani.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba nokumanyana yaba ngunyaka obalulekileyo kakhulu 1775. Le yotshintsho yephondo iye yomelezwa nangakumbi oko. Ngoko ke ukulaba mmandla welizwe, kuba sesona yadityaniswa isikhundla abasebenzi bayo yolawulo kuzo zonke iingingqi. Ukongeza, ngenjongo efanayo ukuba ulungise inkqubo yenkundla, kwakunye nezigqeba ezizodwa ziye wadalwa kumapolisa kunye nemisebenzi sazela.

lo kuhlela ecetywayo

Ngowe-1769, iKomishoni lowiso, iinzame kwenziwa kwinqanaba yamaphondo yahlula noxanduva ulawulo kunye neenkundla. Ukuze wenze oku, oko izicwangciso ukudala inkqubo level-emine, nekukho kwisithili nakwiphondo Miyalelo, raspravnye yephondo Chamber kunye iNdlu yeeNgwevu, nto leyo inkundla yezibheno.

Kule dolophu sifuna ukugcina kwiinkundla yephondo zoomantyi. Ukongeza, lo mbutho licwangciselwe iinkundla ngokuphathelele - ngokwahlukeneyo abalimi kunye nezidwangube. Ngomhla elinye lamalungu neNkomfa wacebisa ukuba izilingo ziye luvuleleka kunye noluntu. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, bayamxhasa kunye nokudalwa iklasi noweenqanawa. Yiyo le sengqondo ezimbini kwaye uyeke, ekugqibeleni, ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi yenkundla karhulumente. Lo masekela wayesazi ukuba ukukhusela amalungelo kunye nobume ezizodwa iingangamsha kuphela kunokwenzeka ngoncedo kulawulo ngoncedo. Nakuba kunjalo, uninzi izindululo ezenziwe yiKomishoni lowiso, ziye zaziswa ayo, xa ekuqaleni kuphuculo yephondo ka-1775.

imikhumbi Ngokuhlala

Ngowe-1769, ePalamente kumlungisela bill, leyo eyayilawula iziseko amalungelo egwebayo. Obekumele ukuba ukudala ezinye iimpahla: evenkileni, ukujongana nemicimbi labarhwebi nomi; ezikhethekileyo - yena owayephethe iingxaki namasiko; lolwaphulo-mthetho, amapolisa kunye iliso - Sizibandakanye "deaneries"; ngokomoya - ingqalelo imiba ibandla yangaphakathi enxulumene nomthetho nokholo; emkhosini - inxaxheba amagosa izenzo kwinkundla mthetho.

Amapolisa, yolwaphulo neenkundla yoluntu iya kwabiwa kumgaqo sendawo - ezidolophini nasemaphandleni. Bonke ke kwafuneka ukuba angene kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo enamanqanaba ezithathu ngaphantsi: kwiphondo - yesithili - kwiphondo. Kwakhona Kucingelwa ukuba abasemagunyeni isigwebo siya kukwazi ukuphonononga imiyalelo evela kurhulumente kazwelonke, ngokwemiqathango ngokubaluleka zesizwe. Ukongeza, iinkundla ezidolophini nasemaphandleni kwafuneka kwenziwe owanyulwa kwaye ukumangalelana - evulekileyo. Zonke ezi zindululo ezenziwe yi-Commission ngelo xesha, baba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba oluzayo ngokutsha yenkundla eRashiya ngo-1775.

Le nkqubo class

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, inguqu sichaphazele nje kwisixhobo solawulo. Yephondo Yokuhlaziywa Komhlaba wamphakamisela kunye notshintsho kwinkqubo yenkundla. Oku kuphela ucacise kodwa kakhulu yadityaniswa lahlule basis nangokodidi ekuhlaleni.

● iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ngokuba izikhulu zasekwa kwisiphaluka ngasinye. Ke kwakuba kwejaji abavavanyi ezimbini. Bona abanyulwe yi zasebukhosini yengingqi kwithuba leminyaka emi-3. IiNkundla ePhakamileyo yePhondo abadlale indima yeenkundla lezibheno kwaye ibe ngamasebe amabini inxaxheba kwimiba embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Yayingabo kuphela lonke iphondo kunye namajoni ngabantu ababini - usihlalo kunye nesekela lakhe achongwa umlawuli. Akwazi ukuqhuba kophicotho iliso imisebenzi kwiinkundla zesithili.

● I-iinkundla ezisezantsi emizini baba oomantyi. amalungu azo nabo kukhethwa ithuba leminyaka emi-3. Kuba ezi Unjengeenqanawa lezibheno izikhathi oomantyi zephondo. Le nto ndiyibhalayo usihlalo kunye abavavanyi ezimbini 2 ukusuka ekuhlaleni.

● Xa asezantsi umgwebi wesithili kufa abalimi karhulumente. Kukho uve amatyala embambano nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Baye benza amagosa abo babemiselwe ngabasemagunyeni. Inkundla yesibheno for steel asezantsi ubundlobongela phezulu. Amatyala ziye zenziwe kuphela ngebheyile, nebisebenza iveki enye.

● Yephondo Yokuhlaziywa Komhlaba kunye nokumiselwa babizwa ngokuba iinkundla ngenxa yezazela zabo. Kwakhona akha kumgaqo ngokuphathelele. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amalungu wabanumzana, baloo dolophu kunye nabalimi. Ezi mvavanyo zenziwa ekuthiwa umsebenzi uxolelwaniso (kwanceda ukusombulula imbambano phakathi isicelo). Ukongeza, imbopheleleko yabo, yaye inkqubo akhethekileyo ngokubhekiselele mthetho ezenziwa ngabantu ngamageza okanye abantwana. Kwakhona axilongwe amatyala zobugqwirha.

● Xa amaphondo zophicotho kunye neenkundla lezibheno baba Trial kwiGumbi zombini amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye yoluntu. Ehlola amabango eza kubo evela High iiNkundla yePhondo nokubulalana, kwakunye ukusuka oomantyi zephondo. Njengomgaqo, izibheno ababehamba idipozithi enkulu ngokwaneleyo.

● I-yeeNgwevu yaba iphezulu kuwo onke amalungu enkundla.

Ngoko ke yintoni enye into yotshintsho umdla yephondo Catherine 2 (kunyaka 1775)? Kwaba ngoko ukuba lilinge lokuqala lisebe lolawulo wenkundla esele yenziwe. Kodwa akazange aphumelele. Iirhuluneli basakwazi ukuphembelela ukwenziwa izivakalisi, umzekelo, phezu ukuhluthwa nozuko, okanye isohlwayo sentambo. abongameli Court banyulwe ngabasemagunyeni, njengoko ngabameli amafa unelungelo yokunyula abavavanyi kuphela. Kwiimeko ezininzi ukuza emapoliseni umzi. Ukongeza, kuba izenzo kunye nobulungisa patrimonial.

imisebenzi

siseko yolawulo amapolisa kuxoxwe nayo kwiintlanganiso zeKomishoni lowiso, phambi kokuba uqale ngokutsha yephondo. Unyaka 1771 yabalasela ekugqityweni kweprojekthi, leyo inxaxheba ekudalweni kumasebe zamapolisa ezixekweni. Babeza ukuba iyunithi ukukhusela komthetho.

Amapolisa inoxanduva kwezithandani ezenzo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha gwenxa. Umzekelo, oku kuba womanizing, imilo, ukubonisa ngokugqithisileyo obutofotofo, ukuqhuba ukudla okanye ukuhlukunyezwa komyalelo ngexesha iinkonzo kaThixo nemingcelele. Amapolisa babenalo nelungelo ukulawula kwimibhiyozo ezahlukeneyo, bukela urhwebo kwiimarike kunye nokucoceka izixeko, imilambo, ukutya, amanzi kunye nabanye abaninzi. et al.

Ngu imisebenzi amapolisa ziquka umlilo zokulwa, amasela kunye becela, iintlanganiso ngokufihlakeleyo kunye nezinye benkathazo. Kwakhona kulawulwa imithetho zokurhweba kunye nomxholo zokutyela. Ukongeza, imisebenzi amapolisa ziquka ulawulo phezu irhafu, ucwangciso ezidolophini kunye nokucwangciswa iziganeko ezahlukeneyo.

namapolisa

Yephondo Yokuhlaziywa Komhlaba waqala Catherine 2. Unyaka 1775 ubonelela nokudalwa inani lamagosa asebupoliseni okhethekileyo. Kodwa lo msebenzi "Charter of the deanery" yagqitywa kwiminyaka emi-6 kuphela. Kunyaka olandelayo, oko ashicilelwe. Kwakugcwele isahluko 14 kunye namanqaku 274. Eli phepha lamalungelo ichaza isakhiwo kwamapolisa, inkqubo yabo, iinkalo eziphambili umsebenzi, kwakunye noluhlu izenzo wohlwaywe.

ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwegunya lebhunga wesixeko waba deanery. Inani labaqeshwa balo baba ooceba Rathmann, amagosa amapolisa abandakanyeka kuzo zombini amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye noluntu, usodolophu (okanye umphathi oyintloko) kunye intloko yamapolisa.

Ukunenzela lula, yonke sixeko yahlulwe ngeekota iindawo (icandelo kwenzeka kwinani izakhiwo). amapolisa uConstable oyintloko isebe ngokuyinxenye, kwikota yokuqala - umveleli. Onke amabakala ezibe "Itheyibhile sezikhundla." Bamsa kubaFarisi abasemagunyeni zamapolisa abasemagunyeni zephondo. Ngabo isigqibo ngayo yonke imibuzo emalunga kwizithuba ukulinganisa okanye indawo. Amapolisa kwikomkhulu ilawulwa kuphela iNdlu Yeengwevu.

ukoniwa

I 'Charter indlela yokuziphatha "ikuluhlu eziliqela amatyala kunye nezohlwayo, nekufuneka mabagade amapolisa. Nazi ezinye zazo:

● izenzo ezinxulumene-non ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kunye namagunya zamapolisa;

● nemcimbi ejoliswe nxamnye nonqulo yokholo Orthodox, kwaye xa lulonke;

● zenkohliso;

● izenzo aphula indlela yoluntu;

● nezenzo zichasene imigaqo yokuziphatha, ezifana ukungcakaza, izimvo ezingavumelekanga, ukunxila, befunga, izakhiwo ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuziphatha;

● umsebenzi mthetho ngqo nxamnye umyalelo okhoyo, ziyiprophathi ngamnye kunye nabanye.

Amapolisa kufuneka ilungelo lokufaka isicelo violators ze izohlwayo kuphela iziphene embalwa, umzekelo, kuba emthethweni izixhobo, ubusela impahla, umgangatho wokusebenza xa kuthelekiswa kwimfundiso, nokuhluthwa imithetho namasiko, njalo njalo. D. Kodwa uninzi zonke amapolisa inxaxheba kuphando lokuqala kunye nokudluliselwa elandelayo impahla eqokelelwe kule nkundla. Inye kuphela ukuba ayisebenzi, ngoko ke kunye mthetho olungenazipolitiki. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho nezinye imizimba.

ngokutsha lephondo Catherine 2 negalelo ukwahlulwa yabasemagunyeni olawulo kunye egwebayo. Zonke iiklasi, ngaphandle inqaba, waqalisa ukuba indima ebonakalayo ngakumbi kulawulo lendawo. Kwakhona inkundla yakhe yamiselwa ngenxa ngamnye kubo. Ukongeza, le yotshintsho wephondo kuyeka ukusebenza phantse kuzo zonke iikholeji. Ngaphandle kuphela ebaluleke kakhulu - kwamanye amazwe, uKhuselo Admiralty. Uxanduva iibhodi kwavala baye bafudukela kumagunya ephondo.